Squeeze casting of aluminium alloys for higher formability in cold forging

Abstract

This research project investigated the process conditions of using squeeze casting process to produce aluminium alloy preforms or billets for subsequent cold forging process. The comparative effects of heat treatments, their microstructures and mechanical properties were evaluated. Through these studies and experiments, the main emphasis is on the study of commercial material Al 6061, Al 2014 and Al 356 alloys. The formability of the alloys was carried out using forward and backward extrusion test at 50% area reduction at room temperature (cold extrusion). It was found that when wrought aluminium 6061, 2014 and 356 alloys were squeeze cast to form the preforms, the preform microstructures revealed very fine microstructures that are feasible to be cold extruded. In addition, after thermal annealing treatment of 6061 squeeze cast preforms, the samples showed a similar value of work hardening exponent value of 0˙20 as compared to the wrought aluminium alloy 6061, with a workhardening exponent value of 0˙21 obtained from the static compression test. Wrought aluminium alloys generally cost twice the amount as compared with casting ingots. The microstructures of the squeeze cast 6061 alloy showed no visible cracks or inclusions after the deformation by extrusion. The results of the studies showed that Al 6061 preforms via squeeze cast technique may be cold extruded or formed, which provide an alternative means for the production of billets for the cold extrusion or forging process.     

FeNiCrCoAl3颗粒增强2024铝合基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能

将不同比例的2024商业铝粉和由气雾化法制得的FeNiCrCoAl,高熵合金粉球磨不同时间,然后,将混合粉末通过热挤出方法成型。通过XRD、SEM和TEM方法研究球磨粉和烧结后合金的显微组织,并通过应力测试机测试挤出样品的力学性能。结果表明：球磨后,粉末的晶粒尺寸减小,显微组织发生变化。混合粉末经过48h球磨后,颗粒平均直径约为30nm;粉末在热挤出后,晶粒尺寸约为70nm。在适当条件下,热挤出合金的压缩强度达到710MPa。通过对样品组织和性能关系的分析发现：强度的增加主要归因于纳米a（A1）和FeNiCrCoAl,颗粒以及析出的超细二次相Al6Fe相和富Fe相。     

The optimized mechanical properties of the new aluminum alloy AA 6069

AA 6069, a new aluminum alloy, has been developed for application in hot and cold extrusion and forging. It contains ~2Mg + Si, ~1% Cu, 0.2% Cr, and 0.1% V. Nominal T6 properties of the ingot without hot or cold deformation are 415 MPa (60 ksi) ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 380 MPa (55 ksi) yield strength, and 12 % elongation. Properties after hot and cold extrusion in the T6 condition range from 380 to 490 MPa (55 to 71 ksi) UTS, 345 to 450 MPa (50 to 65 ksi) yield strength, and 10 to 22 % elongation. This alloy also has favorable fatigue and corrosion- fatigue properties due to a combination of composition, high solidification rate, controlled homogenization, thermal and mechanical processing, and T6 practice. Current developmental applications include cold- impact air- bag components, high- pressure cylinders, and automotive suspension and drive- train parts. Unlike alloys 2024- T3 and 7129- T6, of comparable strength, diluted 6069 is scrap compatible with many other 5xxx and 6xxx alloys.     

喷射成形Zn—27Al—1Cu合金制备滑动轴承

研究了喷射成形Zn-27Al-1Cu合金棒坯的制备技术、热挤压工艺以及Zn-27Al-1Cu合金滑动轴承的制备技术,分析了喷射成形Zn-27Al-1Cu合金的显微组织、力学性能、耐磨性能。实验结果表明：采用喷射成形制备的Zn-27Al-1Cu合金的棒坯经后续热挤压成形后,具有比传统铸造ZA27合金更高的力学性能和耐磨性能。这种由喷成形Zn-27AL-1Cu合金制造的滑动轴承在实际使用过程中,其寿命比传统材料制造的滑动轴承提高150％以上。     

SiC_p/2024铝合金复合材料粉末混合半固态挤压法制备

研究了SiCp/ 2 0 2 4铝合金复合材料的粉末混合 半固态挤压成形工艺及所制备材料的组织和界面特征。不同温度下半固态挤压的挤压力与位移曲线表明 ,半固态挤压过程的成形力低且稳定。SEM和TEM电镜观察结果表明 ,该工艺可以获得增强颗粒分布均匀、基体组织致密、界面结合良好且无界面反应的复合材料型材。分析了半固态挤压后复合材料的力学性能 ,结果表明 :与基体合金相比 ,复合材料的弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度均有很大提高 ;与其它工艺生产的该复合材料相比 ,所制备的复合材料的塑性相对较高。     

Hot profile extrusion of AA-6060 aluminum chips

Analyses of energy consumption in manufacturing processes have shown that most of the energy is needed for the production of material such as aluminum or steel and not for further manufacturing steps like forming or cutting. To reduce energy consumption and also a reduction of CO₂ emissions in manufacturing processes, a reduction of the amount of primary material, made from first melting after mining, as well as secondary material, made from melting of recycled scrap material, is needed. In this work, the re-use of aluminum AA-6060 scrap based on milling and turning chips, by direct hot extrusion is presented. To prevent further use of primary aluminum or melting of the chips the process aims at using compacted chips as billet material. The production of the chips as well as the compaction of billets, the extrusion process and the properties of the final profile is presented. In addition to the use of chips based on one alloy the mixture and extrusion of aluminum and SiC particles is presented. The investigations have shown that using billets made of AA-6060 chips can lead to similar mechanical and microstructural properties as using of conventional cast aluminum billets. Investigations on an additional cutting or drilling of the extruded profiles have shown even improved properties due to a reduced chip length.     

Microstructure and properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy prepared by hot extrusion from recycled machined chips

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工艺参数对静液挤压2024铝合金纳米晶组织性能的影响

实验研究了以快速凝固和机械合金化复合工艺制备的２０２４ 铝合金纳米晶粉末为原料, 采用热静液挤压工艺在不同挤压工艺条件下固结成形的挤压态材料的显微组织与力学性能, 探讨了作为主要工艺参数的挤压温度和挤压比对材料组织性能的影响规律及其原因。在此基础上, 进一步确定了２０２４ 铝合金纳米晶粉末热静液挤压固结成形时的挤压温度与挤压比的合理取值范围     

Stirring brazing of dissimilar Al/Mg alloy without flux in air

AZ31B magnesium alloy and 2024 aluminum alloy were successfully jointed at aid of mechanical stirring with Sn-Zn-Al filler metal. The microstructure, fracture morphologies, and mechanical properties of joint were investigated. The results show that Mg-Al intermetallic compounds can be avoided by the process. But, a small quantity of porosity is found in the joint. The sheafing strength of joint interface adjacent to magnesium alloy is 35.4 MPa for formation of Mg-Sn intermetallic compounds, which is about 46 % of that of filler metal. While, the shearing strength of joint interfaces adjacent to aluminum alloy is 70.4 MPa for formation of Zn-Sn-Al solid solution, which is about 92 % of that of filler metal.     

Effect of large cold deformation after solution treatment on precipitation characteristic and deformation strengthening of 2024 and 7A04 aluminum alloys

1Introduction Studies on thermomechanical treatment of aluminum alloy can date from the1960s[1,2].A great deal of achievements concerning this study has been obtained after near40years of development[3?7].Among them,the achievement of intermediate thermom…     

Effects of spray configuration on the uniformity of cooling rate and hardness in the quenching of aluminum parts with nonuniform shapes

The present study constitutes a step toward the understanding, and eventual optimization, of the spray quenching process for aluminum extrusions. A spray quenching test bed was constructed to simulate an industrial spray quench. This experimental facility allowed for the testing of irregular shapes using up to eight water sprays. Quenching experiments were conducted using flat water sprays in two different configurations with an L-shape testpiece constructed from commercially pure aluminum Al 1100-O. Section thickness and spray configuration were found to have a significant effect on the cooling rate and cooling uniformity. The commercially pure aluminum Al 1100-O L-shape and a similar L-shape constructed from aluminum alloy 2024-T6 were simulated with a two-dimensional finite-element code and spray correlations available from previous studies. Using the quench factor technique, the numerical simulation enabled the assessment of merits of different spray configurations with respect to the magnitude and uniformity of hardness of the 2024-T6 L-shape.     

Processing and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum matrix composites containing Tungsten and Tantalum prepared by PM

The 2024 Al composites containing W, Ta were fabricated by powder metallurgy for their potential use as shielding material.W, Ta powders and gas-atomized 2024 Al aluminum powders were mixed by a ball mixer.The mixtures were consolidated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and then hot-extruded into full-density bars.The extruded bars were heat treated in T6 conditions.The microstructure and its relationship with the mechanical properties were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The results show that the particles of nonuniform size and irregular shape randomly disperse in the 2024 aluminum alloy matrix.The tensile tests show that an increase of tensile strength and decrease of elongation to failure of the heat treated composites compared with the extruded composites.     

半固态5083铝合金的二次加热组织与触变轧制

采用大挤压比热挤压预变形的SIMA法制备了5083铝合金半固态坯料,研究了在不同加热温度和保温时间条件下二次加热重熔组织的演变规律,以及不同工艺参数对一道次触变轧制后带材力学性能的影响.结果表明,在二次加热过程中,晶粒形状和液相率主要受加热温度影响,而受加热保温时间的影响不大.在一道次触变轧制中,当二次加热温度为600℃,轧制变形量为60％时,可以获得抗拉强度为260.93MPa,伸长率为26.81％的较好综合力学性能的带材.经40％变形量二次冷轧后,带材的抗拉强度提高了70MPa.结合拉伸断口的宏观和微观形貌分析,可知带材的断裂方式为微孔聚集型的韧性断裂.     

Effect of thixoextrusion parameters on mechanical properties of 7003 Aluminum wrought alloy

The processing of high strength Al wrought alloys does lead either to restrictions for geometrical complexity or to high production costs due to low productivity and multiple-step processes.Thixoextrusion process to overcome these difficulties has been under investigation.In the present study, the effect of thixoextrusion parameters was investigated on mechanical properties of 7003 Al wrought alloy.The maximum extrusion pressure of the thixoextrusion process is three times lower than that of the hot extrusion process.The elongated grains which have the axisymmetry with extrusion direction are generally observed during hot extrusion process, while the microstructures of the thixoextruded are isotropic.The tensile and yield strengthes of the thixoextruded bar are lower than those of the hot extruded bar, while the elongation value of the thixoextruded bar is higher than that of the hot extruded bar.     

Fabrication and properties of low oxygen grade Al2O3 dispersion strengthened copper alloy

The low oxygen grade Al2O3 dispersion strengthened copper alloy without hydrogen-fired expansion was fabricated by the technique of vacuum hot press and hot extrusion. The mechanical and electrical properties measurements and microstructures observation on as-hot extruded, as-cold drawn and as-annealed Cu-Al2O3 alloy were conducted. The results show that the addition of a suitable amount of boron in the alloy can lower the residual free oxygen content and then inhibit the hydrogen-fired expansion. The density, σb, σ0.2, hardness, δ and electrical conductivity of the alloy reach 8.86 g/cm^3 (relative density of 99.6%), 340MPa, 250MPa, HB95,24% and 93%(IACS) respectively after hot extruded with the extrusion ratio of 30:1. Its properties have no change after annealed at 900℃ for 1h. Its strength increases after cold drawing, while its ductility and electrical conductivity drop gradually. Various properties of the cold drawn alloy can recover to those of as-extruded after annealed at 900℃ for 1h without the occurrence of recrystallization.     

55%SiCp/2024Al复合材料时效过程的微观组织与力学性能

选用粒径为12 μm的SiC颗粒和19 μm的2024铝合金粉末,采用热等静压工艺制备体积分数为55%的SiC_p/2024Al复合材料,研究固溶时效处理对SiC_p/2024Al复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,真空热等静压法制备的复合材料组织致密,SiC颗粒与铝合金结合良好。时效过程中SiC_p/2024Al复合材料呈现出双峰时效行为,与铝合金相比,复合材料提前达到峰时效状态,此时基体中主要强化相为θ″相与S″相。与烧结态相比,复合材料硬度从255 HBW提高到281 HBW,抗弯强度从633 MPa提高到747 MPa。     

2024 aluminium alloy wettability and superficial cleaning improvement by air cold plasma treatment

2024 aluminium alloy is used for parts and structures which demand high-strength/weight ratio. In particular, Al2024 is, for its high specific strength and good chemical stability, a suitable material for aerospace application. Aluminium alloys are involved in corrosive phenomena when they are used in critical applications, such as the aeronautic ones. The solution commonly adopted to solve corrosive problems is to paint aluminium alloy surface including 2024 aluminium alloy which is the subject of this study. The applied paint film protects the aluminium alloy from corrosion. In order to improve the adhesion of the paint film it is necessary to pre-treat the manufactured surface. The objective of the pre-treatment is to develop a cleaned, uniform, wettable surface. Cold plasma is an efficient, economic and environmentally attractive alternative to the use of the traditional pre-treatment. This work aims to study the relationship between cold plasma and 2024 aluminium alloy wettability and cleaning. Surface samples have been analysed by: (i) standard procedure to measure the quantitative wettability; (ii) Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy or EDS to determine a quantitative measure of organic contaminant.This work demonstrates that air cold plasma treatment improves significantly wettability and cleaning of 2024 aluminium alloy surfaces both associated with pre-cleaning by MEK^® and without pre-cleaning by MEK^®: the wettability reducing has been greater than 70% and the contaminants reducing greater than 65%.     

镁及镁合金的特性与挤压工艺特点

简要介绍镁及镁合金的基本特性,详细地论述镁及镁合金的挤压特点及其与铝合金挤压的主要区别.例举大量的镁合金热挤压工艺参数实例,供研制镁合金挤压新产品参考.     

镀锌钢-6016铝合金激光焊接组织性能与第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,计算Fe8Al8及(Fe7X)Al8(X=Pb,Sn,Ti,Cu,Mn,Si,Zn)超胞模型的弹性模量与电子结构,在分析合金化元素改善FeAl金属间化合物力学性质的基础上,选取降低脆性效果较好的Cu和最好的Pb,对1.2 mm厚DC56D+ZF镀锌钢和1.15 mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行加入中间夹层Cu和Pb的激光搭接焊试验。结果表明:FeAl金属间化合物为脆性相,其电子结构根源在于Fe的sd态与Al的sp态存在电子轨道杂化,为明显的共价键特征;FeAl合金化后,脆性降低,相应脆性由低到高的顺序为(Fe7Pb)Al8、(Fe7Sn)Al8、(Fe7Ti)Al8、(Fe7Cu)Al8、(Fe7Mn)Al8、(Fe7Si)Al8、(Fe7Zn)Al8、Fe8Al8,Pb合金化降低脆性效果最好,激光搭接焊加入中间夹层Pb,钢侧母材与焊缝界面区由母材侧较大晶粒和焊缝的细小晶粒交错形成,熔池金属与母材铝之间没有明显的分界线,焊接接头界面熔合良好;与未加夹层相比,加入中间夹层Cu和Pb后,焊接接头力学性能提高,其中Pb的作用优于Cu的,试样断口均具有韧性断裂特征。