真空冷冻干燥升华干燥时间的实验研究

以扇贝为研究对象，采用二次正交回归组合试验，建立了真空冷冻干燥升华时间和单位厚度升华时间的二次多元回归模型；利用降维法分析了干燥室压强、物料厚度和加热板温度三个主要过程参数对真空冷冻升华干燥时间的影响。结果表明，干燥室压强、物料厚度和加热板温度对升华干燥时间影响显著，呈二次函数规律变化，影响的主次因素依次为：物料厚度、干燥室压强、加热板温度。对单位厚度升华干燥时间进行岭嵴分析，给出了在本试验三因素取值范围内的冻干过程优化参数：干燥室压强为50Pa；物料厚度为9mm；加热板温度为39℃，优化的物料单位厚度升华干燥时间为0.146h。     

真空冷冻干燥升华干燥时间的实验研究

本文以扇贝为研究对象,采用二次正交回归组合试验,建立了真空冷冻干燥升华时间和单位厚度升华时间的二次多元回归模型,利用降维法分析了干燥室压强、物料厚度和加热板温度三个主要过程参数对真空冷冻升华干燥时间的影响。结果表明,干燥室压强、物料厚度和加热板温度对升华干燥时间影响显著,呈二次函数规律变化,影响的主次因素依次为:物料厚度、干燥室压强、加热板温度。对单位厚度升华干燥时间进行岭嵴分析,给出了在本试验三因素取值范围内的冻干过程优化参数:干燥室压强为50Pa;物料厚度为9mm;加热板温度为39℃,优化的物料单位厚度升华干燥时间为0.146h。     

真空冷冻干燥过程参数对酸化纸质文献冻干过程的影响

以酸化纸质文献为对象,研究了真空冷冻干燥过程参数(加热板温度、纸质文献厚度、干燥室压强)对其冻干时间和品质的影响,并采用L9(33)正交实验得出各过程参数影响的主次顺序和除水比例。结果表明:各过程参数的不同处理水平对纸质文献冻干时间和品质均有显著的影响,且各过程参数影响主次顺序均为:纸质文献厚度、加热板温度、真空室压强。本实验三因素取值范围内的冻干过程优化参数分别为:纸质文献厚度7 mm,加热板温度25℃,真空室压力10~20 Pa。     

苹果冷冻干燥工艺参数的试验研究

文章确定了苹果冷冻干燥工艺参数,以提高冻干效率和降低冻干苹果成本。通过单因素试验与3因素5水平的通用旋转组合设计,研究了干燥室压力、物料厚度和加热板温度等因素对生产率和耗电量两个指标的影响;建立了各指标与试验因子之间的回归数学模型;最后利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,在保证苹果干燥品质的情况下,得到了苹果冷冻干燥的最优工艺参数,干燥室压力25Pa,物料厚度12mm,加热板温度36.5℃。     

基于图像处理优化真空冷冻干燥工艺参数

通过三因素二次通用旋转组合试验设计,考察了物料厚度、加热板温度和干燥室压力对真空冷冻干燥人参面积收缩率的影响,得出了人参面积收缩率与各因素间的回归模型.试验结果表明,影响试验指标的主要因素是物料厚度,试验因素主次排列为物料厚度、加热温度、干燥室压力.其较优组合为物料厚度为12 mm、加热温度为40℃、干燥室压力为40 Pa.     

真空冷冻干燥过程参数对玫瑰的冻干过程影响的试验研究

真空冷冻干燥技术是将含水物料在低温状态下冻结,然后在真空条件下,使冰直接升华成水蒸气并排掉脱水物料中的水分使物料干燥.因此真空冷冻干燥产品可以最大限度的保持新鲜物料的原有色、香、味.形和营养成分.本文通过对玫瑰花的真空冷冻干燥实验的分析,对影响真空冻干的过程参数进行了试验研究.试验表明隔板温度、干燥室真空度是很重要的两个参数;冻结速率对总冻干时间没影响.     

变温变压的优化组合对扇贝真空冷冻干燥过程影响的实验研究

为了获得调压调温的优化组合对栉孔扇贝真空冷冻干燥过程的品质、能耗和时间的综合影响,在前期研究的基础上,本文对两次变温和一次变压的温度和压力组合参数进行了五因素四水平的正交组合试验,并以能耗、冻干时间和复水率等三指标的综合加权平分值为指标,得出了各温度和压力条件影响冻干能耗及品质的主次关系为:加热板高温2>干燥室低压>加热板高温1>加热板低温>干燥室高压,各因素的最佳组合是加热板高温1为42℃,高温2为30℃,干燥室低压为25Pa,加热板低温为25℃,干燥室高压为80 Pa,在这个优化组合工艺条件下,扇贝的复水率达到83.7%,与16组实验中的最佳相比,复水率提高了12.20%,能耗下降了2.17%,干燥时间缩短了20%。     

冻干香蕉过程参数优化的研究

对香蕉冻干生产工艺中的物料厚度、冻结方法、加热板温度、干燥室真空度等过程参数进行比较试验，结果表明：各过程参数的不同处理水平对香蕉冻干品质量和产量均有显著的影响。香蕉物料厚度取5nml～7mm，采用速冻方法冻结，加热板温度设定45℃，干燥室真空度控制于20Pa～30Pa范围，是香蕉冻干过程参数较佳的工艺条件。     

甘露醇冷冻干燥室内真空压力特性的研究

冷冻干燥室的真空系统为冷冻干燥提供了真空环境,真空压力特性对冷冻干燥过程顺利进行至关重要,本文以甘露醇溶液的冷冻干燥过程为例,从三个方面对冷冻干燥室内真空压力特性进行了研究:一、真空度对冷冻干燥物料质量称量的影响;二、真空度对冷冻干燥物料瓶内温度的影响;三、真空度对冷冻干燥物料一次干燥速率的影响.通过实验,得出结论:真...     

苹果真空冷冻干燥工艺参数对耗电量影响的研究

研究了苹果真空冷冻干燥工艺参数（干燥室压力、物料厚度、加热温度）对耗电量的影响规律。试验结果表明，影响试验指标的主要因素是物料厚度，试验因素主次排列为物料厚度、干燥室压力、加热温度。其较优组合为干燥室压力为140Pa、物料厚度为12mm、加热温度为30℃。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.