超材料对电磁波的极化转换及不对称传输研究进展

超材料新颖的电磁特性使它在许多领域都具有潜在的应用价值,如极化旋转器、类二极管等光子器件。综述了超材料中电磁波的极化转换的研究进展,包括线极化波之间、线极化波和圆极化波之间、圆极化波之间的相互极化转换,以及超材料的线极化波和圆极化波的不对称传输,并阐明了利用类Fabry-Perot谐振腔增强线极化波和圆极化波的不对称传输效应的机制。     

超表面在红外波段的光传输特性:偏振控制、旋光性和不对称传输

超表面(Metasurfaces,MMs)是拥有亚波长尺寸谐振单元结构的人工平面材料,其电磁特性主要由结构决定。超表面具有极强的波前控制能力。本文着重介绍了近年来纳米结构超表面在红外波段的光传输特性,包括光波偏振控制、旋光性、不对称传输等方面的理论和实验研究进展,简要介绍了制备纳米结构超表面的工艺技术。     

Partial spatial coherence and partial polarization in random evanescent fields on lossless interfaces

We consider partial spatial coherence and partial polarization of purely evanescent optical fields generated in total internal reflection at an interface of two dielectric (lossless) media. Making use of the electromagnetic degree of coherence, we show that, in such fields, the coherence length can be notably shorter than the light's vacuum wavelength, especially at a high-index-contrast interface. Physical explanation for this behavior, analogous to the generation of incoherent light in a multimode laser, is provided. We also analyze the degree of polarization by using a recent three-dimensional formulation and show that the field may be partially polarized at a subwavelength distance from the surface even though it is fully polarized farther away. The degree of polarization can assume values unattainable by beamlike fields, indicating that electromagnetic evanescent waves generally are genuine three-dimensional fields. The results can find applications in near-field optics and nanophotonics.     

Near-field scattered by a single nanoslit in a metal film

Using a scanning near-field optical microscope, we visualize, in three dimensions, the electromagnetic field distribution near an isolated slit aperture in a thin gold film. At the metal-air interface and for a TM incident polarization, we confirm some recently observed results and show that the slit generates two kinds of surface waves: a slowly decaying surface plasmon polariton and a quasi-cylindrical wave that decreases more rapidly when moving away from the slit. These waves are not generated for a TE incident polarization. In a noncontact mode, we also observe how the transmitted light diverges in free space. At a small distance from the slit (< 2 microm), we find that the emerging light spreads in all directions for TM, forming an electromagnetic cloud, whereas it is concentrated above the slit for TE, forming a more directive light jet. The experimental images are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.     

Polarization invariants and retrieval of surface parameters using polarization measurements in remote sensing applications

Using polarization measurements in remote sensing and optical studies allows for the retrieval of more information. We consider the relationship between the reflection coefficients of plane and rough surfaces for linearly polarized waves. Certain polarization properties of reflected waves and polarization invariants, in particular at the incident angle of 45°, allow finding amplitude and phase characteristics of the reflected waves. Based on this study, we introduce methods for finding dielectric permittivity, temperature, and geometric characteristics of the observed surfaces. Experimental results prove that these methods can be used for different practical purposes in technological and remote sensing applications, in a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum.     

Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The backgroundto promote EPMis described. The present state of EPMis given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magneticfield. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As otherexamples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.     

Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The background to promote EPM is described. The present state of EPM is given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magnetic field. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As other examples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.     

Optical infrared remote sensors

Various kinds of remote sensors, active and passive, covering a significant part of the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet to microwave regions have been developed for observation of earth for the purpose of resource survey. Several of the widely used remote sensors (in the visible and infrared region) beginning from photographic cameras to the modern-day linear imaging self-scanning sensors have been described with reference to the state-of-the-art, critical parameters, performance limitations etc. User requirements with regard to various system parameters of the remote sensors have been analysed. Some future trends in the development of remote sensors for spaceborne applications have been touched upon.     

An eigen theory of electromagnetic waves based on the standard spaces

The Maxwell’s equations are studied here based on the standard spaces of the physical presentation, and the modal electromagnetic wave equations of anisotropic media are deduced. Several novel theoretical results were obtained: the number of electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media is equal to that of eigen-spaces of anisotropic media; the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves is dependent on the dielectric eigen-permittivity and magnetic eigen-permeability; the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves is related on the electromagnetic eigen-operator in the corresponding eigen-space; the direction of polarization of electromagnetic waves is relevant to the eigen-electromagnetic quantities in the corresponding eigen-space. Based on these laws, we discuss the propagation behaviour of electromagnetic wave in anisotropic media.     

Scattering of singular beams by subwavelength objects

In recent years, there has been a mounting interest in better methods of measuring nanoscale objects, especially in fields such as nanotechnology, biomedicine, cleantech, and microelectronics. Conventional methods have proved insufficient, due to the classical diffraction limit or slow and complicated measuring procedures. The purpose of this paper is to explore the special characteristics of singular beams with respect to the investigation of subwavelength objects. Singular beams are light beams that contain one or more singularities in their physical parameters, such as phase or polarization. We focus on the three-dimensional interaction between electromagnetic waves and subwavelength objects to extract information about the object from the scattered light patterns.     

Sculptured thin films – I. Concepts

 A report on the conceptualization of sculptured thin films (STFs), as well as on recent theoretical advances thereon, is presented. The morphology of a STF is described in terms of a spatially varying unit vector called the director, whose piecewise specification assists in setting up frequency-dependent constitutive relations of the STF. These relations lead in turn to a 4×4 matrix differential equation for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the STF. Optical, suboptical, infrared and even millimeter-wave applications are possible, as well as acoustic and piezoelectric ones. Received: 12 September 1997 / Accepted: 15 October 1997     

Electromagnetic waves in a magnetogyrotropic chiral medium

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a magnetogyrotropic medium possessing chiral properties has been theoretically studied. Dispersion relations for the eigenmodes in such a medium are obtained and conditions necessary to realize a negative refractive index are established. The transmission of waves through a plane-parallel chiral plate is analyzed. A change in the polarization plane rotation with allowance for a dissipation in this system is determined.     

Modelling and Analysis of Power Distribution of Electromagnetic Waves on Plane Surfaces Using Lock-in IR Thermography

The electric field distribution (magnitude only) near a radiating source (antenna) can be easily determined using infrared thermography. A thin screen (made of carbon fiber reinforced polymers) is placed in front of a microwave source. The electromagnetic waves impinging on the screen are partially absorbed, resulting in temperature rise of the screen. This temperature rise is monitored by an infrared camera. The temperature distribution thus observed is mapped to the electric field strength (magnitude of electric field) of the electromagnetic waves. Points on the screen where the temperature rise is low correspond to weak electromagnetic fields whereas points with high temperature rise correspond to strong electromagnetic fields. In this paper electro-thermal modelling is done so as to obtain the temperature distribution over the screen, when an electromagnetic field is incident on it. This model can conversely be used for finding electromagnetic field distributions from IR thermal images.     

可调谐手征超表面电磁特性研究进展

手征超表面是由具有特定电磁响应的平面手征单元结构构成的超薄超材料,由于其具有自由控制电磁波的奇异能力而引起了极大的关注.通过在超表面设计中加入可调谐材料,可以实现其功能受外部激发控制的可调谐或可重构的超器件,为动态调谐电磁波开辟了新的道路.本文介绍了可调/可重构手征超表面电磁特性的一些理论基础,当线偏振光进入可调谐手征...     

Broadband and polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber based on hybrid structures in the infrared region

In this work, a new type of metamaterial absorber is proposed in the infrared region. This structure consists of metal-dielectric-metal. But the difference is that a square groove in the dielectric has been dug, and replaced by a metal. The simulated results show that this structure can achieve a broadband absorption. And the absorption bandwidth can be realized from 60.5 to 115.5 THz when the absorption efficiency is larger than 90%. And this structure is polarization-insensitive for incident electromagnetic waves. In addition, the structure can also achieve better absorption effect for a large incident angle, especially for TM polarized wave. What is more, a remarkably enhanced bandwidth can be realized by using a metal to fill the square groove which is dug in the dielectric. To further explain the mechanism of high absorption, the distribution of the electromagnetic field and power loss density at the resonance frequencies are analysed. And these novel properties make the absorbers have many applications including sensor, cloaking, etc.     

Degree of polarization in tightly focused optical fields

We analyze the degree of polarization of random, statistically stationary electromagnetic fields in the focal region of a high-numerical-aperture imaging system. The Richards-Wolf theory for focusing is employed to compute the full 3 x 3 electric coherence matrix, from which the degree of polarization is obtained by using a recent definition for general three-dimensional electromagnetic waves. Significant changes in the state of partial polarization, compared with that of the incident illumination, are observed. For example, a wave consisting of two orthogonal and uncorrelated incident-electric-field components produces rings of full polarization in the focal plane. These effects are explained by considering the distribution of the spectral densities of the three electric field components as well as the correlations between them.     

Phase-space representation and polarization domains of random electromagnetic fields

The phase-space representation of stationary random electromagnetic fields is developed by using electromagnetic spatial coherence wavelets. The propagation of the field's power and states of spatial coherence and polarization results from correlations between the components of the field vectors at pairs of points in space. Polarization domains are theoretically predicted as the structure of the field polarization at the observation plane. In addition, the phase-space representation provides a generalization of the Poynting theorem. Theoretical predictions are examined by numerically simulating the Young experiment with electromagnetic waves. The experimental implementation of these results is a current subject of research.     

A Review on Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics

The last eight years (2009–2017) have seen an explosive growth of interest in organic–inorganic halide perovskites in the research communities of photovoltaics and light‐emitting diodes. In addition, recent advancements have demonstrated that this type of perovskite has a great potential in the technology of light‐signal detection with a comparable performance to commercially available crystalline Si and III–V photodetectors. The contemporary growth of state‐of‐the‐art multifunctional perovskites in the field of light‐signal detection has benefited from its outstanding intrinsic optoelectronic properties, including photoinduced polarization, high drift mobilities, and effective charge collection, which are excellent for this application. Photoactive perovskite semiconductors combine effective light absorption, allowing detection of a wide range of electromagnetic waves from ultraviolet and visible, to the near‐infrared region, with low‐cost solution processability and good photon yield. This class of semiconductor might empower breakthrough photodetector technology in the field of imaging, optical communications, and biomedical sensing. Therefore, here, the focus is specifically on the critical understanding of materials synthesis, design, and engineering for the next‐stage development of perovskite photodetectors and highlighting the current challenges in the field, which need to be further studied in the future.     

Analytical investigation of eddy currents in nonlinear ferromagnetic media for weak magnetic fields

Electromagnetic field diffusion into a nonlinear ferromagnetic conducting half-space is analytically investigated for weak magnetic fields. For these fields a "nth power" approximation for magnetization curves is used. The exact analytical solutions to the non-linear partial differential equations of electromagnetic field theory are found for circular polarization of incident waves. The case of noncircular polarization is treated as a perturbation of circular polarization. Linear equations for perturbations are then derived and their analytical solutions are found. The analytical theory is illustrated by the computational results for surface impedances and third harmonics of electromagnetic fields.     

离子型声子晶体中的长波光学性质

提出了离子型声子晶体的概念，制备出一维离子型声子晶体材料，研究了一维离子型声子晶体中的超晶格振动与电磁波的耦合效应，将黄昆方程所预言的一系列长波光学行为，如：极化激元、红外吸收、介导异常等。从红外波段推广到微波波段，并得到了实验验证，预测了这种材料在微波与声学方面可能的应用。