Effects of initial ammonium ion concentration on pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans and its modeling

Pullulan fermentations by Aureobasidium pullulans with various initial ammonium ion concentrations were evaluated in a 2-L bioreactor. The results demonstrated that A. pullulans produced highest pullulan (23.1 g/L) when the initial ammonium sulfate was 7 at 5 g/L. The purity of produced pullulan was 94.6%. Seven gram per liter of ammonium sulfate produced more biomass due to the higher level of nitrogen source, but the pullulan-degrading enzyme activity was detected after the depletion of sucrose, which reduced pullulan concentration. From the results of fed-batch fermentation, addition of 10 g/L of sucrose suppressed A. pullulans from producing pullulan-degrading enzyme. Additionally, the modified-Gompertz equation demonstrated its generality to fit all pullulan production, biomass production, and sucrose consumption curves at three ammonium sulfate levels. After incorporating the degrading factor, a re-modified-Gompertz equation was obtained that can adequately describe the decrease of pullulan at the late fermentation stage.     

Modeling of pullulan fermentation by using a color variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans

Pullulan, which is comprised of glucose units, is a simple linear polysaccharide produced by Aureobasidium pullulans. Pullulan has long been used in various applications such as blood plasma substitutes, food additives, adhesive additives, flocculants, and even environmental pollution control agents. Mathematical models of biomass, pullulan, and sucrose profiles during fermentation not only provide information about the kinetic-metabolic nature of pullulan, but also facilitate the control and optimization of pullulan production. In this study, several models were modified and tested in order to describe biomass, pullulan, and sucrose profiles during batch fermentation using a color variant strain of A. pullulans. The results demonstrated that the modified Gompertz model can serve as a universal equation to fit biomass production, pullulan production, and sucrose consumption. Furthermore, validation of this modified Gompertz model indicated that biomass (slope = 1.00, R² = 0.991), pullulan (slope = 1.10, R² = 0.991), and sucrose (slope = 0.96, R² = 0.991) were all predicted accurately.     

统计学分析方法在普鲁兰发酵培养基优化中的应用

为了得到普鲁兰发酵的最佳培养基,在单因子实验的基础上,应用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响普鲁兰发酵的基本培养基组分中的关键因子进行了优选,并进一步采用响应面分析法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对影响普鲁兰产量的关键因素最佳水平范围作了深入的研究。实验结果表明:影响普鲁兰产量的关键因素为:葡萄糖、酵母粉和NaCl的浓度。通过RSM模型的拟合和推算得到在葡萄糖、酵母粉和NaCl质量浓度分别5.675、0.405、0.0815 g/dL时,此时模型预测发酵最佳的产量为32.071 44 g/L,验证值为32.16 g/L,预测值与验证值之间吻合较好,比原始培养基提高了约5倍。     

低色素出芽短梗霉G-58发酵的初步研究

研究了培养基组分和培养条件对低色素出芽短梗霉变异株G-58发酵的影响。最佳培养基组分是（g/L）：蔗糖50，（NH4）2SO4 0．6，K2HPO4 6，MgSO4 0．4，NaCl4，酵母膏0．4，初始pH6．5；在此条件下，G-58多糖产量24.5g/L，即糖转化率49％，发酵液颜色乳白无色素。     

复合诱变选育茁霉多糖高产菌株

茁霉多糖具有许多优良的化学性质,可以作为中间体合成多种有经济价值的工业用化合物,是一种潜在的重要化工平台产品.以出芽短梗霉Y为出发菌株,通过紫外2轮、亚硝基胍3轮复合诱变,高蔗糖浓度(20％)平板筛选得到6株高产突变株,其中菌株N3茁霉多糖产量质量浓度达到37.84g/L,比出发菌株产量提高71.22％.     

响应面法优化普鲁兰多糖发酵培养基

通过对出芽短梗霉生长的培养基进行优化,以提高普鲁兰多糖的产量。首先采用单因素试验筛选出有显著效应的3个因素,再利用响应面Box-Behnken设计优化显著因素的水平。结果表明：碳源(蔗糖)添加量、氮源(酵母浸膏)添加量和金属离子对粗普鲁兰多糖的产量都有显著影响(P＜0.05),蔗糖添加量和酵母浸膏添加量的交互作用相对明显,蔗糖添加量和金属离子以及酵母浸膏添加量和金属离子的交互作用不显著。优化的培养基组成为：蔗糖添加量56.63g/L、酵母浸膏添加量3.74g/L、金属离子选择Mg2+,此条件下粗普鲁兰多糖产量为60.358g/L。     

新型高分子材料--茁霉多糖

茁霉多糖是出芽短梗霉产生的一种粘多糖，在食品、医药、轻工、化工和石油领域有着广泛的应用前景。该文简要介绍了茁霉多糖的主要特点、生产菌种，概括了其应用领域及开发前景。     

固态生物转化对植物性食品加工副产物生物活性影响的研究进展

结合近年来国内外研究报道,详细阐述了固态生物转化对植物性食品加工副产物的产酶效率及应用价值,综述了固态发酵对副产物主要生物活性物质(多酚、黄酮、植物多糖等)及其功能活性的影响,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜对荔枝采后保鲜效果评价

以普鲁兰多糖为主要成膜剂,制备新型荔枝保鲜材料,并探索了其在不同温度条件下对荔枝的保鲜效果。结果表明:在夏季常温(34±2) ℃、空调(26±2) ℃及低温(5±2) ℃条件下,普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜可有效抑制荔枝褐变,降低可溶性固形物、pH、可滴定酸、维生素C等营养物质的损失,维持较高的好果率。普鲁兰多糖涂膜对低温环境下的荔枝保鲜效果最佳,贮藏14 d后褐变指数为1,好果率为91%。与之相比,空白对照组及施保功溶液浸泡组荔枝在第12 d时已完全褐变,好果率为0%。普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜结合低温贮藏,可以有效维持荔枝采后新鲜度,延长保鲜期。     

淀粉质原料在普鲁兰多糖生物合成中的作用及生理机制

为了考察不同淀粉质原料对出芽短梗霉生物合成普鲁兰多糖的影响,本文分别选用来源于木薯、玉米、马铃薯、红薯和小麦等作物的淀粉作为碳源发酵生产普鲁兰多糖。结果发现,木薯淀粉有利于普鲁兰多糖的生物合成,最高产量达到23.96 g/L;红薯淀粉则不利于普鲁兰多糖的合成,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的产量和分子量。进一步地,对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵动力学参数和生理学指标进行分析比较,发现木薯淀粉提高了普鲁兰多糖合成关键酶活性和胞内前体物质尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖的含量,进而提高了普鲁兰多糖的合成能力和产量;而红薯淀粉则提高了普鲁兰多糖降解酶活性,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的分子量。对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵碳源成本进行估算,发现利用木薯淀粉合成普鲁兰多糖的碳源成本只有葡萄糖对照组的56.6%。该研究结果为普鲁兰多糖的廉价高效生产提供了可行的技术参考。     

普鲁兰糖在食品工业中的应用进展

普鲁兰糖是一种由出芽短梗霉菌分泌的胞外多糖,广泛用于食品及医药行业.现对普鲁兰糖在食品行业的应用进展作一简介.     

Utilization of Fish Processing By-Products in the Gelatin Industry

Since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis, there has been a growing interest for finding an alternative source of raw materials for gelatin production. Gelatin produced from fish processing by-products is a potential alternative to mammalian gelatin. Fish processing generates solid wastes that can be as high as 50-80% of the original raw material. These wastes are an excellent raw material for preparation of high protein foods. About 30% of the wastes consists of skin and bone with a high collagen content. Fish gelatin can be obtained by hydrolysis of collagen the principal protein found in skin and bone. Fish skin and bone gelatin can be prepared with bloom strength similar to that obtained from mammalian sources. Fish gelatin has numerous applications, particularly, in the food, pharmaceutical, and photographic industries due to its unique chemical and physical properties. This review presents how fish processing by-products can be utilized in the manufacture of gelatin.     

Utilization of Fish Processing By-Products in the Gelatin Industry

Since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis, there has been a growing interest for finding an alternative source of raw materials for gelatin production. Gelatin produced from fish processing by-products is a potential alternative to mammalian gelatin. Fish processing generates solid wastes that can be as high as 50–80% of the original raw material. These wastes are an excellent raw material for preparation of high protein foods. About 30% of the wastes consists of skin and bone with a high collagen content. Fish gelatin can be obtained by hydrolysis of collagen the principal protein found in skin and bone. Fish skin and bone gelatin can be prepared with bloom strength similar to that obtained from mammalian sources. Fish gelatin has numerous applications, particularly, in the food, pharmaceutical, and photographic industries due to its unique chemical and physical properties. This review presents how fish processing by-products can be utilized in the manufacture of gelatin.     

Improvement on Physical Properties of Pullulan Films by Novel Cross‐Linking Strategy

Pullulan based films possess several advantages, including high transparency, low toxicity, good biodegradability, good mechanical properties, and low oxygen permeability, are preferable for food packaging. The application of pullulan films on food packaging, however, has inherent disadvantage of high water solubility. In this study, glutaraldehyde and glycerol were used as the cross‐linking reagent and the plasticizer respectively to improve water resistance and physical properties of the pullulan films. Effects of cross‐linking degree on physical properties, including water absorptions, swelling behaviors, water vapor permeability and tensile strengths of films were evaluated. FTIR results demonstrated that the pullulan films were successfully cross‐linked by glutaraldehyde. The tensile strength of pullulan films could be enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) when glutaraldehyde was between 1% and 5% (w/w); nevertheless, the amount of glutaraldehyde above 20% (w/w) led to films brittleness. With the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer enhanced the extensibility of films as well as the hydrophilicity, resulting in higher water vapor permeability.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential stereospecific reduction tool for biotransformation of mono- and sesquiterpenoids

Terpenes and terpenoids are among the key impact substances in the food and fragrance industries. Equipped with pharmacological properties and applications as ideal precursors for the biotechnological production of natural aroma chemicals, interests in these compounds have been escalating. Hence, the syntheses of new derivatives that can show improved properties are often called for. Stereoselective biotransformation offers several benefits to increase the rate of production, in terms of both the percentage yield and its enantiomeric excesses. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is broadly used as a whole cell stereospecific reduction biocatalyst, due to its capability in reducing carbonyls and carbon-carbon double bonds, which also extends its functionality as a versatile biocatalyst in terpenoid biotransformation. This review provides some insights on the development and prospects in the reductive biotransformation of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids using S. cerevisiae, with an overview of strategies to overcome the common challenges in large-scale implementation.     

Development and characterization of novel probiotic-residing pullulan/starch edible films

An innovative approach was performed to prepare novel pullulan/starch blended edible films by direct incorporation of multiple probiotic bacterial strains. Various starches different in origin were blended into the pullulan solutions with different ratios. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were investigated in the presence and absence of probiotic cells. An increase in the starch content of pullulan films resulted in a substantial decrease in relative cell viabilities and mechanical properties. Moreover, slight changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the films were observed with the addition of probiotic strains. Pullulan and pullulan/potato starch films were found to be the most suitable carrier matrices, with a maximum relative cell viability of 70–80% after 2 months of storage at 4 °C. The results suggest that pullulan and pullulan/starch films can be used as effective delivery and carrier systems for probiotics.     

无机氮源对出芽短梗霉发酵普鲁兰多糖分子量的影响

以出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)CGMCC No.11062为出发菌株,研究五种无机氮源对普鲁兰多糖产量、结构、纯度及分子量的影响。结果表明:无机氮源种类对普鲁兰多糖产量和分子量产生显著影响,未影响普鲁兰多糖结构和纯度。其中,以硫酸铵(1.5 g/L)为唯一氮源时普鲁兰多糖产量达到32.84 g/L,重均分子量(Weight-average Molecular Weight,Mw)最大,为799823ku。硫酸铵浓度对普鲁兰多糖的产量和分子量影响显著,而未显著影响普鲁兰多糖结构。随着硫酸铵浓度的增加,普鲁兰多糖产量和分子量同时增加;当硫酸铵浓度为1.5 g/L时,普鲁兰多糖的产量出现最大值,为32.45 g/L;而当硫酸铵浓度为2.1 g/L,普鲁兰多糖重均分子量(Mw)最大,达到1236958 ku。所有制得的普鲁兰多糖纯度在95%~99%之间。这些研究可为不同分子量普鲁兰多糖生产提供技术指导。     

普鲁兰多糖对绿豆淀粉功能特性的影响

以资源丰富的绿豆淀粉为基材,按照不同比例与普鲁兰多糖共混,对混合物的功能特性进行了研究。结果表明:普鲁兰多糖可以降低绿豆淀粉的峰黏度、谷黏度、终黏度、稀懈值和回凝值,并且在一定范围内,这种变化随着普鲁兰多糖质量分数的增加而增大。另外,普鲁兰多糖的添加提高了绿豆淀粉的糊化温度,使其糊化受到抑制作用,且当普鲁兰多糖与绿豆淀粉的质量比达到2∶5时,这种抑制作用开始达到极显著水平。少量添加普鲁兰多糖后,绿豆淀粉老化的焓变值大大降低,但当普鲁兰多糖与绿豆淀粉的比例大于1∶6时这种抑制作用变缓。普鲁兰多糖可以增强绿豆淀粉的硬度、黏着性、弹性和胶凝性,而逐渐减小其黏聚性。     

Preparation and properties of pullulan–alginate–carboxymethylcellulose blend films

Pullulan, alginate, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) films were solvent cast from aqueous polymer solution. At 55% RH and 20 °C, their tensile strength and elongation at break were 67 MPa and 11%, 49 MPa and 5.2%, and 45 MPa and 5.8%, respectively. Pullulan films had lower water vapor permeability than alginate and CMC films (4.4 × 10⁻⁷, 9.7 × 10⁻⁷, and 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ g m/Pa h m², respectively), but dissolved in water quicker than alginate and CMC films. By incorporating alginate and CMC into pullulan, water barrier and mechanical properties were weakened significantly. Blending pullulan with alginate or CMC up to about 17–33% (w/w total polymer) reduced film solubilization time in water. The addition of glycerol further reduced tensile strength, increased elongation at break, weakened water barrier properties, but enhanced solubilization in water. FTIR results indicated that blending pullulan with alginate and CMC resulted in weaker hydrogen bonds acting on –OH groups compared to the pure pullulan.     

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) by-products and their impact: from bioactive compounds to biomass energy and sorbent material for removing contaminants. A review

Avocado industry produces enormous by-products and represents an important source of raw material in food and non-food applications. This review aims to focus the attention on the valorisation of avocado wastes recycling to produce different materials with important industrial and environmental impacts. In fact, peels and seeds can be reused in food and cosmetic fields due to the presence of bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols; thanks to their antioxidant and antinflammatory activities. In addition, both peels and seeds can be reused in the production of carbonaceous materials with important consequences for environmental pollution in the removal of contaminants from water. Interesting applications of avocado wastes in photocatalysis and biofuel production are also discussed. All the utilisations attest the great potential of recycling avocado by-products, a little known resource.