熟化方式对酱卤风味牛肉品质及多环芳烃含量的影响

比较蒸制、煮制、炸制、煎制、烤制和微波6 种熟化方式对酱卤风味牛肉品质（感官评分、色泽、质构、水分含量、pH值、脂肪氧化）和化学危害物多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）含量的影响。结果表明：烤制、蒸制、煮制熟化酱卤风味牛肉色泽品质较好;烤制、煎制和炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉水分含量偏低,且与其他组有显著差异（P＜0.05）;蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉很好地保持了水分含量,具有较好的质构特性;烤制、炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的脂肪氧化程度偏高（P＜0.05）,而蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的脂肪氧化程度最低;与其他熟化方式相比,蒸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉的感官评分较高;烤制、煎制、炸制熟化酱卤风味牛肉中苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽及?4 种PAHs的总含量均高于7.0 μg/kg,蒸制、微波熟化组约为3.1 μg/kg。综合评估得出,蒸制是一种有效的酱卤风味牛肉熟化加工方式,牛肉品质与传统卤煮牛肉更为接近。     

Effects of traditional chinese cooking methods on formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in lamb patties

Different amounts of the potent mutagenic and/or carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are formed in muscle-based foods under different cooking methods. HAAs (9 varieties) in lamb patties cooked using traditional Chinese cooking methods (roasting, frying, panfrying, and stewing in seasonings) were investigated. The total HAAs contents in roasted, fried, pan-fried, and stewed patties were 4.39-123.15 ng/g, 3.59-43.24 ng/g, 0.71-10.05 ng/g, and 51.07-120.32 ng/g, respectively. Amounts of HAAs increased as cooking time increased. 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) was the dominant HAAs in deep roasted and fried samples, while 1-methyl- 9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole (Harman) and 9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole (Norharman) were the main HAAs in pan-fried and stewed samples. Types and contents of HAAs formed at different cooking times using different methods are unique. Stewing in seasoning generated a higher HAAs content than the high-temperature cooking methods roasting, frying, and pan-frying.     

Effect of cooking methods on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in chicken and duck breast

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are pyrolysis formed during the cooking of meat and fish. In the present study, the effects of various cooking methods, pan-frying, deep-frying, charcoal grilling and roasting on the formation of HAAs in chicken breast and duck breast were studied. The various HAAs formed during cooking were isolated by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that chicken breast cooked by charcoal grilling contained the highest content of total HAAs, as high as 112 ng/g, followed by pan-fried duck breast (53.3 ng/g), charcoal grilled duck breast (32 ng/g), pan-fried chicken breast (27.4 ng/g), deep-fried chicken breast (21.3 ng/g), deep-fried duck breast (14 ng/g), roasted duck breast (7 ng/g) and roasted chicken breast (4 ng/g). For individual HAA, the most abundant HAA was 9H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole (Norharman), which was detected in charcoal grilled chicken breast at content as high as 32.2 ng/g, followed by 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole (Harman) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-f]pyridine(PhIP) at 32 and 31.1 ng/g in charcoal grilled chicken breast, respectively. The content of PhIP in pan-fried duck and chicken breast were 22 and 18.3 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the type and content of HAAs in cooked poultry meat varies with cooking method and cooking conditions.     

不同工艺即食烤鱼多环芳烃检测方法及变化研究

目的:建立即食烤鱼16种多环芳烃（Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs）检测方法,分析不同工艺对烤鱼PAHs种类及含量的影响。方法:样品经正己烷提取,采用固相萃取柱净化,二氯甲烷洗脱,高效液相色谱法测定。结果:16种PAH_S相关系数为0.9993~0.9998,检出限为0.20~2.50 μg/kg;加标回收率为64.25%~122.8%,相对标准偏差为1.38%~7.13%。在碳烤、油炸、电烤三种不同熟化方式下,烤鱼中调味料的添加可减少PAHs的生成量;烤鱼中PAHs的种类和含量为碳烤>油炸>电烤,样品中萘、苊烯、菲和芘检出含量较高,碳烤样品PAHs总量高达58.74 μg/kg,明显高于油炸和电烤样品组;熟化时间和温度对烤鱼PAHs种类及含量均有影响,随油炸时间延长、油炸温度增高,样品PAHs检出种类和含量增加明显,其中,萘、苊烯、菲、荧蒽和芘含量增高达3~5倍;随电烤时间和温度的增加,样品中PAHs种类增多,PAHs总量亦提高;通过风险评估,烤鱼加热时间控制在6 min,温度200 ℃以内,摄入频率小于每月2次,食用风险低。结论:建立了烤鱼中16种PAHs的检测方法;进行了不同工艺烤鱼样品中PAHs的种类、含量变化分析及风险评估,为即食烤鱼熟化工艺选择提供依据。     

花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

Heat and mass transfer in chicken breasts – effect on PhIP formation

Heterocyclic amines are mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds that are found in cooked meat and fish. These compounds are of concern in the aetiology of human cancer and therefore it is important to minimise their formation during cooking, and their intake. PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine, CAS no: 105650-23-5) is one heterocyclic amine that is found at high levels in cooked chicken. Chicken breast was cooked to a centre temperature of 72 °C using the following cooking methods: boiling, oven roasting, oven roasting in a special roasting-bag or in a clay pot, broiling, deep-frying and pan-frying. The temperature on the surface and at the centre was monitored by thermocouples during cooking, and these data, together with drip loss determined by means of weight reduction, were used to create temperature profiles and to calculate cook-values and rate of drip loss. The samples were analysed for PhIP using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. PhIP was detected in the broiled (0.07 ng/g), deep fried (0.02 ng/g) and pan-fried (0.04 30 ng/g) chicken breast. The cooking temperature and rate of drip loss had great impact on crust formation during pan-frying, and greatly affected the amount of PhIP formed. High temperature and high rate of drip loss were found to be most favourable for the formation of PhIP.     

烹制方法对猪肉脂质氧化和挥发性风味物质的作用研究

研究对比了4种烹制方法(煮制、烤制、微波及油炸制(大豆油、花生油和葵花油))对猪肉脂质氧化及挥发性风味成分的影响。结果表明:烹制能够促进猪肉的脂质氧化,经不同方式烹制后,熟制猪肉的过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)显著增加(P0.05)。不同熟制猪肉之间脂质氧化程度存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中烤制猪肉的脂质氧化程度最高,其次为微波和水煮,而炸制猪肉的氧化程度最低。气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术从熟制猪肉中共分离鉴定出68种挥发性风味成分,主要包括醛类、脂肪烃类、醇类、酮类、酯类等,总挥发性风味化合物含量在221.09(大豆油炸制猪肉)-1084.61 AU×106/g(煮制猪肉)之间。醛类是主要的化合物,占总挥发性风味成分的73.78(葵花油炸制猪肉)-78.79%(烤制猪肉),而己醛是最主要的醛类物质。TBA值与醛类、醇类及总挥发性风味物质呈显著正相关(p0.05),而POV值与挥发性风味物质的相关性不显著(p0.05)。主成分分析法(PCA)能够很好地区分经不同烹制方法得到的熟猪肉。     

Occurrence of heterocyclic amines in cooked meat products

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), potent mutagens and a risk factor for human cancers, are produced in meats cooked at high temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the HCA content in cooked meat products (beef, chicken, pork, fish) prepared by various cooking methods (pan frying, oven broiling, and oven baking at 170 to 230 °C) that are preferred by U.S. meat consumers. The primary HCAs in these samples were PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine) (1.49-10.89 ng/g), MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline) (not detected-4.0 ng/g), and DiMeIQx (2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline) (not detected-3.57 ng/g). Type and content of HCAs in cooked meat samples were highly dependent on cooking conditions. The total HCA content in well-done meat was 3.5 times higher than that of medium-rare meat. Fried pork (13.91 ng/g) had higher levels of total HCAs than fried beef (8.92 ng/g) and fried chicken (7.00 ng/g). Among the samples, fried bacon contained the highest total HCA content (17.59 ng/g).     

符离集烧鸡加工过程中的营养和理化品质变化

通过对符离集烧鸡在5个不同加工阶段下主要成分、pH、嫩度、食盐、总糖、氨基酸含量等的测定,探究其在加工过程中营养和理化品质的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的水分含量、剪切力显著下降(P<0.05),灰分、蛋白质、脂肪以及食盐含量显著增加(P<0.05);卤制后鸡胸肉(pH=6.45)和鸡腿肉(pH=6.65)的pH达到最大,杀菌后有所下降;油炸时鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉总糖含量分别增加了75.34%和72.62%(P<0.05),卤制和杀菌后鸡肉的总糖含量下降。烧鸡加工过程中共检出17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸(16.31%~17.11%)、天冬氨酸(9.53%~10.42%)、亮氨酸(8.16%~8.53%)、赖氨酸(8.48%~9.10%)是烧鸡中最主要的氨基酸,谷氨酸的含量最高。除苯丙氨酸外,成品烧鸡中必需氨基酸均高于FAO/WHO/UNU推荐含量,可见烧鸡具有较高的营养价值。卤制对烧鸡其营养品质影响较大,杀菌保证了产品安全性的同时,对其营养及理化品质无不良影响。     

Flavour formation in pork semimembranosus: Combination of pan-temperature and raw meat quality

Flavour development and overall eating quality of pork semimembranosus were investigated with regard to different raw meat qualities (feeding/fasting strategy; control/low glycogen level, gender; castrate/female, slaughter live-weight; 84 kg/110 kg) combined with frying temperature (150 °C/240 °C). It was further investigated whether the precursor levels of glycogen, IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine in the raw meat were correlated to the raw meat quality and fried/grilled attributes. Pork schnitzels were fried on a pan (155 °C) or grill–pan (240–250 °C) to a core temperature of 70 °C. Frying temperature was the one factor with greatest influence on the sensory attributes, and pan-grilled schnitzels had significantly higher scores in fried/grilled attributes regardless of meat quality compared to pan-fried schnitzels. Texture was not appreciably influenced by any treatment. There was no correlation between precursor levels and raw meat qualities or fried sensory attributes. Gender and slaughter live-weight had no pronounced influence on flavour and overall eating quality.     

Concentration profile of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions in some processed meat and meat products

This study investigates the concentration profiles of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions in selected processed meats, in order to evaluate their dietary and health implications. Smoked, grilled and boiled meat products were bought from different locations in Cape Town and Cape Town environs. PAHs were extracted from each meat sample according to standard methods. The concentrations of benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkP), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene (IP), and benzo[g, h, i]perylene(BghiP) in the processed meat extracts were determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionization detector. Total PAH concentrations in smoked, grilled and boiled chicken fillets, pork, and beef stripes were ranged 2.79, 0.99, 2.33 μg/kg; 19.11, 11.17, 15.04 μg/kg; and 14.84, 9.29, 7.20 μg/kg respectively. There were significant differences (p > 0.05) in the concentration levels of PAHs detected in different types, with the highest levels observed in smoked pork meat. The concentration of BkP, BaP, IP and BghiP detected in the various meat samples were below the EU and WHO dietary exposure limit.     

两种中式冷冻调理食品

对两种中式冷冻调理食品即榨菜肉丝和鸡卷进行了研究。冷冻调理榨菜肉丝,改传统的炒为油炸,并对油炸条件进行了优化;对可能影响冷冻调理鸡卷品质的因素进行了研究,并对鸡卷的预炸条件进行了优化。最后对这些冷冻调理食品的冻藏稳定性进行了评价。     

家庭烹调对鲟鱼中脂肪酸和胆固醇的影响

对杂交鲟鱼（Acipenser baerii×A. schrenckii）进行了清蒸、油煎、微波、微波烤、烤箱烤和压力锅煎6 种家庭烹调处理,测定其脂肪和胆固醇含量、脂肪氧化指标和各脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明,所有烹调方法均降低了n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量的比值,其中压力烹调比值最高（0.85）,清蒸次之（0.83）,而烤箱烤最低（0.73）。胆固醇保存率以清蒸和压力锅煎最高,两种处理间无显著差异。烹调后样品酸价和硫代巴比妥酸值上升而过氧化值下降,并与样品的胆固醇含量相关。清蒸和压力烹调中脂肪酸和胆固醇变化相对较少,可能与其密闭烹调条件造成氧化程度较低有关。     

Effect of pan-frying in different culinary fats on the fatty acid profile of pork

This study was set up to determine how pan-frying either without culinary fat or with different culinary fats (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched culinary fat, olive oil and margarine) affects the fatty acid (FA) composition of pork. The meat samples (longissimus thoracis (LT)) originated from pigs fed different dietary fat sources (animal fat, soybean oil or linseed oil) and thus had different FA compositions before frying. Pan-frying resulted in considerable increases in the meat total-FA content, although this was not always significant and highly variable, despite standardisation of the frying process. The FA composition of the pan-fried meat tended to become similar to that of the culinary fat used, and the extent of changes in the content of a particular FA was relative to the FA gradient from the culinary fat to the meat. However, this was also dependent on the culinary fat used, since frying in olive oil appeared to affect the FA composition of the meat more than did frying in the other culinary fats. Differences in FA composition of meat resulting from different animal feeding treatments remained unchanged after pan-frying without fat, they became smaller after frying in margarine and PUFA-enriched culinary fat, whereas frying in olive oil largely masked the initial FA profile differences. Long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in the meat were not significantly lost by the frying process, but their proportion was influenced by the uptake of the culinary fat.     

Effect of Trim Level, Cooking Method, and Chop Type on Lipid Retention, Caloric Content, and Cholesterol Level in Cooked Pork

The effect of external fat trim on fat, caloric, and cholesterol content of pork lean was investigated. Paired top-loin chops (TL), rib chops (RC) and blade steaks (BS) were obtained and trimmed free of all subcutaneous fat before (NF) or after (SF) cooking. Cuts were cooked to 71°C by roasting, pan-frying, braising or microwaving. Lean from TL chops having SF contained more fat and calories and similar amounts of cholesterol compared with NF chops, regardless of cooking method. Few differences were observed in fat and caloric content of RC and BS cooked with SF versus NF, perhaps due to seam fat. Eliminating external fat prior to cooking reduced fat and caloric content of pork lean.     

Assessment of contamination source and quality control approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wood-pressed rapeseed oil

Contamination sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the raw material, oil production and storage processes of wood-pressed rapeseed oil were investigated in this study. The results showed that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (sum of BaP, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene) were unevenly distributed in the kernel (0.56–0.98 and 2.84–8.64 μg/kg, respectively) and hull (1.53–3.17 and 13.49–22.31 μg/kg, respectively) of the rapeseed raw materials. The contents of BaP and PAH4 continuously increased during the process of wood-pressed rapeseed oil, ranging from 2.21 to 10.93 and 9.36 to 40.03 μg/kg, thus demonstrating that a wide range of pollution sources of PAHs existed for the test wood-pressed rapeseed oils. The initial temperature and time of roasting should be controlled at <210°C and <60 min, due to the generation of PAHs in rapeseed by over-roasting. In addition, contact tools and substance such as lubricating oil (from the mill), heat-transfer oil (from roasting machine), rubber gaskets and straws should be properly screened. The BaP and PAH4 of rapeseed placed in the roasting area increased from 0.5 to 2.24 and from 2.08 to 9.03 μg/kg, respectively. Therefore, roasting fume control and treatment systems are necessary and the roasting section should be strictly isolated from the other stages. Storage can slightly lower the PAHs amounts in the rapeseed oil, which made the contents of BaP and PAH4 decrease from 27.00 to 24.70 and from 138.63 to 117.58 μg/kg, respectively. Quality control measures of PAHs in wood-pressed rapeseed oil were proposed and implemented, and the final oil products’ BaP and PAH4 were kept below 2 and 10 μg/kg, respectively, which meets the European Commission Regulation No. 835/2011.     

油炸温度和时间对猪肉块品质的影响

本文研究了不同油炸温度和时间对猪肉块品质的影响,分析了150、165和180℃条件下油炸不同时间后猪肉块的色泽、硬度、水分含量、脂肪含量、蛋白质羰基含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值)和挥发性醛类物质的变化情况。实验结果表明,油炸后猪肉块的亮度降低,红度和黄度升高;硬度在油炸过程中变化显著(p<0.05),150℃油炸470 s时达到最大值37.59 kg;150、165和180℃分别油炸470、330和230 s后猪肉块的水分含量减少了56.25%、52.82%和48.92%(p<0.05),高温短时油炸条件下水分损失较少;脂肪含量在150、165℃时随时间变化不显著,180℃油炸时随时间的延长显著增加(p<0.05);蛋白质羰基含量随油炸时间的延长而增大,180℃油炸150 s时猪肉块的蛋白质羰基含量为2.17 nmol/mg;TBARS值和己醛含量在油炸后迅速增大,之后呈现先减小后均大的趋势,180℃油炸150 s的TBARS值为0.71 mg MDA/kg;挥发性醛类物质中己醛与TBARS值相关性显著,150、180℃条件下的相关系数分别为0.962和0.997。180℃油炸150 s时的猪肉块具有金黄的色泽,硬度适中,脂肪和蛋白质氧化程度较小,具有较好的品质。     

潮州市卤肉制品亚硝酸盐含量及壳聚糖在卤肉制品加工中的应用

本文对潮州市市售卤肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量进行调查,同时考查水溶性壳聚糖对自制卤猪肉中亚硝酸盐含量的影响及其对卤猪肉的保鲜效果.结果显示潮州市售的4种217个样品中存在不同程度的亚硝酸盐超标,其中卤猪肉的合格率为62.9 %,卤鸡肉为64.5 %,卤鹅肉为71.8 %,卤鸭肉合格率为76.6 %;水溶性壳聚糖可减缓卤肉制品加工中亚硝酸盐的产生和细菌的生长,可作卤肉制品的食品添加剂.     

不同熟制方式下调理鸡排蛋白质结构及水相分布的变化

为了探究熟制方式对调理鸡排蛋白质结构和水相分布的变化的影响,以预制的调理鸡排为研究对象,用三种不同的熟制方式（香煎熟制、鼓风烤制、普通烤制）进行熟制（生鸡排为对照）,测定蛋白质二级结构,观察肌纤维微观结构并分析水分迁移情况。结果表明：蛋白质二级结构中酰胺I带变化量为9.64 cm-1（普通烤制）、11.579 cm-1（鼓风烤制）、13.49 cm-1（香煎熟制）;呈凝胶网状的蛋白质微观结构由疏松到紧密的大小为：普通烤制>鼓风烤制>香煎熟制;各组自由水峰面积P23分别为0.31%（生鸡排）、1.85%（普通烤制）、2.97%（鼓风烤制）、3.56%（香煎熟制）;系水力大小为：普通烤制>鼓风烤制>香煎熟制。以上结果为明确不同熟制方式对调理鸡排食用品质的影响提供理论指导依据。     

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in oils with different degrees of hydrogenatation

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in different mixtures of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated canola oils were studied. Colour, texture, oil and moisture contents of the chicken nugget samples fried at 190 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 s were investigated. The proportions of hydrogenated to non-hydrogenated frying oils used in the study were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%.Results indicate that increase in frying time resulted in decreased product lightness (L*) whereas redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) increased. The maximum load to puncture increased with increasing frying time. In addition, oil content increased slowly with frying time, and moisture content decreased as expected. Both frying times and oil types have significant effects on the quality parameters investigated. First-order kinetic equation was used to describe colour changes as well as oil and moisture contents of the samples. Oil and moisture contents had negative correlation relationship. With increasing degree of oil hydrogenation, the surface colour of the fried chicken nuggets samples were lighter, texture increased, oil and moisture contents decreased.