A Model-Based Approach to Multiresolution Fusion in Remotely Sensed Images

In this paper, a model-based approach to multiresolution fusion of remotely sensed images is presented. Given a high spatial resolution panchromatic (Pan) image and a lowspatial resolution multispectral (MS) image acquired on the same geographical area, the presented method aims to enhance the spatial resolution of the MS image to the resolution of the Pan observation. The proposed fusion technique utilizes the spatial correlation of each of the high-resolution MS channels by using an autoregressive (AR) model, whose parameters are learnt from the analysis of the Pan data. Under the assumption that the parameters of the AR model for the Pan image are the same as those that represent the MS images due to spectral correlation, the proposed technique exploits the learnt parameter values in the context of a proper regularization technique to estimate the high spatial resolution fields for the MS bands. This results in a combination of the spectral characteristics of the low-resolution MS data with the high spatial resolution of the Pan image. The main advantages of the proposed technique are: 1) unlike standard methods proposed in the literature, it requires no registration between the Pan and the MS images; 2) it models effectively the texture of the scene during the fusion process; 3) it shows very small spectral distortion (as it is less affected, compared to standard methods, by the specific digital numbers of pixels in the Pan image, since it exploits the learnt parameters from the Pan image rather than the actual Pan digital numbers for fusion); and 4) it can be used in critical situations in which the Pan and the MS images are acquired (also by different sensors) in slightly different areas. Quantitative experimental results obtained using Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Quickbird images point out the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

A Context-Sensitive Technique for Unsupervised Change Detection Based on Hopfield-Type Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose a context-sensitive technique for unsupervised change detection in multitemporal remote sensing images. This technique is based on a modified Hopfield neural network architecture designed to model spatial correlation between neighboring pixels of the difference image produced by comparing images acquired on the same area at different times. Each spatial position in the considered scene is represented by a neuron in the Hopfield network that is connected only to its neighboring units. These connections model the spatial correlation between neighboring pixels and are associated with a context-sensitive energy function that represents the overall status of the network. Change detection maps are obtained by iteratively updating the output status of the neurons until a minimum of the energy function is reached and the network assumes a stable state. A simple heuristic thresholding procedure is presented and adopted for initializing the network. The proposed change detection technique is unsupervised and distribution free. Experimental results carried out on two multispectral and multitemporal remote sensing images confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique     

A Novel Approach to Unsupervised Change Detection Based on a Semisupervised SVM and a Similarity Measure

This paper presents a novel approach to unsupervised change detection in multispectral remote-sensing images. The proposed approach aims at extracting the change information by jointly analyzing the spectral channels of multitemporal images in the original feature space without any training data. This is accomplished by using a selective Bayesian thresholding for deriving a pseudotraining set that is necessary for initializing an adequately defined binary semisupervised support vector machine classifier. Starting from these initial seeds, the performs change detection in the original multitemporal feature space by gradually considering unlabeled patterns in the definition of the decision boundary between changed and unchanged pixels according to a semisupervised learning algorithm. This algorithm models the full complexity of the change-detection problem, which is only partially represented from the seed pixels included in the pseudotraining set. The values of the classifier parameters are then defined according to a novel unsupervised model-selection technique based on a similarity measure between change-detection maps obtained with different settings. Experimental results obtained on different multispectral remote-sensing images confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

一种新的基于曲线拟合的干涉光谱图像压缩算法

干涉光谱图像具有自身的特点,相邻谱线之间的相关性较弱,谱线数据也有自身的特征,主干涉区域数据变化剧烈,而其它区域的数据呈现单调变化的趋势。根据这些特点,该文提出一种数据区域分类方法对光谱数据进行分类处理,将一根谱线的数据分为主干涉区域与非主干涉区域两类,主干涉区域采用数据相似匹配进行描述,而对非主干涉区域采用二次曲线拟合方法进行数据分析,这种数据分析方法有利于提高该类图像编码效率。仿真结果表明,该方法可以降低无损压缩输出码率达0.2-0.4bpp,并且可以提高有损压缩压缩效率。     

多通道SAR图像滤波的向量总变分模型

提出了一种无监督SAR图像变化检测算法,利用数据聚类思想,通过进化算法寻找最小均方误差,得到变化检测结果.在原有Memetic算法基础上,针对图像自身特点,提出全新的搜索策略并根据当前检测结果动态调整局部搜索算法,实现了粗细结合的搜索过程.算法不受分布模型限制,不需要先验知识,适用性较强.将改进的算法与GA、ICSA及原MA进行比较,实验证明,该算法可以快速收敛.对真实SAR图像进行检测,可以得到较好的检测结果.     

基于Memetic算法的SAR图像变化检测

提出了一种无监督SAR图像变化检测算法,利用数据聚类思想,通过进化算法寻找最小均方误差,得到变化检测结果.在原有Memetic算法基础上,针对图像自身特点,提出全新的搜索策略并根据当前检测结果动态调整局部搜索算法,实现了粗细结合的搜索过程.算法不受分布模型限制,不需要先验知识,适用性较强.将改进的算法与GA、ICSA及原MA进行比较,实验证明,该算法可以快速收敛.对真实SAR图像进行检测,可以得到较好的检测结果.     

基于KL与小波联合变换的多光谱图像压缩

鉴于卫星拍摄的遥感图像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率越来越高,在一些应用中,常会对多光谱图像进行压缩。为了提高多光谱图像的压缩质量,提出了联合相位相关和仿射变换的图像配准方法,有效提高了图像谱段之间的相关性。针对多光谱图像压缩,提出了结合Karhunen-Love,KL变换去除谱间相关和嵌入式二维小波编码方法。相比JPEG2000谱段图像独立压缩方法,提出方法解压图像的Peak Signal to Noise Ratio,PSNR值平均提高2.1 dB。实验结果表明:所提出的方法能在相同的压缩率下获得比JPEG2000谱段图像独立压缩方法更好的图像质量。     

基于邻域统计分布变化分析的UWB SAR隐蔽目标变化检测

该文针对载机不同航迹条件下所得多时相UWB SAR图像灰度值存在较大起伏,严重影响了基于像素灰度值差异的变化检测算法性能,提出了一种基于邻域统计分布变化分析的UWB SAR隐蔽目标变化检测方法。该方法将Gram-Charlier展开理论同秩序滤波器相结合对多时相图像中每个像素邻域的统计分布进行估计,进而借助K-L散度理论对多时相图像邻域统计分布变化进行定量分析以检测目标对应的变化区域。实验结果表明,该文方法能够更好地适应不同航迹UWB SAR图像间灰度起伏的影响,取得更好的检测结果。     

An Automatic Image Registration for Applications in Remote Sensing

This paper deals with a major problem encountered in the area of remote sensing consisting of the registration of multitemporal and/or multisensor images. In general, such images have different gray-level characteristics, and simple techniques such as those based on correlation cannot be applied directly. In this work, a new automatic satellite image registration approach is proposed. This technique exploits the invariant relations between regions of a reference and a sensed image, respectively. It involves an edge-based selection of the most distinctive control points (CPs) in the reference image. The search for the corresponding CPs in the sensed image is based on local similarity detection by means of template matching according to a combined invariants-based similarity measure. The final warping of the images according to the selected CPs is performed by using the thin-plate spline interpolation. The procedure is fully automatic and computationally efficient. The proposed algorithm for this technique has been successfully applied to register multitemporal SPOT and synthetic aperture radar images from urban and agricultural areas. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness, efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm.     

多光谱图像的信息分析及数据压缩

首先利用条件熵对成像光谱仪多光谱图像在空间维和光谱维方向的信息冗余度进行了分析，结果表明成像光谱图像在空间维具有很强的相关性，而在光谱维方向，图像信息不平稳，相关性略小。然后对标准的基于JPEG量化表进行改进，提出了一种既能有效保真图像边缘信息，又能提高压缩倍数的改进JPEG压缩算法-I-JPEG。随后又提出了I-JPEG／DPCM压缩算法。这种方法在I-JPEG基础上，利用局部化特性较好的无损DPCM方法去除图像在光谱维的相关性，使压缩性能得到进一步提高。     

A change detection method for remotely sensed multispectral andmultitemporal images using 3-D segmentation

A new method is proposed fur detection of the temporal changes using three-dimensional (3D) segmentation. The method is a kind of clustering methods for temporal changes. In the method, multitemporal images form a image block in 3D space; x-y plane and time axis. The image block is first divided into spatially uniform sub-blocks by applying binary division process. The division rule is based on the statistical t-test using Mahalanobis distance between spatial coefficient vectors of a local regression model fitted to neighboring sub-blocks to be divided. The divided sub-blocks are then merged into clusters using a clustering technique. The block-based processing, like the spatial segmentation technique, is very effective in reduction of apparent changes due to noise. Temporal change is detected as a boundary perpendicular to the time axis in the segmentation result. The proposed method is successfully applied to actual multitemporal and multispectral LANDSAT/TM images     

Application of log-cumulants to the detection of spatiotemporal discontinuities in multitemporal SAR images

Multitemporal satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are a useful source of information for geophysicists to monitor changing regions. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to extract from multitemporal SAR images two kinds of information: temporal changes (flooded areas, coastline erosion, etc.) and stable spatial features (roads, rivers, etc.). The novelty of the proposed approach is to detect simultaneously these two kinds of discontinuities. In a first step, the contrast and the heterogeneity information is extracted by a "multitemporal" application of the ratio of local means and by new three-dimensional texture parameters based on the log-cumulants. In a second step, the resulting attributes that measure the time variability or the presence of spatial features are merged. An interactive fuzzy fusion approach is proposed to provide end-users with a simple and easily understandable tool for tuning the change-detection results. The performances of the proposed attributes and fusion technique are presented on a set of seven multitemporal SAR images acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS-1) satellite.     

Feature predictive vector quantization of multispectral images

A compression method for multispectral data sets is proposed where a small subset of image bands is initially vector quantized. The remaining bands are predicted from the quantized images. Two different types of predictors are examined, an affine predictor and a new nonlinear predictor. The residual (error) images are encoded at a second stage based on the magnitude of the errors. This scheme simultaneously exploits both spatial and spectral correlation inherent in multispectral images. Simulation results on an image set from the Thematic Mapper with seven spectral bands provide a comparison of the affine predictor with the nonlinear predictor. It is shown that the nonlinear predictor provides significantly improved performance compared to the affine predictor. Image compression ratios between 15 and 25 are achieved with remarkably good image quality     

Image Fusion Processing for IKONOS 1-m Color Imagery

Many image fusion techniques have been developed. However, most existing fusion processes produce color distortion in 1-m fused IKONOS images due to nonsymmetrical spectral responses of IKONOS imagery. Here, we proposed a fusion process to minimize this spectral distortion in IKONOS 1-m color images. The 1-m fused image is produced from a 4-m multispectral (MS) and 1-m panchromatic (PAN) image, maintaining the relations of spectral responses between PAN and each band of the MS images. To obtain this relation, four spectral weighting parameters are added with the pixel value of each band of the original MS image. Then, each pixel value is updated using a steepest descent method to reflect the maximum spectral response on the fused image. Comparison among the proposed technique and existing processes [intensity hue saturation (IHS) image fusion, Brovey transform, principal component analysis, fast IHS image fusion] has been done. Our proposed technique has succeeded to generate 1-m fused images where spectral distortion has been reduced significantly, although some block distortions appeared at the edge of the fused images. To remove this block distortion, we also proposed a sharpening process using a wavelet transform, which removed block distortion without significant change in the color of the entire image.     

基于独立成分分析的多时相遥感图像变化检测

变化检测是通过分析多时相遥感图像间的差异实现地物变化信息的提取,而消除多时相遥感图像中的相关性是提取变化信息的一种有效途径。独立成分分析(ICA)作为近年出现的盲源分离技术,能够有效地消除多源信号间的二阶和高阶相关,经其变换的各分量之间相互独立。该文提出一种应用ICA变换实现多时相遥感图像变化检测的算法,首先对多时相多光谱遥感图像进行独立成分分析,得到彼此没有相关信息的独立成分,并且各独立成分图像中的变化信息得到增强;然后通过分析变换后的独立成分实现地物的变化检测。实验结果显示该算法比传统的方法具有更好的性能。     

Image matching using enclosed region detector

Affine-invariant region detection is the basic technique for visual matching and has been widely applied in many areas. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to detect the affine-invariant regions from gray image, which is called enclosed region. The enclosed region is detected based on the observation that one physical object is enclosed by the same region before and after affine transformation. The proposed method is a three-step method. Firstly, we segment the initial regions by using thresholds on the image. Secondly, external enclosing region (EER) and internal enclosed region (IER) are defined for each initial region, and we select the enclosed regions from the initial regions through applying histogram constraints on EER and IER. Thirdly, the largely overlapping regions are removed. Experiments on typical images exhibit the robustness of the proposed enclosed region detector. Extensively quantitative evaluation and comparison demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.     

Band ordering in compression of ultraspectral images

Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder images are a type of ultraspectral images that are good candidates to compression as they include several thousand bands that account for well over 40 MB of data per single cube. As part of most prediction based compression schemes, there is a preprocessing stage in which a reversible band ordering process is included to maximize spectral band correlation. In this paper, we analyze, compare, and propose novel improvements to different band ordering and correlation estimation techniques in the context of ultraspectral image compression. In order to measure the performance of these methods, we also introduce a new metric based on comparing a given sequence of spectral bands to the corresponding optimal one. Finally, we apply the techniques presented in this paper to a real compression algorithm in order to obtain compression rates as a function of band ordering and correlation factors while determining the best scenario.     

Object detection using transformed signatures in multitemporalhyperspectral imagery

Changes in atmosphere, ground conditions, and sensor response between multitemporal airborne imaging sessions have limited the use of fixed target hyperspectral libraries in helping to identify targets in heterogeneous (cluttered) backgrounds. This hyperspectral target signature instability has resulted in using anomaly detection algorithms to detect targets in real time applications. The anomaly detection algorithms, however, have not detected targets at sufficiently low false alarm rates. This study examines mathematical transforms of target spectral signatures. Specifically this study uses statistical information regarding background clutter taken from one long-wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral (8-12 μm) airborne imagery flown on one day, to find the target spectral signature flown on another day (with significantly dissimilar weather conditions). The transforms use overlapping regions in the two data sets but without subpixel level registration. This work analyzes image cubes collected during the November 1998 Hyperspectral Day/Night Radiometry Assessment (HYDRA) data collect. The transformed signatures used in matched filter searches successfully find targets (even targets nearly covered) with low false alarm rates (<1 FA/kilometer²) and remained sensitive to targets using a reduced number of pixels in the overlap region. This work has demonstrated the transformation of target spectral signatures to search for candidate targets using multitemporal hyperspectral images without requiring accurate geo-registration     

基于小波变换和分段DPCM混合编码的多光谱遥感图像压缩算法

多光谱遥感图像的压缩要利用图像谱内及谱间的相关特性。该文在分析多光谱图像谱内和谱间相关特性的基础上,提出了对多光谱遥感图像进行压缩的分段 DPCM和 SPIHT相结合的混合压缩算法,即首先利用分段 DPCM算法去除谱间冗余,再利用高效的 SPIHT小波压缩算法对预测误差图像进行编码。实验取得了令人满意的效果,证明了该算法的有效性。     

一种多光谱红外舰船图像多级融合方法

针对复杂背景下多光谱红外舰船目标图像融合问题,根据不同谱段中目标与背景,杂波光谱特性的差异性,结合杂波产生随机性特点和不同谱段信息的相关性,提出了一种红外多谱段图像多级融合算法。首先根据不同谱段信息相互间关系进行融合分级,然后对同一级中图像分别进行NSCT分解,再采用基于局部能量比和基于局部能量加权的方法进行低频系数融合,采用基于尺度方差选大法进行高频系数融合,最后通过NSCT重构得到融合图像。实验结果表明,本文提出的多级融合算法有效保留目标细节信息,增加信息量,利于目标检测。