Modification of food ingredients by ultrasound to improve functionality: A preliminary study on a model system

The use of high-intensity ultrasound for food processing applications is being constantly explored. Extraction of gingerol from ginger, homogenisation of milk and generation of high quality emulsions from food ingredients are some examples where ultrasonication has been found to be efficient, at least in laboratory-scale trials. These ultrasonic processes primarily rely upon the physical effects of ultrasound. However, the potential restrictions and/or uses of the chemical effects generated by ultrasound-induced cavitation phenomena have often been overlooked. Our investigation shows that unwanted reactions between ultrasonically generated radicals and food ingredients could be minimised by selecting lower ultrasonic frequencies for food processing. However, high frequency ultrasound could also be used for food processing, provided suitable radical scavengers are present in the solution. Preliminary results identified the potential of sonochemical hydroxylation of phenolic compounds as an efficient way of enhancing the antioxidant properties of certain food materials. Overall, these investigations have enabled the development of strategies for management of radical sonochemistry in food processing applications.Industrial relevanceThe aim of this work is to identify the problems associated with the application of high power ultrasound in food processing in order to make ultrasonic food processing a safe, viable and innovative processing technology in food industry. Several food and chemical industries will be able to adopt sonochemical treatment to improve the quality and the productivity of specific products. As an adjunct to existing processing technologies the application of ultrasonics can reduce energy requirements and simplify formulation with less need to add ingredients as processing aids.     

Factors Affecting the Functional Properties of Whey Protein Products: A Review

Numerous why protein products (WPP) have been developed as excellent food ingredients with unique functional properties. However, the functional properties of WPP are affected by several compositional and processing factors. Recently, novel processing technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, extrusion and tribomechanical activation have been used to modify the functional properties of WPP. Also, WPP have been used as delivery systems for functional ingredients and in edible films. The present paper reviews the latest developments in the role of different factors on the functional properties of WPP with emphasis on novel processing technologies, and interaction with other food ingredients     

Olive by-products for functional and food applications: Challenging opportunities to face environmental constraints

This comprehensive review points out the major developments on the recovery of bioactive compounds of olive by-products, intending innovative food applications and enhanced technological functions. Nutritional and sensorial factors influencing consumers' acceptance are also discussed. Besides being an economic burden for producers, olive oil by-products also represent a severe environmental problem. Simultaneously, these are rich in bioactive compounds, which are remarkable added-value ingredients for other industries. New applications have been focused in ameliorating the food nutritional profile, replacing or improving technological properties/functions of food additives, and extending food products shelf life. Eco-friendly food packaging is also a promissory application field. The improvement of nutritional functionality and sensory quality of enriched food is another challenging task. Despite the large chemical characterization of olive products and olive oil processing by-products, further research is still needed to fully understand the potential of this valuable raw material.Industrial relevanceHigh added-value ingredients can be obtained by recovering bioactive compounds from olive by-products. Those can be used by food industry to improve food product nutritional profile and/or with a technological functionality. This review presents food applications developed with ingredients and bioactive compounds derived from olive processing by-products. It aims to be useful for food industries and other agro-industrial stakeholders in order to encourage and expand the utilization of olive by-products in the development of innovative food products.     

Emerging technologies: chemical aspects

Consumer demands for high-quality foods with “fresh-like” characteristics that require only a minimum amount of effort and time for preparation has led to the introduction of convenience foods preserved by mild treatments. Non-thermal methods allow the processing of foods below temperatures used during thermal pasteurisation, so flavours, essential nutrients, and vitamins undergo minimal or no changes. Foods can be non-thermally processed by irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure, antimicrobials, ultrasound, filtration, and electrical methods such as pulsed electric fields, light pulses, and oscillating magnetic fields. Due to technological developments, high pressure processing and high electric field pulse processing have received increased attention during the last decade. This paper focuses on high pressure treatment of foods, a process which is also used to create food and food ingredients with new sensory and functional properties including also physiological functionality. Effects of high pressure on chemical and sensory changes in foods are discussed.     

Technological benefits of inulin-type fructans application in gluten-free products – A review

BackgroundAlthough cereals are used extensively in food products, ingestion of gluten-containing food has been associated with gluten-related disorders in susceptible individuals. Recently, the gluten-free (GF) products are one of the most dynamically growing branches of the food industry. However, many commercially available GF products provide lower level of proteins, dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals, compared with wheat products. To meet the growing demands of GF food consumers, efforts have been made to improve the overall quality of these products. Recently, inulin-type fructans (ITFs) were proposed as the beneficial ingredients of GF products.Scope and approachOver the last decade, the application of ITFs in GF products has been widely explored. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the current application of ITFs as components of GF products by summarising the existing data concerning their effect on the technological properties and sensory quality of these products in the light of their physicochemical characteristics.Key findings and conclusionsITFs added to the GF products interact with other ingredients and additives. Generally, they have the potential to improve the technological properties and sensory perception of obtained products. The presented facts may provide an inspiration for further intensive work on the improvement of the quality of GF products for the growing number of people struggling with the problem of gluten intolerance.     

Developments in osmotic dehydration technique for the preservation of fruits and vegetables

In recent years much attention has been focused on maintaining the freshness of fruits and vegetables by immersion of cellular materials containing water in an osmotic solution. It results in the development of intermediate moisture products having lower water activity, which is imparted by solute gain and water loss. During the process, chemical, physical and biological activities, which deteriorate the foods, are lowered considerably; hence extends the shelf life of food products. In this process moisture is withdrawn from the product at ambient temperature by diffusion, so phase change has been avoided. Besides, it helps to improve the nutritional and sensory attributes of food products and is less energy intensive process as compared to other drying techniques. Osmotic dehydration is influenced by various factors such as osmotic agent, time and temperature, solute concentration, solution to sample ratio, agitation and geometry of the materials. Recently, osmotic dehydration has been combined with several other methods namely, pulsed high electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, centrifugal force, vacuum and gamma irradiation. These techniques have been employed during or after osmotic treatment to enhance osmotic dehydration performance by increasing the cell membrane permeability and mass transfer rate. These combined operations reduce the drying time, minimizing further energy costs. In this study, various segments of osmotic dehydration techniques and its application in food processing as well as recent advances in osmotic dehydration have been reviewed.Industrial relevanceThe osmotic dehydration technique is gaining popularity as a mean of obtaining minimally processed food. This review paper deals with the kinetics and mechanisms of osmotic dehydration technique for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The various factors effecting osmotic mass transfer rate in food have been reviewed. In this paper, the combined effect of osmotic dehydration and several other innovative techniques (pulsed high electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, centrifugal force, vacuum and gamma irradiation) on the quality and shelf life of fruits and vegetables have been reviewed. These techniques have been employed during or after osmotic treatment to enhance osmotic dehydration performance by increasing the cell membrane permeability. These combined operations reduce the drying time, minimizing further energy costs as well as improving the quality of fruits and vegetables during storage.     

Effects of high-intensity ultrasound processing on the physiochemical and allergenic properties of shrimp

Shrimp is a common seafood with high nutritional value and delicious flavor. However, many individuals are allergic to shrimp, but no therapies have been provided until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the high-intensity ultrasound processing (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 min, at room temperature) on the physiochemical and allergenic properties of shrimp samples. The results indicated allergenicity decreased with increasing treatment time, and the best hypoallergenic effect showed at 20 min with a 76% reduction of tropomyosin. At 20 min, the total soluble protein content decreased by 28.26%, while the in vitro digestibility, peptide content, total antioxidant capacity strengthened by 7.53%, 0.81%, and 71.29%, respectively. β-Sheets and α-helices increased with processing time, accompanied by the reduction of turns and unordered conformations determining by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. More fragments, strips, and holes were observed after 20 min, which indicated the physical essence of ultrasound treatment in improving the extraction of bioactive molecules.Industrial relevanceThe high-intensity ultrasound as a novel non-thermal processing technique exhibits great potential in reducing the allergenicity of food products. In comparison to thermal processing techniques, it consumes less energy and has a higher mass transfer rate without altering the fundamental properties of foods. Shrimp allergens can be efficiently modified or even eliminated after the optimal condition of ultrasound treatment. The sensory and nutritional properties of shrimp can be retained to meet the marketing requirements for consumers. Therefore, the manufacture of hypoallergenic shrimps with high quality will be one of the most popular products in the future. The findings in this study provide a better understanding of ultrasound application in both lowering allergenicity and retaining the nutritional characteristics of shrimp.     

Legume byproducts as ingredients for food applications: Preparation,nutrition, bioactivity,and techno-functional properties

The demand for high-quality alternative food proteins has increased over the last few decades due to nutritional and environmental concerns, leading to the growing consumption of legumes such as common bean, chickpea, lentil, lupin, and pea. However, this has also increased the quantity of non-utilized byproducts (such as seed coats, pods, broken seeds, and wastewaters) that could be exploited as sources of ingredients and bioactive compounds in a circular economy. This review focuses on the incorporation of legume byproducts into foods when they are formulated as flours, protein/fiber or solid/liquid fractions, or biological extracts and uses an analytical approach to identify their nutritional, health-promoting, and techno-functional properties. Correlation-based network analysis of nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics was used to explore the potential of legume byproducts in food products in a systematic manner. Flour is the most widely used legume-based food ingredient and is present at levels of 2%–30% in bakery products, but purified fractions and extracts should be investigated in more detail. Health beverages and vegan dressings with an extended shelf-life are promising applications thanks to the techno-functional features of legume byproducts (e.g., foaming and emulsifying behaviors) and the presence of polyphenols. A deeper exploration of eco-friendly processing techniques (e.g., fermentation and ohmic treatment) is necessary to improve the techno-functional properties of ingredients and the sensory characteristics of foods in a sustainable manner. The processing of legume byproducts combined with improved legume genetic resources could enhance the nutritional, functional, and technological properties of ingredients to ensure that legume-based foods achieve wider industrial and consumer acceptance.     

Nonthermal Technologies for Fruit and Vegetable Juices and Beverages: Overview and Advances

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the design of novel nonthermal processing systems that minimally modify sensory, nutritional, and functional properties of fruit and vegetable juices and beverages. The benefits of nonthermal treatments are strongly dependent on the food matrix. Thus, an understanding of the effects that these technologies exert on the properties of juices and beverages is important to design and optimize technological parameters to produce value‐added products. This review covers research on nonthermal electrical treatments, high pressure processing, ultrasound, radiation processing, inert gas treatments, cold plasma, and membrane processing. Advances towards optimization of processing conditions, and combined technologies approaches have been also extensively reviewed. This information could be useful to: (1) manage processing systems and optimize resources; (2) preserve nutritional value and organoleptic properties, and (3) provide processing conditions for validation of these technologies at the industrial scale.     

超声波技术在发酵食品领域的应用

发酵是一种古老的技术,主要用于保存易腐烂的食物。而发酵食品通常比原材料具有更多优点,例如安全、更加稳定,并具有独特的感官和营养属性以及治疗特性。目前发酵食品在食品市场中占据重要地位(产品占有率约80%以上)。随着生物工程技术的进步,发酵食品领域也在同步快速增长和创新。超声波作为一种新兴的非热食品加工技术,可以通过其对发酵剂、食品基质和两者之间相互作用的影响,用于提高发酵过程的效率,并改善发酵食品的感官和功能特性。因此,本文综述了超声波作为一种加工或分析技术在食品发酵中的众多应用,总结了其对发酵产品功能特性的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

Functional properties of reduced moisture fruits as ingredients in food systems

Fruit pieces of some species have been processed to be used as ingredients in various food systems, either by partial dehydration alone or by osmosis and partial dehydration, to achieve different levels of water activity and solids contents in the final products.

The relationships existing among processing, phase composition after processing and functional properties of the products have been assessed within a useful range of water content and water activity.

The functional properties are expressed as diagrams relating the phase composition (soluble solids, insoluble solids and water) to the range of consistencies obtainable at various water activities. These diagrams provide a useful tool for preparing fruit ingredients suitable for specific food systems.     

Extrusion processing of raw food materials and by-products: A review

ABSTRACT

Extrusion technology has rapidly transformed the food industry with its numerous advantages over other processing methods. It offers a platform for processing different products from various food groups by modifying minor or major ingredients and processing conditions. Although cereals occupy a large portion of the extruded foods market, several other types of raw materials have been used. Extrusion processing of various food groups, including cereals and pseudo cereals, roots and tubers, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and animal products, as well as structural and nutritional changes in these food matrices are reviewed. Value addition by extrusion to food processing wastes and by-products from fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and seafood, cereals and residues from starch, syrup and alcohol production, and oilseed processing are also discussed. Extrusion presents an economical technology for incorporating food processing residues and by-products back into the food stream. In contemporary scenarios, rising demand for extruded products with functional ingredients, attributed to evolving lifestyles and preferences, have led to innovations in the form, texture, color and content of extruded products. Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.     

Principles and recent applications of novel non-thermal processing technologies for the fish industry—a review

Thermal treatment is a traditional method for food processing, which can kill microorganisms but also lead to physicochemical and sensory quality damage, especially to temperature-sensitive foods. Nowadays consumers’ increasing interest in microbial safety products with premium appearance, flavor, great nutritional value and extended shelf-life has promoted the development of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies as alternative or substitution to traditional thermal methods. Fish is an important and world-favored food but has a short shelf-life due to its extremely perishable characteristic, and the microbial spoilage and oxidative process happen rapidly just from the moment of capture, making it dependent heavily on post-harvest preservation. The applications of novel non-thermal food processing technologies, including high pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), pulsed light (PL), cold plasma (CP) and ozone can extend the shelf-life by microbial inactivation and also keep good sensory quality attributes of fish, which is of high interest for the fish industry. This review presents the principles, developments of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies, and also their applications in fish industry, with the main focus on microbial inactivation and sensory quality. The promising results showed great potential to keep microbial safety while maintaining organoleptic attributes of fish products. What’s more, the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies are also discussed. The combination of different food processing technologies or with advanced packaging methods can improve antimicrobial efficacy while not significantly affect other quality properties under optimized treatment.     

Physical Properties of Food and Milk Components: Research Needs to Expand Uses

The physical properties of milk components affect the functional properties and quality attributes of foods in which they are used. Hence, knowledge of the basic physical properties of milk components is critical in determining the usefulness of milk components in food formulations and in determining quality attributes and acceptability of foods containing these components. Although much is known about the chemistry of milk components, fundamental data are limited regarding the physical properties that govern functionality and quality. This lack of information may limit potential uses of milk ingredients in the food processing industry.With the increasing formulation and fabrication of food products, the need and demand for reliable functional ingredients will expand. The food processing industry will increasingly place a premium on obtaining functional ingredients with reliable, well-defined physical and functional properties to facilitate automated formulation of food products and to ensure consistent product quality. Additionally, the satisfactory substitution of ingredients or simulation of traditional foods critically depends on knowledge of the physical properties of ingredients and of foods per se. Hence, there is a need for the establishment of a data bank that contains reliable information on the physical and functional properties of milk components and dairy ingredients. Where reliable data are not available, the needed research should be undertaken. In order to be successful in this endeavor, reliable, standardized testing methods need to be developed to measure those physical and functional properties related to quality attributes of foods.     

植物精油结合非热杀菌技术在肉品中应用的研究进展

植物精油是从植物中提取的天然成分,可以有效抑制微生物生长,但过高的用量会损害食品的感官质量。新兴非热杀菌技术的应用可以抑制微生物生长,但高强度的物理技术可能会影响产品品质。研究发现,将植物精油和非热技术结合,可以减少精油用量、降低非热技术加工功率、缩短处理时间。本文就植物精油与冷等离子体、高压和辐照3种非热技术相结合应用于肉制品中的方法进行探讨,并对其细菌生长的抑制效果和机制进行阐述,为进一步研究植物精油与非热杀菌技术在肉类产品中的协同作用及推广提供一定的理论依据。     

菊粉型果聚糖在无麸质产品中应用的研究进展

由于谷蛋白相关疾病与含谷蛋白食物的摄入有关,无麸质产品在食品工业中受到广泛关注,菊粉型果聚糖已成为无麸质产品的有益成分。本文介绍了菊粉型果聚糖在无麸质产品中应用的技术背景,阐述了菊粉型果聚糖的物理化学特性及其作为组成部分对无麸质产品的技术性能和感官质量的影响,分析了菊粉型果聚糖添加到无麸质产品后与其他成分和添加剂之间的相互作用,旨在为加强无麸质产品的开发及质量提升提供技术参考。     

A Meta‐Analysis of Enriched Pasta: What Are the Effects of Enrichment and Process Specifications on the Quality Attributes of Pasta?

Pasta products enriched with ingredients to improve their nutritional value or functionality have become increasingly popular, and substantial research efforts have been directed towards the development of new enriched pasta products. In this work, a meta‐analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of enrichment and process specifications on the quality attributes of pasta. A literature search revealed 66 studies on enriched pasta. Process specifications and quality attributes, namely proximate composition, dough, drying, cooking, and mechanical properties, color, and sensory attributes, were extracted from the studies and compiled in a data set. Analysis of the data set revealed significant differences between pasta enriched with high‐fiber ingredients and pasta enriched with pulse flour. High‐fiber ingredients generally preserved the quality attributes of pasta more effectively than pulse flour. Comparisons based on the drying temperature showed that high drying temperatures generally improve the cooking properties of enriched pasta. Sensory evaluations indicated that enrichment levels below 10% generally do not affect consumer acceptance, but higher enrichment levels significantly decrease it. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the gelatinization temperature and Farinograph properties are useful indicators of the mechanical properties and sensory attributes of pasta. The meta‐analysis revealed the need to better understand the impact of the processing history of the enrichment ingredient on the quality attributes and the health benefits of enriched pasta.     

Recent advances in the technology of quick-frozen baozi: a review

Baozi is a traditional staple steamed food in China. Current consumer trends urge the production of quick-frozen baozi on large scales and the formulation of healthier varieties. These demands require a better definition of the relationship between the raw material and/or technological factors and the quality of the quick-frozen baozi to be developed. This review summarised the recent advances made in understanding the roles of the production process and the ingredients in the appearance, texture, sensory characteristics, nutrition and shelf-life properties of quick-frozen baozi. The mechanism of the chemical changes of each component and physical changes of the dough blank during each processing stage is reviewed. In addition, suggestions for further research to improve the quality of frozen steamed products have been proposed.     

Recent Advances in the Recovery and Improvement of Functional Proteins from Fish Processing By‐Products: Use of Protein Glycation as an Alternative Method

ABSTRACT: The recovery of proteins from fish by‐products for their utilization as food ingredients is becoming of increasing interest in the food industry as they may possess good functional and nutritional properties. This article reviews the main processing methods, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, pH shifting, membrane filtration, and some emerging technologies, used for the recovery of proteins from fish processing by‐products. The impact of these methods on the yield and, especially, on the functionality of the recovered proteins is discussed in detail. Considering that there is a huge amount of fish by‐products destined for nonfood use, one of the current challenges of the food industry is the development of technologies that allow the recovery of ingredients from the fish processing by‐products with potential to provide new and natural sources of high‐value functional ingredients for human consumption. In this sense, this review explores the potential use of the glycation reaction to increase the yield of proteins extracted from fish by‐products, as well as the effect of this reaction on their functional and biological properties.     

The Distribution of Fat in Dried Dairy Particles Determines Flavor Release and Flavor Stability

Dried dairy ingredients are utilized in various food and beverage applications for their nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. Dried dairy ingredients include milk powders of varying fat content and heat treatment and buttermilk powder, along with both milk and whey proteins of varying protein contents. The flavor of these ingredients is the most important characteristic that determines consumer acceptance of the ingredient applications. Lipid oxidation is the main mechanism for off‐flavor development in dried dairy ingredients. The effects of various unit operations on the flavor of dried dairy ingredients have been investigated. Recent research documented that increased surface free fat in spray dried WPC80 was associated with increased lipid oxidation and off‐flavors. Surface free fat in spray‐dried products is fat on the surface of the powder that is not emulsified. The most common emulsifiers present in dried dairy ingredients are proteins and phospholipids. Currently, only an association between surface free fat and lipid oxidation has been presented. The link between surface free fat in dried dairy ingredients and flavor and flavor stability has not been investigated. In this review, some hypotheses for the role of surface free fat on the flavor of dried dairy ingredients are presented along with proposed mechanisms.