Rolling element bearing fault diagnosis using wavelet transform

This paper is focused on fault diagnosis of ball bearings having localized defects (spalls) on the various bearing components using wavelet-based feature extraction. The statistical features required for the training and testing of artificial intelligence techniques are calculated by the implementation of a wavelet based methodology developed using Minimum Shannon Entropy Criterion. Seven different base wavelets are considered for the study and Complex Morlet wavelet is selected based on minimum Shannon Entropy Criterion to extract statistical features from wavelet coefficients of raw vibration signals. In the methodology, firstly a wavelet theory based feature extraction methodology is developed that demonstrates the information of fault from the raw signals and then the potential of various artificial intelligence techniques to predict the type of defect in bearings is investigated. Three artificial intelligence techniques are used for faults classifications, out of which two are supervised machine learning techniques i.e. support vector machine, learning vector quantization and other one is an unsupervised machine learning technique i.e. self-organizing maps. The fault classification results show that the support vector machine identified the fault categories of rolling element bearing more accurately and has a better diagnosis performance as compared to the learning vector quantization and self-organizing maps.     

基于小波分析的高速列车车体运行状态估计

基于监测数据评估高速列车空气弹簧和横向减振器等关键部件的运行状态, 针对车体垂向加速度振动信号, 提出了小波包能量矩的列车状态估计方法。首先分析车体垂向振动特征, 对不同工况和不同速度下的信号进行小波包分解, 并重构能量较大的频带信号, 再计算各频带的小波包能量矩特征, 不同频带信号的小波包能量矩变化反映了列车运行状态的改变。将不同频带的小波包能量矩组成特征向量, 最后用支持向量机进行故障识别。实验数据仿真分析表明, 列车空簧失气故障和横向减振器失效故障识别率为100%, 说明该方法能很好地估计出高速列车的故障状态。     

A novel fault diagnosis technique for wind turbine gearbox

The gearbox is one of the most important parts of a mechanical equipment. The importance of fault diagnosis in rotating machineries for preventing catastrophic accidents and ensuring adequate maintenance has received considerable attention. In this study, a fault diagnosis method based on gearbox vibration signal monitoring is used to differentiate the signal characteristics of different working conditions and improve the accuracy of diagnosis. The time-domain sequence approximate entropy (ApEn) adaptive strategy is used to propose a wind turbine intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm based on a wavelet packet transform (WPT) filter and a cross-validated particle swarm optimized (CPSO) kernel extreme learning machine (KELM). First, the correlation between the parameter requirements of the intelligent diagnosis system and the system complexity analysis is analyzed. Then, the parameters related to the wavelet filter is determined by calculating the ApEn of the time-domain sequence. Finally, a compact wind turbine gearbox test bench is constructed and tested to validate the proposed ApEn-WPT+CPSO-KELM to identify gearbox-related faults for verification. Results show that the proposed ApEn-WPT+CPSO-KELM method can accurately identify four states of the wind turbine gearbox.     

一种有效的齿轮故障识别方法

针对齿轮故障特征信息往往被信号中的噪声淹没的问题,提出了一种基于谐波小波包、样本熵和灰色关联度的齿轮故障识别方法。首先,采用顺序形态滤波器,并结合实际选用最简单的直线结构元素,对实测齿轮振动信号进行顺序形态滤波降噪预处理。然后,采用谐波小波包将不同故障的齿轮振动信号分解到3层共8个频带上,并计算各频带的样本熵。最后,以样本熵为元素构造特征向量,通过计算标准故障模式特征向量与待识别样本的灰色关联度来判断齿轮的工作状态和故障类型。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地应用于齿轮系统的故障诊断。     

基于小波包和EMD的断路器机械故障诊断研究

以ZN63A-12型高压真空断路器为研究对象,针对处理高压断路器振动信号时单独使用小波包特征熵或经验模态分解(EMD)特征熵作为特征向量进行诊断正确率低的缺点,将高压断路器振动信号的小波包能量熵、经验模态分解能量熵、经验模态分解能量相结合作为特征向量,采用马氏距离判别法进行模式识别,实现对断路器两种机械故障模式的判别.实验结果表明,该方法准确率达97.40％,具有较高的实用价值.     

Fault gear identification and classification using discrete wavelet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference

In this paper, an intelligent diagnosis for fault gear identification and classification based on vibration signal using discrete wavelet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) technique plays one of the important roles for signal feature extraction in the proposed system. The abnormal transient signals will show in different decomposition levels and can be used to recognize the various faults by the DWT figure. However, many fault conditions are hard to inspect accurately by the naked eye. In the present study, the feature extraction method based on discrete wavelet transform with energy spectrum is proposed. The different order wavelets are considered to identify fault features accurately. The database is established by feature vectors of energy spectrum which are used as input pattern in the training and identification process. Furthermore, the ANFIS is proposed to identify and classify the fault gear positions and the gear fault conditions in the fault diagnosis system. The proposed ANFIS includes both the fuzzy logic qualitative approximation and the adaptive neural network capability. The experimental results verified that the proposed ANFIS has more possibilities in fault gear identification. The ANFIS achieved an accuracy identification rate which was more satisfactory than traditional vision inspection in the proposed system.     

基于自相关和经验模态分解的转子碰摩故障分析

针对转子故障振动信号具有周期性的特点,提出一种用于分离转子故障振动信号的新方法,该方法首先应用自相关处理对振动信号进行降噪处理,然后采用经验模态分解(EMD)对振动信号进行分解,得出各个本征模态函数(IMF),并对IMF进行频谱分析,从频谱图上可以清晰地观察出转子的故障特征频率.试验结果表明,振动信号经自相关处理后起到了很好的降噪效果,碰摩所产生的冲击信号上下不对称;EMD分解方法能有效地突出故障特征频率成分,该方法可广泛用于旋转机械振动信号时频分析领域.     

高速列车转向架故障信号的聚合经验模态分解和 模糊熵特征分析

为了对高速列车转向架关键部件进行状态监测,利用转向架故障振动信号的特点,提出了一种结合聚合经验模态分解和模糊熵的特征提取方法.对故障信号进行聚合经验模态分解,得到一系列具有不同物理意义的简单成分信号,采用相关分析法选取最能反映原信号特征的本征模态函数.对这些本征模态函数和原信号分别计算模糊熵值构成多尺度复杂性度量的特征向量,输入最小二乘支持向量机中进行分类识别,与模糊熵特征相比得到了更好的识别效果,证明了算法的有效性.     

改进集成深层自编码器在轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对滚动轴承振动信号故障特征难以自动提取和故障类别难以自动准确识别的问题,提出一种改进集成深层自编码器(IEDAE)方法.首先,改进自编码器的损失函数并设计3种小波卷积自编码器;其次,利用区分自编码器、小波卷积自编码器等5种自编码器构造相应的深层自编码器,并设计“跨层”连接以缓解深层网络的梯度消失现象,实现对轴承振动信号的无监督预训练和有监督微调;最后,通过加权平均法输出识别结果,以保证诊断结果的准确性和稳定性.实验结果表明,改进集成深层自编码器方法能有效地对滚动轴承进行多种工况和多种故障程度的识别,较好地摆脱了对人工特征提取的依赖,特征提取能力和识别能力优于现有其他方法.     

基于信号经验模态分解与分集合并的齿轮故障诊断

为了准确地进行齿轮故障诊断,结合信号经验模态分解与分集合并,提出了一种新的故障诊断方法;首先,运用经验模态分解对齿轮振动信号进行分解得到若干个分量;其次,根据分量的峭度大小以及相邻分量的峭度是否接近,筛选、合成有效分量;然后,运用等增益分集合并技术对有效分量进行合并,即将其包络进行叠加;接着,使用快速傅立叶变换得到信号包络和的频率谱;最后,根据该频率谱进行故障诊断;通过对仿真信号和齿轮断齿故障振动信号的分析,验证了方法的有效性.     

基于深度小波去噪自动编码器的轴承智能故障诊断方法

针对原始振动数据无监督特征学习问题,提出一种深度小波去噪自动编码器与鲁棒极限学习机相结合的滚动轴承的智能故障诊断方法.利用小波函数作为非线性激活函数设计小波去噪自动编码器,从而有效地捕获信号特征;利用多个小波去噪自动编码器构造一个深度小波去噪自动编码器来增强无监督特征学习能力;采用鲁棒极限学习机作为分类器,对不同的轴承...     

基于OWPB和LS-SVM的电路板故障诊断系统

针对雷达电路板检修困难的问题,提出了基于最优小波包基和最小二乘支持向量机相结合的雷达电路板故障诊断方法。利用小波变换对采样数据进行去噪处理,通过小波包分解选择最优小波包基提取熵值作为故障特征向量,并作为基于最小二乘支持向量机的雷达故障诊断模型的输入向量,经诊断模型输出后,完成雷达电路板故障诊断。基于此方法设计了雷达电路板故障诊断系统,提高了雷达故障诊断的正确性和效率。     

风电机组轴承早期故障特征提取研究

针对风电机组滚动轴承早期故障振动信号微弱、强干扰、非平稳、非线性的特点,提出基于自适应噪声完整集成经验模态分解(Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise,CEEMDAN)-排列熵(Permutation Entropy,PE)-遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)的特征提取方法。方法先计算振动信号经CEEMDAN分解得到多个本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的排列熵值和方差贡献率,剔除虚假、低贡献率分量;根据识别误差最小和特征子集数目最少两个目标,构造了适应度函数,通过GA进行特征选择选出最优特征子集。仿真分析,上述方法能够快速有效提取不同故障的振动信号特征指标,为故障模式识别问題提供良好的思路和方法。     

基于有理双树复小波和SVM的滚动轴承故诊断方法

滚动轴承故障类型被支持向量机(SVM)智能识别的关键是故障特征的提取。为了提取最优的故障特征,提高SVM的分类识别精度,提出了基于有理双树复小波和SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先通过双树复小波包变换将非平稳的振动信号分解得到不同频带的分量,然后对每个分量求能量并作归一化处理,最后将从各个频带分量中提取的能量特征参数作为支持向量机的输入来识别滚动轴承的故障类型。研究结果表明该方法可以有效、准确地识别轴承的故障模式。     

基于EEMD能量熵和混合算法的电机轴承故障诊断

针对提升机电机轴承振动信号的非平稳特性和单一粒子群算法(PSO)优化径向基函数(RBF)神经网络时存在网络收敛速度慢和适应度值易陷入局部最小的缺点,提出基于集合经验模态分解(EEMD)能量熵和模拟退火粒子群混合算法(SAPSO)优化RBF神经网络的提升机电机轴承故障诊断方法。基于EEMD求取振动信号各固有模态函数分量的能量熵,并使用相关性分析方法剔除虚假的分量,把筛选后的有效数据作为故障识别的特征向量;利用模拟退火(SA)算法具有局部概率突跳的特性,将SA算法和PSO算法相结合,在优化RBF诊断模型隐含层参数时以实现不同算法间的优劣互补。仿真结果表明,使用SAPSO算法优化后的RBF神经网络模型在提升机电机轴承故障诊断中能够加快网络收敛速度和提升故障识别精度。     

基于白噪声统计特性与EEMD的高速列车横向减振器故障诊断*

针对高速列车横向减振器故障信号非线性非平稳的特点,提出了基于白噪声统计特性与聚合经验模态分解（EEMD）相结合的故障诊断算法。首先,利用经验模态分解（EMD）对故障信号进行去噪,然后对去噪后的信号进行EEMD分解,最后对用相关系数求得的最能反映振动信号的本征模态函数（IMF）计算排列组合熵。在240km/h速度下,对高速列车横向减振器7种工况进行诊断,识别率达到91.8%。实验结果表明：与基于小波熵特征分析的算法相比,该算法具有更高的识别率和更强的抗噪性能。     

基于双树复小波变换—最大熵谱估计和参数优化概率神经网络的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

齿轮振动信号具有非平稳性和非线性的特点。为了准确提取其故障特征并进行故障诊断,提出一种基于双树复小波变换(DTCWT)-最大熵谱估计(MESE)和惯性权重线性递减粒子群优化(LDWPSO)算法-参数优化概率神经网络(PNN)的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先,利用DTCWT把状态已知的齿轮振动信号分解为不同频带的模态分量。其次,采用MESE得到每个分量的最小偏差频谱估计,计算出不同频段的能量熵作为故障特征矩阵。然后利用LDWPSO算法寻找出最优神经网络参数——平滑因子。最后,将故障特征矩阵输入优化后的PNN模型,建立起故障特征和齿轮运行状况之间的数值化映射关系,进而完成齿轮故障诊断模型。经试验数据分析表明,采用提出的DTCWT处理齿轮的振动信号,并引入MESE处理关键分量,可以提取稳定的信号特征并降低噪声干扰。另外,相比于传统的PNN,基于改进的PNN的齿轮故障状态的数值化判别具有更高的诊断精度和稳定性。     

基于多小波熵灰色理论的故障诊断应用研究

为了有效地对其进行故障诊断,提出了一种基于多小波熵特征提取与灰色理论相结合的故障分类方法,小波熵测度由于结合了小波变换和信息熵理论的优势,能快速准确地提取电流信号故障特征,但由于设备故障的不确定性和多样性,依靠单一的小波熵测度诊断故障可能出现诊断困难或诊断失真等问题,对多种小波熵进行了特征提取,并结合灰色理论进行故障关联,以飞机液压试验台上采集的压力信号进行故障分类,试验结果表明该方法能提高对故障诊断结果的支持度及故障诊断的准确性和实时性,为设备故障诊断提供了一种可行的新方法。     

Multiple detection test generation with diversified fault partitioning paths

The dependability of current and future nanoscale technologies highly depends on the ability of the testing process to detect emerging defects that cannot be modeled traditionally. Generating test sets that detect each fault more than one times has been shown to increase the effectiveness of a test set to detect non-modeled faults, either static or dynamic. Traditional n-detect test sets guarantee to detect a modeled fault with minimum n different tests. Recent techniques examine how to quantify and maximize the difference between the various tests for a fault. The proposed methodology introduces a new systematic test generation algorithm for multiple-detect (including n-detect) test sets that increases the diversity of the fault propagation paths excited by the various tests per fault. A novel algorithm tries to identify different propagating paths (if such a path exists) for each one of the multiple (n) detections of the same fault. The proposed method can be applied to any linear, to the circuit size, static or dynamic fault model for multiple fault detections, such as the stuck-at or transition delay fault models, and avoids any path or path segment enumeration. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach in increasing the number of fault propagating paths when compared to traditional n-detect test sets.     

自适应经验小波塔式分解的齿轮微弱故障诊断方法

针对强背景噪声下齿轮微弱故障特征难以有效提取的问题,本文提出了一种基于自适应经验小波塔式分解的齿轮故障诊断方法 .首先,在齿轮故障信号傅立叶变换基础上,通过设定分解层数对信号频谱进行有效划分,进行经验小波变换;然后进一步提出时-频峭度指标,绘制信号在不同分解层数下各分量信号的时-频峭度图,确定所感兴趣的最优共振频段范围;最终得到最优单分量信号,利用包络解调分析提取齿轮微弱故障特征.采用所提方法对齿轮故障信号进行分析,结果表明该方法可以有效提取齿轮微弱故障特征,而传统经验小波方法因为受强背景噪声影响较大,无法准确提取齿轮微弱故障特征信息.