不同乳酸菌发酵对甘薯淀粉加工浆液营养功能成分及感官特性的影响

选用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum,Lp）、保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus,Lb）、嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus,St）、戊糖片球菌（Pediococcus pentosus,Pp）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei,Lc）及商业Lp（SZ）分别对甘薯淀粉加工浆液进行发酵,比较不同乳酸菌发酵对甘薯淀粉加工浆液营养功能成分（蛋白质、灰分、可溶性膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维、总膳食纤维、总酸、总糖、乳酸、短链脂肪酸、总酚、游离氨基酸）及感官特性（电子鼻、电子舌、气相色谱-质谱、感官评价）的影响。结果表明：6 种乳酸菌发酵后,浆液中蛋白质、糖类、可溶性膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维及总膳食纤维含量显著下降;不同乳酸菌均表现出良好的发酵性能,发酵后浆液pH值从6.62下降到3.67～3.88,总酸质量浓度由0.29 g/100 mL提高至2.69～3.67 g/100 mL,且乳酸及短链脂肪酸含量显著上升;Lb和Lc发酵显著提高了浆液中总酚含量,分别提升了18.44%和17.78%;在发酵液中共检出16 种游离氨基酸,其中必需游离氨基酸含量显著上升;气相色谱-质谱结果表明,乳酸菌发酵可有效提升甘薯淀粉加工浆液中风味物质的种类和含量,改善其风味和口感,其中Pp、St和SZ发酵浆液的总体感官品质最好。上述研究结果可为乳酸菌发酵应用于甘薯淀粉加工浆液制备饮料的研发奠定理论支撑。     

Physicochemical properties of the starchy flour extracted from sweet potato tubers through lactic acid fermentation

The efficiency of starch extraction from sweet potato tubers was improved by lactic acid fermentation using a mixed culture inoculum. Study of the properties of the starchy flour showed that there was a significant reduction in the starch content and consequently the soluble and apparent amylose contents of fermented samples from all six varieties used. A fall in peak viscosity and viscosity breakdown was observed for fermented samples, while the pasting temperature was enhanced significantly. The fermented flour showed greater solubility and reduced swelling. Differential scanning calorimetry studies indicated a delay in gelatinisation and a fall in enthalpy of gelatinisation of the starch on fermentation. Unlike cassava, all the properties of the starch from sweet potato tubers, ie viscosity, swelling, solubility, gelatinisation temperature, amylose content and starch content, were affected by fermentation, and variation was also observed among cultivars. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

直接乳酸发酵工艺研究进展

对以淀粉质为原料进行直接乳酸发酵的国内外研究现状进行了综述.介绍了利用米根霉等真菌和解淀粉乳酸细菌进行直接乳酸发酵.以及通过添加降解酶进行同步糖化发酵的三种直接乳酸发酵工艺.指出通过筛选和构建更加高效的具有解淀粉活性的乳酸细菌和真菌,同时通过获得耐受更高温度的乳酸菌来提高同步糖化发酵的温度,进而使直接乳酸发酵工艺更加高效.     

Influence of cofermentation by amylolytic Lactobacillus strains and probiotic bacteria on the fermentation process,viscosity and microstructure of gruels made of rice,soy milk and passion fruit fiber

Gruels tailored to school-age children and made of soy milk and rice flour with or without total dietary fiber from passion fruit by-product were fermented by amylolytic lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 and Lactobacillus plantarum A6), by commercial probiotic bacteria strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus L10, Lactobacillus casei L26 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis B94) and by co-cultures made of one amylolytic and one probiotic strain. The influence of ingredient composition and bacterial cultures on kinetics of acidification, α-amylase activity of the bacteria, apparent viscosity and microstructure of the fermented products was investigated. During fermentation of the gruels, α-amylase activity was determined through the Ceralpha method and apparent viscosity, flux behavior and thixotropy were determined in a rotational viscometer. Rheological data were fitted to Power Law model. The combination of amylolytic and probiotic bacteria strains reduced the fermentation time of the gruels as well as increased the α-amylase activity. The addition of passion fruit fiber exerted less influence on the apparent viscosity of the fermented products than the composition of the bacterial cultures. Scanning electron microscopy provided evidence of exopolysaccharide production by amylolytic bacteria strains in the food matrices tested. The co-cultures made of amylolytic and probiotic bacteria strains are suitable to reduce the fermentation time of a soy milk/rice matrix and to obtain a final product with pH and viscosity similar to yoghurt.     

淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性和质构特性的变化

采用酶解法和全质构分析分别测定了红薯、绿豆和马铃薯淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中的消化特性和质构特性,并对消化特性与质构特性指标之间进行简单相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明:在25℃储藏10 d内,绿豆淀粉凝胶的老化性能强于红薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉。淀粉凝胶的消化率降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量增加,快消化淀粉含量降低;淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏时间的延长逐渐增加,回复值则逐渐减小。快消化淀粉含量、硬度和回复值可作为淀粉凝胶类食品的老化评价指标。     

Effect of fermentation by amylolytic lactic acid bacteria,in process combinations,on characteristics of rice/soybean slurries: A new method for preparing high energy density complementary foods for young children

The use of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) in new methods to prepare high energy density complementary foods for young children was investigated. Using gelatinised slurry, composed of a mixture of rice with soybean, fermentation kinetics by the ALAB Lactobacillus plantarum A6, and chemical and rheological changes were studied at different dry matter (DM) contents. At high DM content (23%), it was possible to obtain a semi-liquid fermented gruel presenting the necessary characteristics to fulfil the energy requirement of young children. Furthermore, combination with spray-drying, as a post-treatment after fermentation by strain A6, had the additional advantage of enabling the use of spray-dried fermented flour to prepare gruels with higher DM content (30–33%) corresponding to 128–140 kcal/100 g of gruel.     

Effect of high pressure homogenisation on the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum A6 to ferment rice/soybean slurries to prepare high energy density complementary food

New bioprocesses to prepare high energy density (HED) gruels for complementary young child feeding are being developed based on the ability of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) to modify the rheological characteristics of cereal-based slurries, provided appropriate pretreatment are applied. Gelatinisation is a common pre-treatment which could be implemented to enhance the action of amylases, and has been successfully used in a former study (Nguyen, T. T. T., Loiseau, G., Icard-Vernière, C., Rochette, I., Trèche, S., & Guyot, J.-P. (2007). Effect of fermentation by amylolytic lactic acid bacteria in process combinations on characteristics of rice/soybean slurries: a new method to prepare high energy density complementary foods for young children. Food Chemistry, 100, 623–631.) in combination with ALAB to prepare from a blend of rice/soybean flours semi-liquid fermented HED gruels with a high dry matter (DM) content (23–32%). In this study, it is shown that a mild pre-heating treatment which consists in suspending a rice/soybean flour blend in hot water (70 °C) combined with high pressure homogenisation (HPH) can substitute gelatinisation before fermentation by the ALAB Lactobacillus plantarum A6 to prepare HDE gruels after cooking of the fermented slurry. As an alternative, allowing better condition of handling and storage, spray drying can be applied to such pre-heated HPH treated fermented slurries to obtain fermented flours which can be used further to prepare HDE gruels.     

Digestibility of common native starches with reference to starch granule size,shape and surface features towards guidelines for starch-containing food products

Influence of diverse botanical sources (wheat, maize, waxy maize, cassava, potato, rice or waxy rice) on in vitro native starch digestibility has been investigated. Physicochemical properties (chemical composition, particles size and shape, surface features) of starch granules were determined with a view to explaining digestibility differences between samples. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents were measured according to Englyst method. Potato starch was shown to be composed of large rounded granules having smooth surfaces, which explains its slow enzymatic breakdown. Potato starch displayed the highest RS (86%) content and the lowest RDS content (9.9%). Since RS positively influences health and SDS may result in cell, tissue and/or organ damages, potato starch is an ideal starch nutrient. Conversely, waxy rice starch was rich in amylopectin and displayed small diameters and angular shapes, which are both known to facilitate enzymatic starch hydrolysis. It exhibited a near-zero RS content (0.9%) and a high RDS fraction (60%). According to this study, potato starch exhibited the best nutrient profile, followed up in this order by cassava, waxy maize, wheat, maize and waxy rice starches.     

不同乳杆菌强化发酵红薯叶及其酸菜品质的研究

为筛选发酵红薯叶最适宜的乳酸菌菌种,以植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和混合乳酸菌强化发酵红薯叶,结果表明,乳酸菌强化发酵酸菜的pH下降快、乳酸含量高、亚硝酸盐含量低,可溶性多糖含量高。其中,混菌发酵乳酸含量最高(6.19mg/g,P<0.05),亚硝酸盐含量最低(0.29μg/mL,P<0.05),多糖含量(22.90mg/g)与单菌发酵无显著差异;混菌发酵红薯叶硬度、咀嚼性和紧实度均最大;混菌发酵有24种氨基酸,比自然发酵多4种,呈鲜味氨基酸最丰富,必需氨基酸最齐全且含量最高(1 561.72μg/g,P<0.05)。     

Erratum

Cooking and processing of starch-containing foodstuffs results in a portion of the starch becoming resistant to hydrolytic enzymes secreted in the small intestine of man. In order to determine whether this resistant starch (RS) was degraded in the colon, samples of RS and readily digestible starch (RDS) for comparisons were incubated with (a) cell-free supernatants from faecal suspensions and (b) washed faecal bacterial cell suspensions. The data obtained showed that, whereas pancreatic amylase and faecal supernatants hydrolysed RDS, with the production of oligosaccharides, RS totally resisted breakdown. In contrast, both RS and RDS were completely degraded by the washed bacterial cells with the generation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and organic acids. Hydrolysis and fermentation of RDS was extremely rapid and, as a consequence, oligosaccharides and lactate initially accumulated in the culture medium. RS was broken down more slowly, howevér, and oligosaccharides and lactate never accumulated. The rate of polysaccharide hydrolysis had a significant effect on the quantities of VFA produced, in that 54% of carbohydrate was fermented to VFA in cultures incubated with RDS as sole carbon source as compared to only 30% in cultures incubated with RS. However no qualitative difference was observed in the VFA produced by fermentation of RDS or RS.     

Lactic acid production using waste generated from sweet potato processing

Organic waste generated from industrial sweet potato canning is estimated to be 30% of incoming raw material with significant residual carbohydrate content. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of waste generated from sweet potato processing material to support the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the production of lactic acid. The waste was comprised of 16.5% solids consisting of 18.5% ash, 4.4% protein, 20.5% simple sugars and 19% soluble starch. Following a screening of three lactic acid bacteria strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus was deemed the best candidate for lactic acid production. The potential of various dilutions of the enzyme‐hydrolysed waste, with and without pH control, as a fermentation substrate was evaluated. Lactic acid production was highest in hydrolysed waste (without dilution) at pH set point 5.0, yielding 10 g L^?1 in 72 h. Thus, lactic acid, a valuable organic compound, can be generated from sweet potato waste.     

New efficient amylase-producing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. fermentum isolated from different Nigerian traditional fermented foods

Amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) were isolated from Nigerian traditional fermented foods (fufu, burukutu, ogi-baba and kunu-zakki) with the aim of selecting efficient amylase-producing strains. Nine isolates were characterized on the basis of their phenotypic and taxo-molecular characteristics. Three groups could be distinguished by their fermentation profiles and this was confirmed by DNA restriction analysis. Though fermentation profiles gave good identification of strain K9 (unique representative of group III) as Lactobacillus fermentum, they could not be used to ascertain the taxonomic position of strains of groups I and II. Analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences led to the identification of these groups as L. plantarum strains and confirmed the species of strain K9 as L. fermentum. The two distinct phenotypic groups of L. plantarum differed in their use of D-xylose, L-arabinose, melibiose and were different from the previously described amylolytic L. plantarum A6 isolated from retted cassava in Congo. L. fermentum K9 was different from L. fermentum OgiE1 and Mw2 isolated from Benin maize sourdough and it is the first amylolytic L. fermentum described from Nigerian fermented products. Enzymatic profiles showed some differences between the strains of a similar fermentation group. One of the most relevant characteristics of the isolates was a higher yield of amylase production than those reported for previously described ALAB grown under the same conditions. Furthermore, all isolates were tolerant to an exposure at pH 2 and to bile salts.     

Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentations during the production of sour cassava starch in Brazil

Sour cassava starch is a traditional fermented food used in the preparation of fried foods and baked goods such as traditional cheese breads in Brazil. Thirty samples of sour cassava starch were collected from two factories in the state of Minas Gerais. The samples were examined for the presence of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, mesophilic microorganisms, Bacillus cereus and faecal coliforms. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolates were identified by biochemical tests, and the identities were confirmed by molecular methods. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum were the prevalent lactic acid bacteria in product from both factories, at numbers between 6.0 and 9.0 log cfu g(-)(1). Lactobacillus perolans and Lactobacillus brevis were minor fractions of the population. Galactomyces geothricum and Issatchenkia sp. were the prevalent yeasts at numbers of 5.0 log cfu g(-)(1). A species similar to Candida ethanolica was frequently isolated from one factory. Mesophilic bacteria and amylolytic microorganisms were recovered in high numbers at all stages of the fermentation. B. cereus was found at low numbers in product at both factories. The spontaneous fermentations associated with the production of sour cassava starch involve a few species of lactic acid bacteria at high numbers and a variety of yeasts at relatively low numbers.     

乳酸菌发酵对燕麦淀粉物化及热力学特性的影响

以燕麦粉为原料,分别利用植物乳杆菌(L.p)和旧金山乳杆菌(L.s)两种乳酸菌对其进行发酵,研究燕麦淀粉在发酵过程中各种物化及热力学特性的变化。结果表明：燕麦粉经过两种菌发酵后pH 值下降,且L.p 发酵的燕麦粉pH 值下降的速率和产酸量都大于L.s。但是到发酵后期,两种乳酸菌发酵的燕麦粉pH 值相近。发酵燕麦淀粉的溶解度和溶胀力都随着温度的升高而增加,在不同温度下,其溶胀力和溶解度在发酵过程中的变化趋势不同,经L.P 发酵的样品的溶胀力低于L.s,但溶解度大于经L.s 发酵的样品。快速黏度分析仪(RVA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析得到发酵过程中燕麦淀粉的变化：发酵后燕麦淀粉糊化过程中峰值黏度随着发酵时间的延长而降低,糊化起始温度提前,糊化所需时间延长,糊化焓升高,且L.s 发酵样品的糊化焓值高于L.p。发酵后燕麦淀粉的直链淀粉含量在发酵过程中呈上升趋势,L.p 发酵的样品的直链淀粉的含量高于L.s。     

Study of starch fermentation at low pH by Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 reveals uncoupling between growth and alpha-amylase production at pH 4.0

Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 is an amylolytic heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium previously isolated from ogi, a Benin maize sourdough. In the present study, the effect of different pH between 3.5 and 6.0 on starch fermentation products and alpha-amylase production was investigated. Whereas a pH of 5.0 was optimum for specific growth rate and lactic acid production, growth was only slightly affected at suboptimal pH of 4.0 and 6.0. Over a pH range of 6.0 to 3.5, yields of product formation from substrate and of biomass relative to ATP were constant. These results showed that L. fermentum Ogi E1 was particularly acid tolerant, and well adapted to the acid conditions that develop during natural fermentation of cereal doughs. This acid tolerance may partly explain the dominance of L. fermentum in various traditional African sourdoughs. Surprisingly, alpha-amylase production, unlike growth, dropped dramatically when the strain was cultivated at pH 4.0 with starch. With maltose as substrate, the yield of alpha-amylase relative to biomass remained unchanged at pH 4.0 and 5.0, unlike that observed with starch. Based on the distribution of enzyme activity between extra- and intracellular fractions and fermentation kinetics, it appears that starch was first hydrolyzed into dextrins by alpha-amylase activity, and maltose was produced from dextrins by extracellular enzyme activity, transferred into the cell and then hydrolyzed into glucose by intracellular alpha-glucosidase.     

西米淀粉结构及消化特性

以马铃薯淀粉和红薯淀粉作为参照,用Englyst法测定西米淀粉的消化特性,并研究其成糊特性、直链淀粉含量、分子链长分布以及脂肪含量与消化特性的关系。结果表明：与马铃薯淀粉和红薯淀粉相比,西米淀粉具有较高含量的快消化淀粉（90.32%）和较低的抗消化淀粉含量（3.27%）。西米淀粉样品较低的脂肪含量（0.11%）、较高的短链含量（聚合度10～30,83.57%）、较低的长链含量（聚合度＞55,0.80%）,较高的直链淀粉含量（29.3%）和较低的终值黏度（1 096.67 mPa·s）。对消化特性起主要影响作用的因素有链长分布、直链淀粉含量和脂肪含量。     

Impact of Process Conditions on Digestibility of Pea Starch

This study investigated how process conditions affect the digestibility of pea starch from pea starch powder (PSP). The factors considered were resistant starch (RS), slow digestible starch (SDS) and rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content. The examined five process factors were: material/water ratio, cooking temperature, cooking time, soaking time, and heat dehydration time. Changes in process conditions mainly altered the content of RS and SDS. Analysis with Sephadex G-200 chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that RS was mainly from retrograded amylose and amylopectin, while SDS and RDS were mainly derived from amylopectin.     

生物发酵处理对小米淀粉分子结构及糊化特性的影响

采用0.2 g/100 m L NaOH溶液提取发酵后的小米淀粉,研究自然发酵及优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)发酵后对小米淀粉颗粒特性、结晶度、官能团、分子质量、糊化及老化特性的影响。结果如下:乳酸菌、酵母菌发酵后,淀粉颗粒表面有明显的侵蚀迹象,而自然发酵淀粉颗粒表面侵蚀迹象较轻;乳酸菌发酵后小米淀粉的结晶度较自然发酵增加1.49%而酵母菌发酵减少0.33%;发酵并未改变小米淀粉官能团区的峰位,但特征峰强度减弱,乳酸菌、酵母菌发酵后小米淀粉指纹区图谱消失;未发酵小米淀粉重均分子质量为1.5×10~4~5.9×10~5 g/mol,自然发酵分子质量在2.1×10~4~5.4×10~5 g/mol,乳酸菌发酵分子质量为1.6×10~4~5.3×10~5 g/mol,酵母菌发酵分子质量为1.6×10~4~4.7×10~5 g/mol,乳酸菌、酵母菌发酵后支链淀粉长链及直链淀粉比例减少而中间及短支链淀粉的比例相对增加;乳酸菌、酵母菌发酵96 h糊化温度较自然发酵下降0.84℃和1.13℃,热焓值上升1.00 J/g和0.78 J/g;二者的回生值较自然发酵分别下降743、471 mPa·s。自然发酵的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)使小米淀粉的分子结构、糊化及老化特性发生明显变化,并在小米自然发酵过程中起主导作用。     

麦胚乳酸菌发酵饮品的工艺优化及品质分析

以麦胚为原料,利用复合乳酸菌发酵研制麦胚乳酸菌发酵饮品。以离心沉淀率为评价指标,优化稳定剂含量;采用单因素试验及正交试验,优化麦胚乳酸菌发酵饮品工艺条件,并测定其理化指标。结果表明,最佳稳定剂为羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯0.5%、琼脂0.2%;最佳发酵工艺条件为嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophiles）、保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）、乳双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium lactis）、鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）按照配比1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1制备发酵剂,接种量0.03%,发酵时间24 h,发酵温度 42 ℃。在此最佳条件下,麦胚乳酸菌发酵饮品为乳酪色,质地黏稠,口感细腻,总蛋白3.53 g/100 g,总膳食纤维2.12 g/100 g,维生素E 1.28 mg/100 g,亚油酸669 mg/100 g,α-亚麻酸75.8 mg/100 g,乳酸活菌数2.1×109 CFU/mL。     

超声波辅助酸法制备红薯抗性淀粉及其结构表征

本研究以红薯淀粉为原料,柠檬酸、丙酸、乳酸、盐酸分别为酸解剂,通过超声辅助酸解法制备抗性淀粉。探讨了超声时间、酸的种类和浓度、淀粉乳浓度、酸解时间各因素对抗性淀粉含量的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)及X-射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对产物进行表征。结果表明,制备抗性淀粉的优化条件为:以质量分数为1%的丙酸溶液酸解质量分数为20%的淀粉乳,依次经过超声处理15 min,恒温振荡4 h,冷冻干燥,其抗性淀粉的含量24.827%。淀粉经超声酸解处理后,其粒径明显增大,形貌由原来表面光滑的多面体颗粒状变为表面有褶皱的片状结构,晶型由A型转变为B型。