无皂微乳液聚合制备加脂型复鞣剂

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、二乙烯基苯、丙烯酸、反应型乳化剂马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐和助乳化剂正戊醇制备得到无皂微乳液。通过正交实验优化出了反应型乳化剂的最佳合成条件:n(马来酸酐):n(十二醇)=1.15:1,反应温度80℃,反应时间3 h,制备出反应型乳化剂———马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐,代替外乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠,进行无皂微乳液聚合制备具有增强作用的加脂型复鞣剂。将制得的加脂型复鞣剂用于猪二层革的复鞣实验,结果表明,反应型乳化剂与混合单体(丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和二乙烯基苯)的质量分别为120 g和180 g,活性单体丙烯酸质量为10 g时对皮革的复鞣效果最好。成革的物理机械性能得到了提高,其横向撕裂强度提高58.8%,纵向撕裂强度提高37.4%,崩破强度提高54.1%。     

AESS表面活性剂的合成及在微乳液聚合中的应用

用正交实验法考察了表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺基琥珀酸酯钠盐（AESS）的合成工艺条件,反应的最佳条件为：马来酸酐与十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚的物质的量比为1．2：1,酯化温度为85℃,催化剂用量为1．2％,酯化时间为5h,磺化温度为75℃,磺化时间2h。使用IR红外光谱对该产品进行了结构分析并对其乳化和增溶性能进行了测定。将其应用到微乳液聚合中,将制备的微乳液聚合物应用到皮革的复鞣试验中,能够很好的提高皮革的撕裂强度和抗张强度,但对皮革的柔软度产生了负面影响。     

HBSS型琥珀酸(混合)双酯磺酸钠盐加脂剂的合成

以十六醇、正丁醇、马来酸酐为主要原料,合成了十六烷基正丁基琥珀酸(混合)双酯磺酸钠盐皮革加脂剂,对合成反应条件进行了优化。优化的十六醇与马来酸酐的单酯化反应条件为:n(十六醇):n(马来酸酐)=1:1.05,反应温度90℃,反应时间2.5h;十六烷基马来酸单酯与正丁醇双酯化反应条件为:n(十六烷基马来酸单酯):n(正丁醇)=1:1.5,反应温度130℃,反应时间90min,w(对甲苯磺酸)=0.5(基于总反应物的质量);十六烷基正丁基马来酸(混合)双酯与亚硫酸氢钠的磺化反应条件为:n〔十六烷基正丁基马来酸(混合)双酯〕:n(NaHSO3)=1:1.1,反应温度100℃,反应时间4h。该加脂剂具有较好的乳化能力,可以乳化自身质量33的鱼油。用IR表征了目标产物结构。     

无皂微乳液聚合制备加脂型复鞣剂的研究

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、二乙烯基苯、丙烯酸、反应型乳化剂马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐和助乳化剂正戊醇制备得到无皂微乳液。在前期微乳液皮革增强复鞣剂研究的基础上,通过正交试验优化出了反应型乳化剂的最佳合成条件,制备出反应型乳化剂——马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐,代替外乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠,进行无皂微乳液聚合制备具有增强作用的加脂型复鞣剂。将制得的加脂型复鞣剂用于猪二层革的复鞣试验,结果表明：反应型乳化剂与混合单体(丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和二乙烯基苯)的质量分别为120g和180g,活性单体丙烯酸质量为10g时对皮革的复鞣效果最好。成革的物理机械性能得到了提高,其横向撕裂强度提高58.8%,纵向撕裂强度提高37.4%,崩破强度提高54.1%。     

烷基烯丙基马来酸双酯的合成

利用正辛醇、十二醇、十四醇3个脂肪醇与马来酸酐、氯丙烯反应,合成了3个烯丙基型马来酸双酯。考察了溶剂和催化剂对双酯化反应产率的影响,通过正交实验优化了双酯的反应条件,得出了双酯化反应最优工艺条件:n(辛基马来酸单酯钠盐)∶n(氯丙烯)=1∶2.5,温度60℃,时间7 h,辛基烯丙基马来酸双酯的产率为76.8%;n(十二烷基马来酸单酯钠盐)∶n(氯丙烯)=1∶2,温度60℃,时间6 h,十二烷基烯丙基马来酸双酯的产率为92.1%;n(十四烷基马来酸单酯钠盐)∶n(氯丙烯)=1∶2,温度65℃,时间6 h,十四烷基烯丙基马来酸双酯的产率为78.5%。对合成中间体和目标双酯物用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱等进行了表征。     

反应型乳化剂在微乳液皮革柔软增强剂制备中的应用探索

在前期微乳皮革增强复鞣剂研究的基础上,优化出了反应型乳化剂的最佳合成条件,制备出反应型乳化剂——马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐,代替外乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠,进行无皂微乳液聚合制备皮革柔软增强剂（EM）。将制得的EM用于猪二层革的增强处理。结果表明：反应型乳化剂与混合单体（丙烯酸丁酯90g、甲基丙烯酸甲酯75g和二乙烯基苯15g）的质量分别为120g和180g。活性单体丙烯酸质量为10g时对皮革的柔软增强效果最好。横向撕裂强度提高58.8%,纵向提高37.4%,成革的横向和纵向的撕裂强度趋于一致,崩破强度提高54.1%。     

双子表面活性剂--二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-01)的合成与性能研究

采用1,4-丁二醇、马来酸酐、十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为主要原料和环境友好的工艺路线,合成了一种易降解的双子(Gemini)表面活性剂--二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-01).对各步合成条件采用正交实验或均匀设计进行优化,得出各步反应的最优工艺条件如下酯化反应Ⅰ,配比为n(马来酸酐)∶n(1,4-丁二醇)=2.15∶1.00,反应时间1 h,催化剂w(乙酸钠)=1.0%,以丙酮作溶剂,回流操作.酯化反应Ⅱ,配比为n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)∶ n(AEO2)=1.00∶2.15,反应温度150 ℃,反应时间14 h,催化剂w(PW12/C)=1.5%.磺化反应, 配比为n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯)∶ n(NaHSO3)=1.00∶3.00,反应时间4 h,反应温度80 ℃,相转移催化剂w(CTAB)=1.5%.对每步合成产物均用 IR和1HNMR进行了表征,终产物GMI-01的平衡表面张力γCMC=38.4 mN/m,CMC为0.049 mmol/L.     

低乳化剂含量丙烯酸酯微乳液的合成与性能

研究了搅拌速度、聚合温度、复合乳化剂类型和质量分数、p H值、引发剂加入方式对丙烯酸酯微乳液稳定性、粒径及透光率的影响。结果表明:采用预乳化补加助乳化剂、引发剂聚合法,搅拌速度为120~160 r/min,聚合温度为75~76℃,复合乳化剂AES(脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠)/OP–10(辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚)的质量分数为2%、m(AES):m(OP–10)=3:1时,制备的微乳液具有良好的稳定性,透光率为68.7,凝胶率为0。采用透射电镜和衰减全反射(ATR)红外光谱对微乳液的结构进行表征,显示微乳液的平均粒径为40 nm,该微乳液为丙烯酸酯类聚合物。     

聚马来酸单脂肪醇酯钠盐的制备及其性能研究

将马来酸酐(MA)先聚合为低聚物聚马来酸酐(PMA),然后再与脂肪醇反应生成一种低聚表面活性剂.聚合反应主要受溶剂种类的影响,而酯化方法对酯化反应影响比较大,在丙酮中以三乙胺催化回流制备聚马来酸单脂肪醇酯(PMAM)的较佳工艺条件为:m(丙酮):m(PMA)=2.0:1,反应时间4 h,催化剂用量1.0%(相对于PMA的质量).PMA经脂肪醇改性、烧碱液中和后生成聚马来酸单脂肪醇酯钠盐(PMAMS).产品用IR和GPC进行表征,测定了产品的表面活性数据cmc、?cmc以及乳化力等.     

核壳结构叔丙乳液的合成及其稳定性影响的研究

合成了核壳结构的叔丙乳液,考察了环保型阴离子和非离子乳化剂的种类、用量、配比以及甲基丙烯酸(MAA)和苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物铵盐用量对乳液稳定性的影响。采用激光粒度仪(DLS)、差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)等对乳液进行了测试及表征。结果表明:乳胶粒子呈现明显的核壳结构;选用阴离子乳化剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(PCA078)和非离子乳化剂伯醇聚氧乙烯醚(EH-40),且两者质量比为1∶3,复合乳化剂用量为单体总量的2.2%,MAA的用量为单体总量的3%,保护胶体苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物铵盐用量为单体总量的4%时,乳液稳定性最佳。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.