Grease Penetration and Browning Resistance of Pulpboard and Paperboard Coated with Whey Protein

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was explored alone and in combination with sucrose (Suc) plasticizer as a grease‐barrier coating for bulrush pulpboard and solid bleached sulfate paperboard used in food packaging. WPC‐coated and WPC : Suc‐coated pulpboards showed better oil‐barrier properties compared with untreated, water‐treated or Suc‐coated pulpboards. Coating formulations with 10% WPC, without and with Suc, resulted in oil barriers comparable with commercial fluorinated hydrocarbon for pulpboard. When pulpboard trays containing cheesy pasta were microwave‐heated, 10% WPC : 20% Suc solution‐coated trays showed grease barrier property comparable with fluorinated hydrocarbon‐treated trays. Caramelization and Maillard browning of WPC and WPC : Suc coatings were initiated at 300°F, but microwave‐heated foods do not normally reach this high temperature. Paperboard with 10% WPC : 20% Suc solution coating had oil barrier comparable with polyethylene‐coated paperboards. WPC : Suc solution mixture at 2.5% : 5% and 3.3% : 7% were determined as the solution concentration minima for 4 and 24 h tests, respectively. HunterLab colorimeter L and b values indicated slight colour change of the paperboard coated with the higher WPC concentration solutions. Coating resulted in thicker paperboards but not in a linear manner. The 10% WPC : 20% Suc solution‐coated solid bleached sulfate paperboards on which slabs of butter sat in a refrigerator did not show any butterfat penetration, comparable with polyethylene‐coated paperboards and unlike uncoated paperboards that showed poor butterfat‐barrier properties. WPC : Suc coating was shown in this study to have potential to replace synthetic materials as a grease barrier. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of heat treatment temperature on properties of electrosprayed paperboard

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of additional heat treatment on the properties of paperboard electrosprayed with poly(lactic acid) (PLA). For this study, paperboards electrosprayed with PLA at 1%, 2%, and 3% (w/v) were further heat‐treated at 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, and 200°C for 1 minute. Physical properties, such as basis weight, thickness, and colour of electrosprayed paperboards, were investigated. For mechanical properties, folding endurance and bursting strength of treated paperboard was tested. Water resistance property was observed through contact angle, and water absorption was monitored by Cobb test. In addition, water vapour transmission rate tests were also conducted. Surface characteristics were investigated using a scanning electron microscope and roughness tester. After heat treatment, PLA particles on the paperboard surface melted and formed a smoother continuous surface; this contributed to lower water contact angles and significantly lower water absorption. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of PLA, the better the water resistance. Moreover, heat treatment temperature between 180°C and 200°C could significantly improve the water vapour barrier and water resistance properties. Temperature and treatment time could not be further increased, as the electrosprayed paper substrate was damaged and became yellowish. In addition, for the mechanical properties, an increase in the heat treatment temperature improved the bursting strength; however, a reduction in folding endurance was observed, because the melted PLA particles were absorbed deeper into the paper structure and made the whole matrix more brittle.     

Water Resistance and Barrier Properties Improvement of Paperboard by Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrospraying

This research attempted to improve water resistance and barrier properties of paperboard by electrospraying the material with poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The focus was to reduce the amount of PLA in the coating process and to achieve the thinnest possible PLA coating layer. PLA solutions were prepared at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (w/v) in chloroform. PLA solution (10 ml) was sprayed onto the paperboard. The results showed that water and oil contact angles of paperboard were significantly increased after electrospraying. Water and oil absorption was significantly reduced, especially when using PLA concentration of 1%. PLA concentrations below 1% produced too few PLA particles on the surface for full coverage, whereas concentrations above 1% led to an uneven agglomeration of PLA particles on the substrate. The results also showed that water vapour transmission rate and oxygen transmission rate of paperboard were significantly reduced at PLA concentration of at least 1%. On the basis of electrospraying technique, the amount of PLA can be significantly reduced to achieve results comparable to other common coating methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects on Oxygen‐barrier Properties of Pretreating Paperboard with a Starch–Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Blend before Polyethylene Extrusion

Polyethylene (PE) extrusion coating was performed on paperboard pre‐coated with water‐borne barrier coatings based on starch–poly(vinyl) (PVOH)–plasticizer blends in order to investigate that how the addition of a plasticizer to the pre‐coating affects the oxygen‐barrier properties of the board after PE extrusion coating. The plasticizers used were glycerol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and citric acid (CA). Photomicrographs showed that the barrier coating layers were rather smooth, but defects were observed in the starch–PVOH layers when a plasticizer was added. Starch–PVOH layers had oxygen‐barrier properties similar to those of pure PVOH without plasticizers. When a sufficient number of layers (four layers) were applied to cover defects, the starch–PVOH layers containing CA showed oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values similar to those of starch–PVOH layers without plasticizer. The adhesion of PE to pre‐coated paperboard decreased when a plasticizer was added to the pre‐coating recipes. PE extrusion coating resulted in a reduction in the OTR in the case of pre‐coating formulations containing plasticizers. A lower OTR after polyethylene extrusion was observed with PEG as plasticizer than with CA as plasticizer. This could be explained by the increase in brittleness due to cross‐linking under the high temperature load during the extrusion process. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the films showed a substantial increase in storage modulus between 100°C and 200°C for CA‐containing starch–PVOH films. The contact angle of diiodomethane on the pre‐coating layer decreased when a plasticizer was added to the coating recipe indicating an increase in wetting of the PE melt. Addition of PEG to the pre‐coating led to a greater wetting than the addition of CA, and this may have sealed some defects in the pre‐coating leading to lower OTR values.     

Characterization for water vapour barrier and heat sealability properties of heat‐treated paperboard/polylactide structure

The moisture barrier and heat sealability properties of polylactide (PLA) extrusion‐coated paperboard were investigated. The first part of the study focused on the influences of coating weight and surroundings temperature and relative humidity on the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) of the structure. The outcome arising from this part was a simple and practical equation that allows calculating the WVTR as a function of PLA coating weight under specific thermo‐hygrometric conditions. The second part of the study investigated the effect of heat treatments between 100 and 150°C on the WVTR and heat sealability of a 20 g/m² PLA‐coated paperboard. According to the results, the lowest WVTR values achieved were about 2.5 times lower than the WVTR of the untreated structure. Presumably, the PLA coating experienced two types of reordering mechanisms: crystalline growth and packing of the amorphous structure. The greatest barrier improvement was achieved when both of these mechanisms were accumulated effectively. This was observed from the samples after a 40 min treatment at 130°C. Ultimately, the crystalline growth was experienced by PLA at 100–130°C temperatures. The packing of the amorphous section, which was also accumulated at higher temperatures, was suggested to be the decisive factor influencing WVTR. According to the heat sealing results, the heat treatments causing crystalline growth resulted in considerably increased sealing temperatures and reduced applicability of the material in high‐speed packaging applications. The treatments at 140–150°C caused only a slight increase in the sealing temperature and maintained the sealing performance of PLA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polylactic acid coating on a biodegradable magnesium alloy: An in vitro degradation study by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Polylactic acid (PLA) was coated on a biodegradable magnesium alloy, AZ91, using spin coating technique for temporary implant applications. The degradation behaviour of the coated alloy samples was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method in simulated body fluid (SBF). EIS results suggested that the PLA coating enhanced the degradation resistance of the alloy significantly. Increase in the PLA coating thickness was found to increase the degradation resistance, but resulted in poor adhesion. Long-term EIS experiments of the PLA coated samples suggested that their degradation resistance gradually decreased with increase in SBF exposure time. However, the degradation resistance of the PLA coated samples was significantly higher than that of the bare metal even after a 48 h exposure to SBF.     

Packaging‐related properties of protein‐ and chitosan‐coated paper

The mechanical and gas‐barrier properties of paper and paperboard coated with chitosan–acetic acid salt (chitosan), whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate and wheat gluten protein were studied. Paper sheets were solution‐coated using a hand applicator. In addition, bi‐layer composites of wheat gluten and paper or paperboard were produced by compression moulding, and the chitosan solution was also applied on paperboard using curtain coating. Young's modulus, fracture stress, fracture strain, tearing strength, air permeance and oxygen permeability were assessed. The mechanical and air permeance measurements of solution‐coated paper showed that chitosan was the most effective coating on a coat weight basis. This was due to its high viscosity, which limited the degree of penetration into the paper. The proteins, however, also enhanced the strength and toughness of the paper. Compression‐moulded wheat gluten/paper or paperboard, as well as curtain‐coated chitosan paperboard laminates, showed oxygen barrier properties comparable to those of paper and paperboard coated with commercial barrier materials. None of the composites could be delaminated without fibre rupture, indicating good adhesion between the coatings and the substrates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蜂窝纸板异面动态冲击性能的实验分析

目的以六边形蜂窝纸板为研究对象,研究厚度对其异面冲击性能的影响。方法通过动态冲击实验来分析接触力、最大接触力、最大位移、最大应变、吸收能与单位厚度冲击能之间的关系,研究厚度为30,40,50和60 mm等4种蜂窝纸板的异面冲击力学性能。结果当冲击能一定时,随着蜂窝纸板厚度的增加,接触力逐渐减小,接触时间逐渐变长;当单位厚度冲击能一定时,厚度与最大位移和吸收能成正比例关系,厚度与接触力、最大接触力、最大应变成反比例关系;对于任一厚度的蜂窝纸板,最大接触力、最大位移、最大应变、吸收能随单位厚度冲击能的增加而增加,且与其呈线性关系。结论当冲击能相同时,不同厚度蜂窝纸板的吸收能几乎相同,可知蜂窝纸板吸收能量的能力与蜂窝纸板的厚度无关,取决于冲击能量的大小。     

油脂沾染对瓦楞纸板力学性能的影响

目的研究瓦楞纸板在沾染油脂后其力学性能受到的影响。方法采用涂布的方式将油脂均匀涂覆在瓦楞纸板表面,通过改变涂布量及样品放置时间来研究油脂沾染量及沾染时间对瓦楞纸板粘合强度、边压强度及耐破强度的影响。结果瓦楞纸板粘合强度、边压强度及耐破强度均随着油脂沾染量的增加呈现不同程度的下降,随着油脂沾染时间的增加先下降后趋于稳定。结论油脂的沾染对瓦楞纸板粘合强度的影响较大,对边压强度及耐破强度的影响较小。     

Mechanical strength and water resistance of paperboard coated with long chain cellulose esters

Long chain cellulose esters (LCCE) are bio‐based materials, which are biodegradable, can be prepared from renewable materials, and have relatively good mechanical and barrier properties. In this study, we tested the feasibility of various LCCEs as a coating material for paperboard. Cellulose hexanoates (C6) and cellulose palmitates (C12) of various degrees of substitution were synthesized and tested as barriers. Coating of paperboard was performed by dissolving the LCCE to chloroform or acetone, and levelling the coating with wire bar coater to the surface of the paperboard. The coating gave hydrophobic surface to the paperboard, and significantly improved the water vapour barrier properties. Cellulose palmitate coatings were better water vapour barriers than cellulose hexanoate. However, polyethylene‐coated paperboard had markedly lower water vapour transmission rate than LCCEs used in this study. The LCCE coatings slightly improved the tensile strength of the paperboard. In order to find out the suitability of LCCEs for extrusion coating, the thermal behaviour of LCCEs were also assessed. The cellulose hexanoate starts to degrade thermally at 280°C and cellulose palmitate at temperature 320°C. These materials do not have a clear melting point, but they behave as amorphous materials, and turn gradually to viscous form as temperature increases from 170°C to 200°C. This indicates possibilities to use them in extrusion coating, at least if the viscosity is improved with suitable additives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

立式瓦楞复合纸板静态压缩试验与有限元分析

目的对立式瓦楞复合纸板的静态压缩过程进行试验研究和有限元分析,研究不同楞型立式瓦楞复合纸板的力学性能。方法制作A楞、AB楞、B楞等3种不同立式瓦楞复合纸板试样,进行静态压缩实验,得到其压缩应力-应变曲线;建立3种楞型的立式瓦楞复合纸板有限元模型,进行静力学分析,得到其压缩应力-应变曲线,并与实验结果进行对比分析。结果试验和有限元分析均显示立式瓦楞复合纸板的静态压缩过程与蜂窝纸板的静态压缩过程类似,包括弹性阶段、屈服阶段、平台阶段、密实化阶段,试验和有限元分析所得到的压缩应力-应变曲线相吻合。纸板的峰值应力和平台应力与楞型有关,且随着楞高的增大而减小。结论通过试验研究和有限元分析方法得到了不同楞型立式瓦楞复合纸板的静态压缩性能,对该新型材料的应用有重要参考价值。     

A study on montmorillonite/polyethylene nanocomposite extrusion‐coated paperboard

Extrusion coating was used to obtain montmorillonite/polyethylene‐coated paperboard. The coating was prepared from a master batch containing maleated polyethylene, low‐density polyethylene and 32 wt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone‐surface‐modified montmorillonite clay, which was blended with different amounts of low‐density polyethylene to yield composites with 4 wt.% and 8.3 wt.% montmorillonite. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the clay stacks in the coating were more extensively intercalated than in the original surface‐modified clay. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the clay stacks were, to a large extent, separated by the high shear forces during extrusion into smaller evenly distributed entities. This was, unfortunately, achieved at the expense of the formation of a great many voids and pinholes, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and dye staining. This had strong negative effects on the oxygen barrier properties but only a modest effect on the water vapour permeability. Tensile tests showed that the coating was always ductile and that the coating–paperboard adhesion decreased with increasing clay content. The creasability was good and unaffected by the presence of the filler in the coating. Thermogravimetry showed that the degradation temperature in air of the filled coatings were of the order of 10°C higher than that of unfilled polyethylene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PCL / 纸板复合膜的包装特性及回收工艺研究

为了提高纸板的力学性能和水蒸气阻隔性,采用热压法制备了聚己内酯(PCL)/纸板双层复合膜。分别使用质构仪、动态力学分析仪、透湿仪对材料的力学性能、动态热力学性能以及阻隔性能进行了评价,并对PCL的热封性能和纸板的回收工艺进行了评估。研究表明,与PCL复合后,纸板的拉伸强度提高了约3倍,弹性模量提高了约5倍,阻湿性也显著提高;PCL的复合量和热封温度对材料的热封强度影响较大;纸板回收速度快,平均回收率可达到99%。     

Thermoplastic starch/polyester films: Effects of extrusion process and poly (lactic acid) addition

Biodegradable films were produced using the blown extrusion method from blends that contained cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with two different extrusion processes. The choice of extrusion process did not have a significant effect on the mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP) or viscoelasticity of the films, but the addition of PLA decreased the elongation, blow-up ratio (BUR) and opacity and increased the elastic modulus, tensile strength and viscoelastic parameters of the films. The films with 20% PLA exhibited a lower WVP due to the hydrophobic nature of this polymer. Morphological analyses revealed the incompatibility between the polymers used.     

表面疏水修饰增强改性硅藻土调湿性能及其对聚氨酯膜透湿性的影响

水性聚氨酯(PU)是一种环保绿色的涂层材料,广泛应用于皮革、纺织、建筑涂层等领域。作为皮革、纺织涂层时,聚氨酯的透湿性决定服装的穿着舒适性,而常规水性聚氨酯的透湿性较差,需要对其进行改性获得透湿性优异的涂层。本文采用CaCl₂和十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷(FAS-17)对硅藻土进行改性,研究了改性条件对硅藻土结构和性能的影响,将调湿性能较好的改性硅藻土(FAS-17-CaCl₂-D)与PU复合,研究复合膜的透湿性。结果表明：采用质量浓度为30wt%CaCl₂和0.8wt%FAS-17改性的硅藻土综合性能最好,改性后硅藻土的比表面积、孔隙结构增大,调湿性能提高,FAS-17表面疏水修饰进一步强化了其调湿作用。将性能最好的FAS-17-CaCl₂-D与PU复合后,FAS-17-CaCl₂-D/PU透湿性随着FAS-17-CaCl₂-D用量的增加先增大后减小,复合膜的疏水性提高。1%FAS-17-CaCl₂-D与PU复合制备的复合膜透湿率最大,...     

PLA/PBSA 纳米活性包装薄膜的性能研究

目的研究可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物(PBSA)薄膜在添加有机纳米蒙脱土(MMT)和精油后的抗氧化性和保鲜性能。方法采用挤出共混改性和挤出流延法加工制备出PLA/PBSA/MMT/精油纳米复合薄膜,对其力学性能、透湿性、透气性、抗氧化性等进行探讨,并研究对樱桃的保鲜作用。结果添加了DK4型号MMT的PLA/PBSA薄膜的抗拉强度得到提高,薄膜的水蒸气透过率、透气率得到降低,但是对樱桃保鲜的各项指标与对照组无明显差异。在此基础上添加丁香精油后,力学性能得到提升,抗氧化作用明显,并且对改善樱桃的保鲜效果显著增加。结论添加了DK4型MMT和丁香精油的PLA/PBSA薄膜有着较好的改性效果,并且有良好的保鲜效果。     

The Effect of Flame Treatment on Surface Properties and Heat Sealability of Low‐Density Polyethylene Coating

The target of this study is to investigate the correlation between surface properties and heat sealability of flame‐treated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) coating because it is vital to know how to modify the surface properties of LDPE coating without losing the heat sealing properties. Flame treatment showed a significant effect on the heat sealing properties of LDPE‐coated paper. For example, the heat sealing temperature of LDPE coating decreased or alternatively doubled, depending on the equivalence ratio (air–propane ratio) of flame treatment. In addition, the hot tack strength was significantly enhanced by flame treatment, which broadened the hot tack window of LDPE‐coated paper. The reason for the heat sealing performance of flame‐treated LDPE coating was believed to be related to the simultaneous reactions, that is, cross‐linking and chain scission, occurring on the LDPE surface. The molecular weight of LDPE surface increased or decreased, depending on the dominating reaction during flame treatment. This affected the chain mobility and the amount of chain interdiffusion across the seal interface and finally defined the heat sealing performance of LDPE‐coated paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蜂窝纸板面内平台应力表征

面内平台应力是评估蜂窝纸板面内承载性能的重要指标,且蜂窝纸板性能极易受环境湿度的影响.该文试验分析蜂窝纸板厚度、芯层和面层对其面内平台应力的影响;基于不同相对湿度条件下蜂窝原纸的纵向屈服强度,建立了相对湿度影响的蜂窝纸板面内平台应力模型,并与试验实测数据进行比较验证.结果表明:纸板厚度和面纸性能对蜂窝纸板面内平台应力有较大影响,芯层性能对其影响较小;所建立模型能较准确地反映环境相对湿度对纸蜂窝结构材料面内平台应力的影响.借助该模型,无需大量的试验,即可估算其考虑相对湿度的面内平台应力,为蜂窝纸板的配纸和合理选用提供理论依据.     

Cause and detection of off-odours in unprinted paperboard

Short-chain fatty acids are frequently responsible for off-odours in unprinted paperboard. They are formed as microbiological metabolic products in the circuit water of the paper mill and are absorbed on the paperboard. A gas chromatographic method for detecting these organic acids is described which seems to be suitable for quality control of unprinted paperboards. The various off-odours associated with paperboard can be explained via the specific composition of the fatty acids.     

蜂窝纸板振动传递特性的有限元仿真分析

目的针对蜂窝纸板的振动防护性能,研究不同结构和材料参数的蜂窝纸板振动传递特性的有限元仿真分析方法。方法利用有限元软件Abaqus/Standard建立蜂窝纸板-质量系统模型,设定2种蜂窝纸板,分别具有不同的面纸材料参数和蜂窝胞元边长。仿真分析蜂窝纸板的振动传递特性,并对其进行实验验证。结果通过仿真和实验得到了蜂窝纸板的振动传递率-频率曲线,共振频率的仿真结果与实验值误差小于3.43%,共振时振动传递率的仿真结果与实验值误差小于11.31%。结论利用该有限元仿真方法,能够获得不同结构和材料参数的蜂窝纸板的振动传递特性。仿真分析结果表明,面纸定量对蜂窝纸板振动传递特性的影响不大,而蜂窝胞元边长较大的蜂窝纸板,其系统共振频率较小,振动传递率变化不明显。