Comparative Study of Feeding Techniques for Three-Dimensional Cavity Resonators at 60 GHz

In this paper, various topologies of feeding structures are comparatively evaluated for 60-GHz three-dimensional integrated cavity resonators used in three-dimensional integrated RF modules. Three excitation techniques (slot excitation with a shorting via, slot excitation with a lambdag/4 open stub, probe excitation) have been evaluated using simulated and measured data. The probe excitation is demonstrated as an attractive option for wideband applications due to its relatively wide bandwidth performance (~1.8%) and the strongest external coupling. The slot excitation with an open stub outperforms the other techniques, exhibiting the lowest insertion loss (~0.84 dB) for a 3-dB bandwidth of about 1.5% centered at 59.2 GHz and has the simplest fabrication     

基于多模谐振的低剖面宽带贴片天线

为了增加贴片天线的工作带宽和改善其辐射特性,提出了一种基于多模谐振的低剖面贴片天线。通过在矩形贴片的非辐射边加载短路壁降低H面的高交叉极化,在贴片下方加载短路销钉提高TM_1/2,0模式的谐振频率（f_1/2,0）;然后在TM_3/2,0模式的零电流位置处切割一个矩形缝隙来激发辐射缝隙模式（TM_RS）,得到低剖面、宽频带和低交叉极化的三模谐振贴片天线;最后通过增加贴片宽度和调整天线结构,降低TM_1/2,2模式的频率（f _1/2,2）,实现了四模谐振。仿真和实测结果表明该四模谐振贴片天线在0.03λ₀的厚度下可将带宽增加到21.7% (2.67～3.32 GHz).     

Differentially slotted and differentially filled PIFAs

Based on a radiating and balanced mode decomposition it is shown that a planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with a slot between the feed and shorting pins (differentially slotted PIFA) gives improved impedance control and a slightly wider bandwidth. The bandwidth can be further enhanced using a PIFA that is partially filled with conductor between the feed and shorting pins (differentially filled PIFA) and tuned with a capacitor.     

应用于Wi-Fi频段的背腔式缝隙天线设计

采用波导反射模型分析了背腔深度对缝隙天线辐射特性的影响, 通过仿真计算, 确定了当背腔深度等于四分之一波导波长时, 金属背腔会使缝隙天线的输入电阻加倍, 但对输入电抗产生影响较小, 根据以上仿真结果, 提出了一种有效的背腔式缝隙天线的输入阻抗电路模型, 分析了馈电位置和缝隙长度对天线谐振点的影响, 为缝隙天线的多频点设计提供了理论依据.结合仿真工具, 设计了两类工作于Wi-Fi频段的背腔式缝隙天线:第一类天线工作于室外2.4 GHz频段; 第二类天线可以同时工作于2.4 GHz和5.2 GHz频段.最后, 对天线的S₁₁系数进行了实测, 实测与仿真结果基本一致.     

Center-fed microstrip patch antenna

A novel feeding scheme for microstrip patch antennas is presented, which consists of a coaxial probe and shorting pin separated by a narrow slot centrally cut at the radiating patch. The impedance and radiation characteristics of a conventional probe-fed microstrip patch antenna and the proposed microstrip patch antenna are experimentally examined and compared. The effects of the slot length on the antenna operation are also discussed.     

A reconfigurable slot aperture design over a broad-band substrate/feed structure

A novel dual-band reconfigurable aperture (RECAP) design is introduced for operation over a two-octave bandwidth. The proposed RECAP consists of interleaved crossed-slot elements for dual-polarized and broad-band array operation without grating lobes. The dimensions of the array elements can be reconfigured by using radio-frequency switches such as microelectromechanical systems or PIN diodes. The array elements along with the switches are integrated into the top layer of a multilayered composite structure consisting of passive, resistively loaded frequency selective surface (FSS) elements that form a broad-band ground plane system. Excitation is provided through a broad-band balanced/matched feed, and reconfiguration allows for broad-band operation using the same FSS substrate. Besides the FSS substrate, shorting pins can be employed within the cavity to enhance gain performance. Significant analysis and understanding of the FSS/slot array configuration is presented along with measurements that should serve as a reference in future developments of these layered arrays.     

Hybrid Planar Inverted‐F Antenna with a T‐Shaped Slot on the Ground Plane

In this letter, a novel hybrid planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) with a T‐shaped slot on the ground plane is proposed. The loop structure formed by the feed line and shorting pin can be operated as a series and shunt inductance for the PIFA and the T‐shaped slot antenna, respectively. The PIFA operates at a frequency of 1.75 GHz, while the T‐shaped slot on the ground plane operates at 2.4 GHz by the same voltage feeding source. The height of the PIFA is 6.5 mm, and the size of an upper patch is designed to be 30 mm…16 mm. The measured relative impedance bandwidth of the PIFA and the T‐shaped slot are about 12% and 21%, respectively. In addition, good antenna performance was achieved.     

Admittance of a rectangular slot which is backed by a rectangular cavity

The rectangular cavity backed slot is excited by a current source connected across its center. The longitudinal voltage variation across the slot is obtained from the variational solution of an integral equation. For shallow and narrow cavities the slot appears inductive and the voltage is rapidly attenuated along the slots. The slot may resonate for deeper and/or wider cavities, when the voltage along the slot is approximated by a half-cycle of a sine wave. The resonant cavity depth and the antenna bandwidth are examined for various cavity and Slot parameters. Dielectric cavity loading is shown to decrease both the resonant cavity depth and the antenna bandwidth.     

Quad Band Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity Backed Slot Antenna Using Balanced Shorting Vias

In this paper, low profile cavity-backed cross shaped slot antenna using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed for obtaining quad-band response. In order to generate four distinct frequencies, a crossed slot is etched on the back of the dielectric substrate and three balanced shorting vias (metallic vias) are included across the longitudinal slot. Furthermore, the electric field distribution has been utilized for understanding the working principle of the proposed design. Balanced shorting vias modify the current distributions of the cavity, which consequently produces two resonant frequencies in X-band and two more resonant frequencies in Ku-band. Finally, the proposed quad-band antenna is fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB) technology and the results are experimentally verified. With the height of 0.026λ₀, the measured results show that the proposed design resonates at 8.6 , 10.2 , 13.2 , and 14.8 GHz and exhibits a –10 dB impedance bandwidth more than 150 MHz at corresponding frequencies. The proposed antenna attains a peak gain of more than 6 dBi at the corresponding resonant frequencies, respectively. Those amicable characteristics, e.g., low profile, uni-directional radiation pattern, ease of fabrication, quad-band response and moderate gain, make the proposed antenna suitable for both radar and satellite systems.

     

微带天线散射截面减缩的两种方法及其综合

提出了一种加短路针来减缩微带天线散射横截面（RCS）的新方法,同时介绍了减缩RCS的另一种方法——开槽法以及这两种方法的综合应用。两种方法均不改变天线的谐振频率。文中进行了仿真。仿真分析表明,这两种方法对天线的辐射特性影响都很小,两者适当综合应用可在宽频带上较好地减缩微带天线的RCS。     

Rectangular and zonal slots on a sphere with a backing shell: theory and experiment

A rectangular slot antenna on a spherical cavity with a conducting backing shell is investigated rigorously. The Green's function approach is used to formulate an integral equation for the magnetic slot current, which is solved using the moment method. Two previously developed methods to evaluate the admittance integrals are used and compared with each other. Both methods use recurrence formulas and analytical integration to speed the computation. The slot and cavity resonances of the structure are studied. In particular, two simple formulas for the first two natural resonances of the cavity structure are given. The effects of the shell size, slot length, and cavity dielectric constant on the input impedance are discussed. Measurements were carried out to verify the theory, and very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. In addition, the zonal slot antenna on a spherical cavity with a conducting backing shell is studied. The effect of the shell radius on the input impedance is investigated and, again, very good agreement between theory and experiment is found.     

微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体耦合特性分析*

利用有限积分法仿真分析了微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体的耦合过程,分别分析了微波入射方向、 电场极化方向和微波频率对引信腔体耦合特性的影响。结果表明:微波入射角度为30°、电场极化方向与弹轴夹角 为30°时,耦合系数最大;引信探测电路位置处的微波场最强;随着微波频率增大,耦合系数存在明显减小的趋势,同 时存在多个共振增强的频率点。分析表明,对于环状孔缝而言,其共振频率与矩形孔缝不同,且数值与环状孔缝的 圆周长成反比。     

Size reduction of cavity-backed slot antennas

A technique for reducing the dimensions of the cavity of a cavity-backed slot antenna (CBSA) is presented, which facilitates proper fabrication and integration of miniaturized slot antennas on multilayer substrates. This is accomplished by replacing the solid metal around the traditional slot antennas with a specific metallic pattern that can be viewed as a series of parallel strip lines placed around the slot antenna. This metallic pattern is then modified by designing the parallel strips in a compact fashion to reduce the overall antenna dimensions and obtain a reduced-size CBSA. It is shown that, for a simple straight slot antenna, the overall occupied volume of the modified cavity backing the slot antenna can be reduced by more than 65% without affecting the high radiation efficiency of the antenna. A number of traditional cavity backed slot antennas and the proposed modified CBSAs are designed, fabricated, and measured. The reduced-size CBSAs show a very low input VSWR, low cross-polarized radiation levels, and high radiation efficiency. Despite their small ground plane size, the proposed cavity backed slot antennas have front-to-back ratio (FTBR) values in the range of 6-7 dB.     

短路针加载三角形微带贴片天线的研究

短路针加载微带贴片天线具有较低的谐振频率,特别适用于低频便携式通信设备(如手机)中.与短路针加载矩形和圆形贴片天线相比,短路针加载三角形贴片天线具有更低的谐振频率.本文基于腔模理论,利用未加载三角形贴片天线的静态模,提出了短路针加载三角形贴片天线的理论分析方法,给出了天线谐振频率、输入阻抗及反射损耗的计算公式.数值计算与实测结果相吻合,表明这种分析方法是有效的.     

Diversity metal-plate planar inverted-F antenna for WLAN operation

A diversity metal-plate planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) mounted on a PCMCIA network card for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. The diversity antenna comprises two back-to-back PIFAs, with their shorting plates facing each other, and has a small protruded length of 6 mm only, when the PCMCIA network card is inserted into the interface slot of a laptop. The antenna shows good antenna gain, and can provide spatial diversity to combat the multipath interference problem.     

WLAN小型双频微带天线的设计与分析

在分析传统缝隙微带天线的基础上,用传输线和空腔模型设计了一种可用于WiFi、WiMAX的WLAN微带天线。在贴片与接地板之间引入短路面使天线实现小型化,在贴片上开U型缝隙产生双频辐射,采用较低介电常数的介质基板和添加空气腔展宽了天线的带宽。仿真结果表明,当电压驻波比VSWR<2.0时,天线在2.45 GHz带宽为200 MHz(2.35～2.55 GHz),增益达到3.8 dB;在5.2 GHz带宽为1 050 MHz(5.0～6.05 GHz)增益达到8.8 dB。该天线覆盖了WLAN的所有频段,整体性能良好,增益较高,结构简单,易于实现,可以为实际无线通信系统的应用提供参考。     

Theory and experiment of the cavity-backed slot-excited dielectricresonator antenna

A slot-excited hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna backed by a rectangular cavity is studied theoretically and experimentally. The magnetic-type dyadic Green's function for the rectangular cavity is derived using the mode-matching method. An integral equation for the equivalent magnetic current is obtained by enforcing the boundary condition across the slot. The moment method with the Galerkin's procedure is then used to find the magnetic current in the slot and, hence, the input impedance of the antenna. Measurements were carried out to verify the theory and good agreement is obtained. The effects of the slot inclination angle, of the slot offset, and of the cavity size on the input impedance are discussed     

Analysis of L-probe Proximity Fed Annular Ring Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

In the present paper, annular ring patch antenna with L-probe feeding has been analyzed using modal expansion cavity model. The proposed antenna shows wide band and ultra wide band operation which depends on the position of L-probe feeding and position of the shorting pin. For the fundamental \(\hbox {TM}_{11}\) mode, the bandwidth and gain is found to be 38.85 % and 7.8 dBi while for higher order \(\hbox {TM}_{12}\) mode bandwidth is obtained 58.71 % with corresponding gain of 6.1 dBi. The effect of shorting pin on the proposed antenna is also studied and it is found that the radiating structure is more compact in nature and improves the bandwidth upto 47.37 % with 8.0 dBi gain. Further, the proposed antenna has broadside radiation pattern over the entire bandwidth. The theoretical results are compared with IE3D simulated results which are in good agreement.     

Patch antenna fed by shorted coplanar microstrip line

A novel dual-frequency patch antenna fed by a coplanar microstrip line is presented. By embedding a shorting pin in the microstrip feed line, the proposed antenna is capable of operating at two distinct modes with different radiation characteristics: omnidirectional shorting-pin-loaded patch mode and broadside regular patch mode. In addition, the frequency ratio of the two resonant frequencies is also tunable in the range 3.7-2.7 by loading an additional slot in the microstrip patch.     

Theory and experiment of the hemispherical cavity-backed slotantenna

The hemispherical cavity-backed slot antenna is studied theoretically and experimentally. The exact magnetic field Green's function of the cavity is derived rigorously and expressed in a form convenient for numerical computation. The moment method is used to find the equivalent magnetic current in the slot and, hence, the input impedance of the antenna configuration. The effects of the cavity size, of the slot length, and of the slot offset on the input impedance are studied and very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The variation of the magnetic current around the slot and cavity resonances are discussed. Comparisons between the rigorous solution and the single-mode theory are given and the limitation of the single-mode theory is discussed