美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性

该文综述美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性及其国内外研究进展,并对其抗氧化机理进行一些探讨。     

全面认识谷物原料清液发酵生产酒精

从原料综合利用和技术进步等角度分析了谷物原料清液发酵生产酒精的优劣，提倡谷物原料综合利用走清液发酵生产酒精之路。     

Antioxidative Maillard Reaction Products from Reducing Sugars and Free Amino Acids in Cooked Ground Pork Patties

Fifteen preformed Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared by refluxing 0.2M of three individual reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, and dihydroxyacetone) with 0.2M of five free amino acids (arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and tryptophan). MRP were added (3% v/w basis) to fresh ground pork patties prior to cooking and cooked to internal temperature 68°C and stored ai 4°C for 10 days. Samples were analyzed for TBA value on dav 0. 5. and 10. MRP were effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation in groind‘pdrk patties. The most effective were xyloselysine, xylose-tryptophan, dihydroxyacetone-histidine, and dihydroxy-acetone-tryptophan when compared to controls. A significant interaction (P < 0.001) existed between reducing sugars and amino acids.     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects and Sensory Attributes of Chinese 5-Spice Ingredients in Cooked Ground Beef

ABSTRACT This study determined antioxidant and sensory characteristics of cinnamon, cloves, fennel, pepper, and star anise (Chinese 5‐spice ingredients) in cooked ground beef. Total aerobic plate counts were also measured. Mean thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were high (3.4 ppm) for control cooked ground beef samples. With 1% use level, all spice treatments had lower pooled mean TBA values than controls. At the lowest use level of 0.1% of meat weight, all spices except pepper had lower TBA values than controls. Treatments with 0.1% cloves had lower (P < 0.05) TBA values than 0.1% levels of other individual spices. Star anise, fennel, pepper, and cinnamon samples at 0.5% use level had lower mean TBA values than controls, but not different from 1.0% levels, respectively. Thus, the lowest effective spice level for cloves was 0.1% and 0.5% for the other spices. There was a high correlation (P < 0.01) between TBA values and panel scores for rancid odor and flavor (0.83 and 0.78, respectively). Spice flavor was inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with rancid odor and flavor (‐0.57 and ‐0.61, respectively). The 5‐spice blends did not affect microbial load of cooked samples compared with controls. In conclusion, all spices and blends had a dual effect, reducing rancid odor/flavor and imparting a distinctive flavor to cooked ground beef.     

Fat, Soy and Carrageenan Effects on Sensory and Physical Characteristics of Ground Beef Patties

Sensory and physical characteristics of beef patties containing 20% fat, 8% fat, or 8% fat plus 20% soy protein isolate (SI), soy flour (SF), soy concentrate (SC), or a mixture (MIX) of carrageenan (0.5%), starch (0.5%), and phosphate (0.2%) were compared after 0, 4, 8, and 12 wks storage at - 18°C. MIX had higher Hunter a* values than other treatments. Cook loss was lowest for MIX and highest for all beef patties. Soy extenders decreased beefy flavor and increased off-flavor scores. Time in frozen storage increased off-flavor, rubbery texture, and TBA value, and decreased red color and Hunter b* value of ground beef patties. Quality may be lowered in frozen-stored high fat, or low-fat-soy extended beef patties.     

Sensory Evaluation of Ground Beef Stored in High-oxygen Modified Atmosphere Packaging

ABSTRACT: The quality of ground beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% O₂ and 20% CO₂) was evaluated and compared to controls stored in oxygen-impermeable chubs. Patties were formed from the stored ground meat at d 1, 6, and 10. Color, microbial load, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number, and sensory acceptability were measured. Patties from both treatments bloomed to red with a* values > 16. Aerobic plate counts increased to 9 × 10⁵CFU/gby 10 d storage, but were not different (p < 0.05) between treatments. TBA number of high-oxygen samples increased to 2.1 after 10 d, compared to 0.8 for controls. The flavor of samples in high-oxygen were rated less desirable after 6 or 10 d.     

Fat Level and Freezing Temperature Affect Sensory, Shear, Cooking and Compositional Properties of Ground Beef Patties

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of two targeted fat levels (6, 20%) and two freezing temperatures (?43, ?20°C) on sensory, shear, cooking and compositional properties of beef patties. Select grade beef rounds (IMPS 161) were used as the lean source for patties with U.S. Choice plates as the fat source. The 20% fat formulation had increased beef flavor and initial tenderness (?20°C frozen patties only) scores, but had higher instrumental shear values compared to the 6% fat patties. Freezing patties (especially those of 6% fat) at ?43°C greatly improved sensory and instrumental tenderness. Faster freezing reduced fat retention of 20% fat patties during cooking. Use of Select grade beef rounds coupled with rapid freezing is suggested for producing acceptable low-fat ground beef patties.     

Sensory Evaluation of Irradiated Ground Beef Patties for the National School Lunch Program

ABSTRACT: The 2002 Farm Bill allows irradiated ground beef to be distributed in the Natl. School Lunch Program (NSLP). Sensory properties of irradiated ground beef specified for the NSLP were evaluated. Frozen ground beef patties with 15% fat content were either not irradiated or irradiated at doses of 1.35 and 3.0 kGy. Aroma, taste, aftertaste, and texture as well as overall liking of cooked patties after 0 and 6 mo of storage were evaluated using nontrained panels. Results showed that irradiation had no significant ( P > 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes either at 0 or after 6 mo of storage. Average ratings of liking of aroma, taste, aftertaste, and overall were higher at 6 mo than at 0 mo.     

Microbiological, Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Vacuum-Packaged Ground Beef Patties Treated with Salts of Organic Acids

Vacuum-packaged ground beef patties containing sodium lactate (NaL), sodium propionate (NaP), sodium acetate (NaA) and sodium citrate (NaC) at various levels and combinations were stored up to 28 days at 4°C. Addition of sodium lactate alone or in combination with sodium propionate increased shelf life of the patties by decreasing microbiological growth and decreasing negative flavor notes associated with lipid oxidation. Lean color also was improved by addition of sodium lactate alone or in combination with sodium propionate. Lipid oxidation by TBA was only slightly affected by treatment addition or storage.     

Low Fat Level Effects on Sensory, Shear, Cooking, and Chemical Properties of Ground Beef Patties

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of targeted fat level (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20%) on sensory, shear, cooking and chemical properties of ground beef patties. Frozen patties from all fat levels were cooked to achieve similar cooking yields. As fat levels decreased, tenderness, juiciness and flavor ratings decreased and shear force increased, with more pronounced differences at lower fat levels. Patties processed with 0% fat were rated lower in juiciness and flavor compared to all other fat levels. These studies suggested that alterations in processing and cooking would probably be necessary to achieve acceptance of extremely low-fat beef patties.     

TBA Values and 7-Ketocholesterol in Refrigerated Raw and Cooked Ground Beef

Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and 7-ketocholesterol were determined on raw and cooked ground beef patties after 0, 2, and 4 days of storage at 4°C. The mean 7-ketocholesterol at days 0, 2, and 4 was 9.65, 23.8, and 42.3 μg for 100g raw patties and 6.33, 277.9, and 484.7 kg for 100g cooked patties. The TBA values increased after 2 and 4 days for the raw and cooked patties. TBA values and 7-ketocholesterol were correlated with each other for raw (r²= 0.82) and cooked (r²= 0.98) patties. The peak suspected to be 7-ketocholesterol was confirmed by mass spectral analysis. The 7-ketocholesterol in the cooked patties stored two days represented a 0.3% oxidation of the free cholesterol.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Textural Assessment of Cooked Ground Beef Patties

Cohesiveness of extruded, sliced hamburger patties from two manufacturers was studied in relation to cooking performance. Tensile determinations of ultimate strength and toughness were related to cohesiveness as measured with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Light and environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to relate physical and macroscopic observations. Very cohesive samples had values of ultimate strength 7>1.45N and toughness >3.70 × 10^?4J, and noncohesive samples had values of ultimate strength <0.90N and toughness <1.50 × 10^?4J. Tensile results allowed discrimination between levels of cohesiveness among ground beef patties and could serve as a monitoring device to ensure consistency and indicate failure of the product at the serving outlet.     

Fat Content Influences the Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

ABSTRACT:  Ground beef with 10%, 15%, or 20% fat were added with none, 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01%α-tocopherol, or 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01%α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol, and irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy. The meat samples were displayed under fluorescent light for 14 d at 4 °C. Color, lipid oxidation, volatiles, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and carbon monoxide (CO) production were determined during storage. Irradiation increased lipid oxidation and total volatiles of ground beef regardless of fat contents. Ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol treatment was the most effective in reducing lipid oxidation during storage. The production of ethanol in nonirradiated ground beef increased dramatically after 7 d of storage due to microbial growth. Total aldehydes and hexanal increased drastically in irradiated control over the storage period, but hexanal increased the most by irradiation.  L *-values was decreased by irradiation, but increased in all meat regardless of fat contents as storage period increased. Irradiation reduced the redness, but fat contents had no effect on the  a *-value of ground beef. Sesamol lowered, but ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol maintained the redness of irradiated beef up to 2 wk of storage. The yellowness of meat was significantly decreased by irradiation. The reducing power of ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol lasted for 3 d, after which ORP values increased. Irradiation increased CO production regardless of fat content in ground beef. In conclusion, up to 20% fat had no effect on the quality change of irradiated ground beef if ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol was added.     

pH值对牛肉酶解物美拉德产物风味特性的影响

本研究旨在探讨pH值(5.0~6.5)对牛肉酶解物美拉德反应产物(enzymic beef hydrolysate Maillard reaction product,EBH-MRP)风味特性的影响。结果表明:随着pH值的增加,EBH-MRP的感官特性主要从肉香、咸鲜味向烤香、苦味发展,对空白鸡汤的鲜味提升作用由强至弱,醇厚感提升作用稳步增强。苦味与烤香间存在显著的正相关关系,过度的烤香不仅掩盖肉香,还意味着苦味物质的生成,抑制味蕾对鲜味、鲜味提升作用及醇厚感的感知强度。结合风味物质含量的测定发现,肉香既不与重要前驱物半胱氨酸(Cys)的参与量具有相关性,也不与关键肉香味物质的含量具有相关性。说明肉香的感知是多类气味物质共同调控的结果,且生成机制极为复杂。此外,含氮杂环气味物质的总含量与烤香间有着极显著的正相关关系;大于3 000 D的糖肽交联产物对苦味具有一定贡献;适当的肽降解作用有利于醇厚感的提升。     

Evaluation of Garam Masala Spices and Phosphates as Antioxidants in Cooked Ground Beef

ABSTRACT:  This study determined antioxidant effects and sensory attributes of individual ingredients (black pepper, caraway, cardamom, chili powder, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel, ginger, nutmeg, salt, star anise) of an Indian spice blend (garam masala) in cooked ground beef. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured as an indicator of rancidity for cooked samples on 1-, 8-, or 15-d refrigerated storage. Cooked samples were evaluated by a trained panel ( n = 13) for the intensity of rancid odor/flavor, beef flavor, and spice flavor and correlated with TBA values of same day samples. We also investigated possible additive effects between spice antioxidants and iron binding (type II) antioxidants on lipid oxidation by measuring TBA values. All spices had antioxidant effects on cooked ground beef, compared to controls. Among spices, cloves were the most effective in controlling lipid oxidation, with TBA values of 0.75, after 15-d refrigerated storage. All spices at their recommended levels lowered rancid odor and flavor in cooked ground beef, compared to controls. As expected, most spices also imparted distinctive flavors to cooked ground beef. There was a positive correlation (0.77) between TBA values on 15-d refrigerated storage and rancid odor/flavor. Type II antioxidants (iron-binding phosphate compounds) were more effective than individual type I antioxidants (spices and butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT) for maintenance of low TBA values in cooked ground beef during storage. Additive effects were observed with rosemary + milk mineral or sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) compared to rosemary alone.     

Effect of Antioxidant Application Methods on the Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

ABSTRACT:  Four antioxidant treatments (none, 0.05% ascorbic acid, 0.01%α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol, and 0.05% ascorbic acid + 0.01%α-tocopherol + 0.01% sesamol) were applied to ground beef using either mixing or spraying method. The meat samples were placed on Styrofoam trays, irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy, and then stored for 7 d at 4 °C. Color, lipid oxidation, volatiles, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and carbon monoxide (CO) production were determined at 0, 3, and 7 d of storage. Irradiation increased lipid oxidation of ground beef with control and ascorbic acid treatments after 3 d of storage. α-Tocopherol + sesamol and ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol treatments were effective in slowing down lipid oxidation in ground beef during storage regardless of application methods, but mixing was better than the spraying method. Irradiation lowered L *-value and a *-value of ground beef. Storage had no effect on lightness but redness decreased with storage. Ascorbic acid was the most effective in maintaining redness of ground beef followed by ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol. Irradiation and storage reduced the b *-value of ground beef. Irradiation lowered ORP of ground beef regardless of antioxidants application methods, but ORP was lower in beef with mixing than spraying method. Beef sprayed with antioxidants produced more hydrocarbons and alcohols than the mixing application, but ascorbic acid +α-tocopherol + sesamol treatment was effective in reducing the amount of volatiles produced by irradiation. Therefore, mixing was better than the spraying method in preventing lipid oxidation and maintaining color of irradiated ground beef.     

乳清蛋白肽美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性与稳定性

以乳清蛋白碱性蛋白酶水解物为原料与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应,制备得到乳清蛋白肽美拉德反应产物（whey protein peptide Maillard reaction products,WPP-MRPs）,并研究其抗氧化活性以及温度、pH值、光照、金属离子和过氧化氢对其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,WPP-MRPs具有较强的总还原力、羟自由基（·OH）清除能力和2,2’-连氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基（ABTS+·）清除能力,且抗氧化活性随着WPP-MRPs质量浓度的增加而加强。WPP-MRPs在90～100 ℃时具有较高的活性;在碱性环境中的抗氧化活性大于在中性及酸性环境中;室外自然光照射会降低WPP-MRPs抗氧化活性;金属离子Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+和氧化剂--过氧化氢能够显著降低WPP-MRPs的抗氧化活性。     

Fat Level, High Temperature Cooking and Degree of Doneness Affect Sensory, Chemical and Physical Properties of Beef Patties

Ground beef patties containing either 4 or 20% fat were cooked by electric grill (G) alone or in combination with overhead broiler unit (BG) to be (visually) either medium or well-done. Patties with 20% fat had higher beef flavor intensity, juiciness and tenderness scores, lower Instron shear and compression values, and lower cooking yields than 4% fat patties. However, 4% fat patties cooked to medium, had similar sensory ratings to 20% fat patties cooked well-done. About 20% of patties cooked to medium did not reach recommended internal temperatures and holding times for food safety.     

酶解牛肉蛋白肽在美拉德反应中降解趋势

目的：研究牛肉蛋白肽在美拉德(Maillard)反应体系中肽的降解变化,探究肽Maillard反应体系中肉香味产物与反应物之间的对应关系。方法：分别建立牛肉酶解液及由其制得肽的Maillard反应体系以及肽的热降解反应体系;用高效尺寸排阻色谱、GC-MS方法分别对牛肉蛋白肽和Maillard反应产物进行分析。结果：牛肉蛋白酶解肽在Maillard反应之后与热降解反应之后的尺寸排阻色谱图并不相同,GC-MS方法从牛肉酶解液的Maillard反应体系中检测出36种化合物,肽的反应体系中则检测出31种。结论：牛肉蛋白肽参与Maillard反应的主体部分分子质量介于1000～2000D之间;肽参与的Maillard反应体系中,呋喃与呋喃酮类物质主要产生于糖类的热降解反应,吡嗪类物质产生于肽和木糖的反应,噻唑、噻吩类及硫醇类物质主要由硫胺素降解产生。