基于三维粗糙元的新型边界层转捩控制技术研究

三维离散型粗糙元是一种具有广阔应用前景的新型边界层转捩诱导与控制技术。针对二维粗糙带转捩位置滞后、难以控制横流转捩的固有缺陷,提出了一种基于三维离散型粗糙元的新型边界层转捩技术。理论估算了离散型粗糙元的外形参数,研制成功了固化快、易于成型且附着力强的粗糙元配方及高精度制作工艺。选用二维翼型和三维组合体模型,采用测压、测力、升华法和红外成像法,风洞实验验证了离散型粗糙带的转捩和附加阻力特性。通过数值计算研究了粗糙元的尺度效应,获得了粗糙元直径d、高度k和间距l对其转捩特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,该新型离散型粗糙带附加阻力小,转捩位置准确,性能可靠、稳定。该文所得成果为固定转捩风洞实验与层流控制创建了一种新的技术手段,同时也为进一步开展离散型粗糙元的转捩机理研究提供了参考依据。     

数值模拟大气边界层中解决壁面函数问题的方法研究

在雷诺平均N-S方程湍流模型框架内,壁面函数常用来模型化壁面附近的低雷诺数流动。探讨基于标准湍流模型数值模拟大气边界层中出现的壁面函数问题。在已有标准壁面函数基础上,通过增加一个附加项来模型化地表上面建筑结构等粗糙元由于大小不一、错乱分布对地表附近空气流动产生的附加影响。通过模拟缩尺比为1∶300的具有较大空气动力学粗糙长度的中性大气边界层,以及缩尺比为1∶50的TTU低矮建筑模型在中性大气边界层内的绕流,对附加项的有效性和使用场合进行评估和说明。结果表明:附加项对于解决壁面函数问题,即在计算域内保持来流边界条件是必要的。     

数值模拟大气边界层中解决壁面函数问题方法研究

在雷诺平均N-S方程湍流模型框架内,壁面函数常用来模型化壁面附近的低雷诺数流动。探讨基于标准湍流模型数值模拟大气边界层中出现的壁面函数问题。在已有标准壁面函数基础上,通过增加一个附加项来模型化地表上面建筑结构等粗糙元由于大小不一、错乱分布对地表附近空气流动产生的附加影响。通过模拟缩尺比为1∶300的具有较大空气动力学粗糙长度的中性大气边界层,以及缩尺比为1∶50的TTU低矮建筑模型在中性大气边界层内的绕流,对附加项的有效性和使用场合进行评估和说明。结果表明:附加项对于解决壁面函数问题,即在计算域内保持来流边界条件是必要的。     

相似换热器的设计与经验公式修正

从表面式换热器经验公式的适用范围考虑,提出相似换热器的结构设计方法。同时,分别对水侧阻力和空气侧阻力的经验公式进行研究,通过对水侧阻力公式引入流程当量长度,对空气侧阻力公式引入密度变量进行试验分析,从而得出优化的计算公式。     

微间隙液体粘性阻力分析

微谐振器是微机电系统中应用最广泛的器件之一,由于加工工艺和环境潮湿等原因,在微间隙结构中常常会有液体存在,从而产生液体粘性阻力,对可动部件的运动、微器件性能的发挥产生影响.通过液体粘性阻力的分析,建立了上平板做简谐振动的微间隙液体粘性阻力模型,进行了理论计算及仿真分析.结果表明:液体粘性阻力随着平板振动的频率、最大振动速度、流体密度、流体动力粘度以及平板面积的增大而增大,而仿真分析得出的边界层厚度和流体对平板的剪切应力与理论值基本符合.     

硅掺杂类金刚石薄膜微米尺度摩擦性能研究

采用微米级别的AFM球头探针对硅掺杂类金刚石薄膜进行了摩擦实验。研究了微米尺度下,外加载荷和扫描速率对薄膜摩擦性能的影响。考虑粘附的影响,提出了适用于微观低载荷接触摩擦力表征的修正Amonton公式。分析了摩擦系数与表面形貌粗糙峰之间的关系,根据薄膜表面粗糙峰的分布,建立了微米尺度下球头探针与薄膜表面粗糙峰的等效接触模型,并推导出了摩擦力f关于载荷参数(p)和形貌参数()的函数表达式f(p,),表明单位面积接触粗糙峰密度对摩擦力大小起着主导作用。所建接触模型成功解释了摩擦实验现象产生的原因。     

钢筋砼结构爆炸后碎块抛射和散布的研究

为了解结构发生突发性爆炸后,对周围环境及生命财产安全所造成的危害,综合应用各种计算机数值仿真技术,对爆炸中所产生的碎块在空气中的飞行过程及其散布特性进行了数值模拟.数值模拟以LS-DYNA程序对结构的爆炸实时响应模拟结果为基础,采用自行编写的C++程序进行碎块飞行和散布的计算.碎块自由飞行时所受到的空气阻力与其速度的平方成正比,在各试验结果的基础上,对碎块的阻力系数提出合理的假设,并应用于阻力公式及运动方程.在进行碎块散布特性的统计分析时,提出了一些重要的统计分析数据项及方法,这些统计结果和方法将有助于理性地了解结构物爆炸所造成的危害.     

基于分形的三维粗糙表面弹塑性接触力学模型与试验验证

基于分形几何理论,利用双变量的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数模拟三维分形粗糙表面,建立了三维分形粗糙表面弹塑性接触模型。推导出各等级微凸体发生弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性变形的存在条件。确定了粗糙表面上各等级微凸体的面积分布密度函数,获得了总接触载荷和真实接触面积之间的关系式。计算结果表明:单个微凸体的临界接触面积与其尺寸相关,随着微凸体等级的增大,微凸体的高度和峰顶曲率半径减小。微凸体的变形顺序为弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形,与经典的赫兹模型保持一致。粗糙表面的力学性能仅与最小等级及后续的6个等级微凸体相关,其余微凸体基本上对整个粗糙表面的力学性能影响很小。最后对粗糙表面的接触力学性能进行了试验测试,验证了该模型的合理性与正确性。     

基于模糊聚类与神经网络的风蚀危险性评估研究——以内蒙古自治区为例

土地沙化和沙尘暴是中国北方农牧交错带严重的生态环境问题。在地理信息系统的支持下,论文建立风蚀自然因子栅格数据库;选取二连浩特—张家口为典型样带,综合运用模糊聚类技术、专家知识以及神经网络技术,构建区域风蚀危险度评估模型,分析内蒙古自治区风蚀危险性空间分布格局。结果显示：综合应用模糊聚类以及神经网络技术可以有效地对风蚀危险度进行评价,内蒙古自治区风蚀危险性呈现＂西高东低、中间过渡＂的总体趋势,这与该区域的自然、气候与土地利用背景较吻合,其中,风蚀极险型区域主要分布在阿拉善高原的西北部,面积6.9×104km2;强险型土壤风蚀地区主要位于阴山山脉周围、穿越巴丹吉林沙漠、浑善达克沙地与锡林郭勒盟高原西北部,面积4.3×104km2;危险型风蚀区域大致位于极险和强险之间,面积是1.5×105km2;轻险型土壤风蚀区域主要位于内蒙古的中部,面积为7.5×105km2;风蚀无险型区域主要位于大兴安岭周围,面积1.4×105km2。     

探针尺寸对Si-DLC薄膜表面粘附和摩擦的影响

采用AFM尖头探针、球头探针和平头探针对Si-DLC膜进行摩擦实验,研究了薄膜的微观摩擦力学性能,探讨了不同接触尺度下薄膜表面粘附力及摩擦产生的机理,建立了不同探针与薄膜表面粗糙峰的接触模型,推导了表面粘附力与接触面积的关系表达式,表明在微观接触中,接触面积对粘附力起着主导作用。尖头探针与薄膜表面的微观摩擦系数取决于表面粗糙峰的斜率,与粗糙峰的高度相关不大;球头探针与薄膜表面的摩擦力主要取决于单位面积接触粗糙峰密度;平头探针与薄膜表面的摩擦力主要取决于外加载荷,表面形貌的微观尺寸效应可忽略。     

Compression and shear of a layer of granular material

A classical problem in metal plasticity is the compression of a block of material between rigid platens. The corresponding problem for a layer of granular material that conforms to the Coulomb-Mohr yield condition and the double-shearing theory for the velocity field has also been solved. A layer of granular material between rough rigid plates that is subjected to both compression and shearing forces is considered. Analytical solutions are obtained for the stress and velocity fields in the layer. The known solutions for steady simple shear and pure compression are recovered as special cases. Yield loads are determined for combined compression and shear in the case of Coulomb friction boundary conditions. Numerical results which describe the stress and velocity fields in terms of the normal and shear forces on the layer at yield are presented for the case in which the surfaces of the platens are perfectly rough. Post-yield behaviour is briefly considered.     

Compression and shear of a layer of granular material

A classical problem in metal plasticity is the compression of a block of material between rigid platens. The corresponding problem for a layer of granular material that conforms to the Coulomb-Mohr yield condition and the double-shearing theory for the velocity field has also been solved. A layer of granular material between rough rigid plates that is subjected to both compression and shearing forces is considered. Analytical solutions are obtained for the stress and velocity fields in the layer. The known solutions for steady simple shear and pure compression are recovered as special cases. Yield loads are determined for combined compression and shear in the case of Coulomb friction boundary conditions. Numerical results which describe the stress and velocity fields in terms of the normal and shear forces on the layer at yield are presented for the case in which the surfaces of the platens are perfectly rough. Post-yield behaviour is briefly considered.     

Experimental and numerical study of granular medium-rough wall interface friction

Wall roughness plays a crucial role in granular medium - rough wall interface friction. In this study, an experimental device has been designed to study the influence of boundary conditions, more specifically wall roughness, on the behavior of sheared granular medium. The study is based on use of an analog model, and consists of simulating roughness by means of notches and grains in the medium by monodisperse beads and on use of a numerical model based on the discrete element method. The test protocol entails displacing at fixed speed notched rods under confined granular medium. Movement of the beads layer near the rods as well as friction of the beads against the rods are both studied herein. Results indicate that the parameter controlling friction at the granular medium - rough wall interface is primarily the depth of beads embedment in surface asperities. The objective of the associated numerical modeling is to supplement the experimental results.     

Effect of boundary vibration on the frictional behavior of a dense sheared granular layer

We report results of 3D discrete element method simulations aiming at investigating the role of the boundary vibration in inducing frictional weakening in sheared granular layers. We study the role of different vibration amplitudes applied at various shear stress levels, for a granular layer in the stick-slip regime and in the steady-sliding regime. Results are reported in terms of friction drops and kinetic energy release associated with frictional weakening events. We find that a larger vibration amplitude induces larger frictional weakening events. The results show evidence of a threshold below which no induced frictional weakening takes place. Friction drop size is found to be dependent on the shear stress at the time of vibration. A significant increase in the ratio between the number of slipping contacts to the number of sticking contacts in the granular layer is observed for large vibration amplitudes. These vibration-induced contact rearrangements enhance particle mobilization and induce a friction drop and kinetic energy release. This observation provides some insight into the grain-scale mechanisms of frictional weakening by boundary vibration in a dense sheared granular layer. In addition to characterizing the basic physics of vibration-induced shear weakening, we are attempting to understand how a fault fails in the earth under seismic wave forcing. This is the well-known phenomenon of dynamic earthquake triggering. We believe that the granular physics are key to this understanding.     

风环境风洞模拟研究及其舒适性判断

某些建筑布局会引起很强的局部风,带来不舒适的风环境问题,通过风洞模拟实验研究可以解决这一问题.从大气边界层模拟、建筑模型风洞试验、风统计特性、风环境舒适性判断等方面介绍了几种风环境风洞模拟研究方法.     

中小尺度嵌套下考虑停机位置的大型风力机体系风振响应分析

国内外风工程界采用的风力机体系风效应分析方法通常基于良态气候模式,而台风边界层风特性不同于良态气候模式,台风作用过程中会表现出明显的时空变异性和多尺度涡结构。针对现存土木工程台风模型理论体系过度简化的问题,引入考虑真实台风场强变异性和衰减效应的中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)对“鹦鹉”台风进行高时空分辨率模拟,重点对比台风登陆前、登陆时和登陆后台风风向和风强特征,并结合模拟台风中心路径与实测路径的对比结果验证了中尺度台风“鹦鹉”模拟的有效性。以中国东南沿海地区某风电厂5 MW水平轴风力机为对象,基于WRF模拟获得近地面三维风场数据,并结合小尺度CFD大涡模拟技术分别对叶片单个旋转周期不同停机位置工况进行三维非定常数值模拟。在此基础上,结合有限元完全瞬态法对不同停机工况进行了风振响应动力时程分析,提炼出停机位置对体系风振响应和风振系数的影响规律,最终归纳总结了台风作用下大型风力机体系最不利停机位置。结果表明:采用WRF模式可以有效模拟近地面台风风场,拟合的台风剖面指数为0.076;台风下塔架内力和风振系数显著增大,尤其是与塔架相对位置最近的叶片风振响应最为不利,内力最大增幅达35%。分析发现:当台风作用下大型风力机处于停机状态,下叶片与塔架完全重合(工况1)时为最不利,旋转至上叶片完全重合(工况5)时安全余度最大。     

Determining particulate–solid interphase strength using shear-induced anisotropy

The resistance to shear deformation developed by a granular material layer in contact with a topographically rough natural or manufactured solid material surface is critical to the stability of a variety of composite systems. By using discrete-element method numerical simulations, we show that evolution of fabric and contact force anisotropy at the boundary between the surface and the granular media controls shear behavior. Full mobilization of granular material strength occurs when the contact force anisotropy developed at the interface is equal to the maximum contact force anisotropy of the granular media.     

Development of a New Wind-Blown-Dust Emission Module Using Comparative Assessment of Existing Dust Models

A new wind-blown dust emission module has been fabricated to be used in investigating the development and transport of Asian dust storms. A number of different dust emission models currently used worldwide were critically compared to collect the state-of-the-art schemes for each parameterization step of the wind erosion process. Thorough assessment of the dust models were conducted with an aid of literature review to judge the advantages and drawbacks of each model. The threshold friction velocity for smooth dry surface, the drag partitioning effect by non-erodible surface roughness elements, the soil moisture effect, the positive feedback of the saltating soil particles to the friction velocity, the saltation scheme calculating the horizontal soil flux, and the sandblasting scheme calculating the vertical dust emission flux were considered. A new wind-blown dust emission model was developed using the best components determined based on the analyses of this study. The predictions of the size-resolved wind-blown dust emission by different models were compared for the first time with a field measurement available in the literature. The new model developed in this study showed a reasonably good agreement with the measurement (agreement index of 0.91).     

FE-investigation of shear localization in granular bodies under high shear rate

Shear localization in granular materials under high shear rate is analysed with the finite element method and a micro-polar hypoplastic constitutive model enhanced by viscous terms. We consider plane strain shearing of an infinitely long and narrow granular strip of initially dense sand between two very rough walls under conditions of free dilatancy. The constitutive model can reproduce the essential features of granular materials during shear localization. The calculations are performed under quasi-static and dynamic conditions with different shear rates. In dynamic regime, the viscosity terms are formulated based on a modified Newtonian fluid and according to the formula by Stadler and Buggisch (Proceedings of the conference on Reliable flow of particulate solids, EFCE Pub. Series, vol 49. Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, 1985). Emphasis is given to the influence of inertial and viscous forces on the shear zone thickness and mobilized wall friction angle.