Effect of the nutritional recovery on the concentration of Interleukin-2 in severely malnourished children

The severely malnourished child has dysfunction of the immune response that may increase the risk of morbidity or mortality due to infectious diseases, therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of intensive nutritional support on the cellular and serum concentration of IL-2 and CD4+, as well as CD8+ T cells in children with severe protein energy malnutrition. A clinical assay was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. 10 severely malnourished children < 48 months of age who received formula without lactose via enteral feeding for two weeks and ad libitum for an additional two weeks were included. Cellular and serum concentrations of IL-2 and the subpopulation of CD4+ and CD8+ were obtained. A control group (n = 13) was included. A paired student t test for initial-final determinations and the Mann-Whitney Test for comparison with control group were used, and null hypothesis was rejected with a p value < 0.05. There was a noteworthy increase in the comparison between the initial vs. final percentage of the cellular expression of IL-2 (p < 0.001) and in the serum concentration of IL-2 (p = 0.001). Therefore, four weeks of nutritional recovery significantly restored the production of IL-2, independently of the nutrients involved in the process, although, the rate of restoration seems to depend on the severity of the children primary PEM.     

The nutritive value of Brazilian soy products tested in malnourished children

The nutritive value of a soya milk and soya protein isolate available in Brazil was tested in formulas fed to 30 malnourished children during a period of 25 days. The chemical composition of all formulas was similar, including their energy and protein content. The protein (1.5 g/100 ml) was supplied by either cow's milk, unfortified soy milk, unfortified soy protein isolate, and methionine-enriched soy milk or methionine-enriched soy isolate. Methionine was added at the level of 1.5 g/100 g of protein. The trials included clinical, biochemical and nitrogen balance studies, and results indicated that these soy products formulas did not have the same nutritive value of cow's milk. However, the nutritional quality of soy milk was improved by methionine supplementation, but the soy protein isolate was not affected by the addition of the same amino acid. Average nitrogen retention as percent of intake ranged from 31.8 to 34.7 in the children fed cow's milk. Those that received soy milk retained 10.5 to 15.3%, and when methionine was added the average retention increased from 17.2 to 24.8%. When the isolated soy protein was fed, the average retention values were 14.7 to 16.5% without methionine, and 11.0% when the methionine-supplemented formula was used. Factors that could influence the results and the importance of the subject are discussed.     

Nutritional recovery of mild and moderately malnourished children under two different treatment approaches (ambulatory versus day-care)

This retrospective analysis was conducted between May 1997 and May 2000 at the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil de Antímano, CANIA, in Caracas, Venezuela to assess the efficacy of two treatments (ambulatory versus day-care) of mild and moderate malnourished children. Inclusion criteria were: children under 10 years old with mild and moderate malnourishment, who attended a minimum of 3 control visits during a period of 12 months. One hundred fourteen malnourished children were included: fifty seven in ambulatory treatment and fifty seven in day-care treatment paired per nutritional diagnosis, gender and age (thirty nine mild and eighteen moderate malnourished children). The nutritional recovery criterion was weight for height above tenth percentile. No relation was found between treatment approaches and nutritional recovery at 3 and 6 months of treatment. In the group of mild malnourished children, the percentage of recovered patients at 3 months of treatment, that kept their recovered condition at 6 months was 83% (15/18) in the ambulatory treatment and 82% (18/22) in the day-care treatment Age of children, associated disease, acute morbidity, dietetic risk and mother's education and age were not associated with nutritional recovery at 6 months of treatment (p > 0.05). The day-care approach resulted as effective as ambulatory in mild malnourished children. In moderate malnourished new studies will need to be conducted with greater number of patients.     

Zero discharge, cost effective MDF effluent treatment plant

The following case study, from the UK government's Envirowise programme, which provides practical environmental advice to business, demonstrates how an effluent treatment plant incorporating membrane technology provided both economic and environmental benefits to a UK-based wood fibreboard manufacturer.     

Cost estimation for CO2 supercritical extraction systems and manufacturing cost for habanero chili

An equation to estimate the costs of industrial size supercritical extraction systems was developed and used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM) of habanero pepper oleoresin on extraction cells ranging from 5 to 400 L. The correlation was based on quoted costs obtained for five different sizes of supercritical extraction plants, and took into consideration inflation with the use of a cost index for a chemical engineering plant. COM for habanero chili was based on experimentation developed on a cell 0.1 L.     

Effects of inorganic filler on performance and cost effectiveness of a soybean-based adhesive

A modified soybean-based adhesive with improved bonding properties and technological applicability but reduced cost was developed based on the effects of inorganic fillers on the performance of a defatted soybean meal flour (DSF) adhesive. Investigations with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, rheology tests, zeta potential analysis, and plywood evaluation demonstrated that adding inorganic fillers could improve the technological applicability of the adhesive by alleviating shear thinning and decreasing the viscosity up to 71.2%, reduce the adhesive cost up to 9.5% and result in various effects on bonding properties. Two fillers, montmorillonoid and kaolin, were suitable for plywood for exterior use owing to significantly improved water resistance up to 58.9% resulting from penetration of DSF/crosslinker chains into the interlayers of the silicates via intercalation, stable chemical bonds between the fillers and crosslinker, and excellent compatibility between the filler particles and DSF adhesive. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48892.     

Optimizing design and cost of seawater reverse osmosis systems

The influence of design parameters, such as raw water temperature and total dissolved solids content (TDS), design pressure, and recovery, on total unit cost for the production of desalinated water from the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia by means of reverse osmosis is presented for plant capacities ranging from 75,000 m³/d to 700,000 m³/d. It is concluded that total unit water cost is significantly influenced by raw water TDS, design pressure and design recovery. It is recommended to investigate the feasibility of operation at increased pressure. Finally, total water costs for reverse osmosis desalination are presented also as a function of salinity, with TDS levels ranging from 3000 mg/l to 55,000 mg/l.     

在成本核算中对自用碱的处理方式

根据烧碱生产过程中自用碱发生的不同形式和作用，确定不同的处理方式，藉以真实反映技术经济指标和成本指标的完成情况。     

Comparison in the dietary intake of preschool children, attending national daycare centres (Junji), in the eastern area of Santiago, Chile

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy intake of obese and normal nutritional status preschoolers, from four to five years old, attending several day care centres (JUNJI), in the eastern area of Santiago. The sample comprised 85 normal nutritional status and 35 obese children, representative of a population of 450 children. The food intake was evaluated twice a week and on one weekend day. At the day care centre, food intake was measured by food weighing and at the home; it was measured by food-recording. FAO 2001 energy requirements were used to calculate the energy requirements of the children. In both obese and normal nutritional status, energy intake was similar in the educational institution and home, although this energy intake corresponds to there meals time at JUNJI and only one serving at home. In respect to energy requirements of preschool children, both obese and normal nutritional status boys are at energy balance during the week (90 versus 110%). In the corresponding female groups, energy intake exceeds their energy requirement (116 and 111% respectively). In conclusion, energy intake at home, is greater and of minor quality, situation that worsens over the weekend in all preschoolers, independently of their nutritional condition (energy adequacy > 114%).     

广州地区应用微型热电联产系统的运行成本及碳减排分析

分别考察了广州典型家庭在使用4种不同技术的微型热电联产产品(Ene-Farm、Ene-Farm Type S、Ecowill、Whisper Gen)时的运行成本与碳减排效果,并分析电价、气价变化对运行成本的影响。结果表明,Ene-Farm的运行成本最低,经济节约指数达14.8%,Ene-Farm Type S的碳减排效果最好,二氧化碳减排指数达37.3%。灵敏度分析表明,微型热电联产系统的运行成本随着电价的升高、气价的降低而降低。     

广州地区应用微型热电联产系统的运行成本及碳减排分析

分别考察了广州典型家庭在使用4种不同技术的微型热电联产产品(Ene-Farm、Ene-Farm Type S、Ecowill、Whisper Gen)时的运行成本与碳减排效果,并分析电价、气价变化对运行成本的影响。结果表明,Ene-Farm的运行成本最低,经济节约指数达14.8%,Ene-Farm Type S的碳减排效果最好,二氧化碳减排指数达37.3%。灵敏度分析表明,微型热电联产系统的运行成本随着电价的升高、气价的降低而降低。     

Initial investigation into the effectiveness of CO2-laser treatment of aluminium for adhesive bonding

Aluminium alloy coupons were treated by CO₂-laser ablation. The degree of surface modification introduced by this treatment has been determined by a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Following laser treatment a 22% increase in initial lap shear joint strengths was observed compared with degreased-only controls.     

Anemias in preschool children: diagnosis, treatment and evaluation, Recife-PE, Brazil]

The diagnosis and the effects of treatment of anemia were assessed in children aged 6-71 months. A total of 1,161 preschool children from a health center of INAMPS (Instituto Nacional de Assistência Médica e Previdência Social) in Recife, Pernambuco, was studied. Hemoglobin was determined by the method described by Hainline. WHO criteria were used to identify anemia. According to their age, nutritional status and family income, the children were divided into groups, and those with anemia were treated with ferrous sulphate and an anti-helminthic (mebendazole). Anemia prevalence was substantially higher in children aged 2 years, and a statistically significant association (0.01 level) was found between anemia and nutritional status and family income. After treatment, hemoglobin values were normal in 40% of the anemic children; simultaneously, mean hemoglobin values increased from 9.11 to 10.3 g/dl which was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). This investigation is part of a collaborative study performed in four Brazilian states to offer "know-how" to a national program for combating iron deficiency anemia.     

Optimized design of wastewater treatment systems: Application to the mechanical pulp and paper industry: I. Design and cost relationships

Four different end-of-pipe waste-treatment processes applicable to mechanical pulp and paper manufacture were modelled. Calculated costs for an average mill were capital $34–$44 million, operating cost $3.5–$6 million/year and discounted (10 years) $60–$85 million. Compared with mill reported values, capital and operating costs of activated sludge treatment (AST) were higher by 17 and 29%, respectively; those for aerated stabilization basin (ASB) were higher by 27 and 180%. Major variables affecting the costs were BOD and TSS levels and the wastewater-to-pulp ratio. It was concluded that ASB is more economical than AST and that anaerobic treatment plus AST could be advantageous at high BOD levels.     

Food satisfaction in Mapuche persons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile

Although the study and measurement of satisfaction with life has generated great interest in the last 15 years, there are few works which address satisfaction with food-related life. In order to identify variables which have an influence on satisfaction with food-related life among Mapuche persons, a survey was applied to 400 Mapuche subjects in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. The scales evaluated in the questionnaire included: SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life), lifestyles, food, and Mapuche acculturation. It was found that 41.0% were extremely satisfied, 40.5% satisfied, 17.2% somewhat satisfied and 1.2% dissatisfied with their food-related life. To identify variables which have an influence on satisfaction with food, an ordinal multinomial logit model was proposed, which was significant (p < 0.01) as a whole. The probability of high satisfaction with food-related life increases as there are fewer children in the household, the person's expenditure on food increases, the person consumes some Mapuche foods, is aged 55 or more, consumes red meat in moderation, consumes foods without additives, try to balance work and private life, does not read the labels of products, and if he/she had Mapuche friends at school. Thus satisfaction with food-related life in Mapuche persons in the Metropolitan Region is related to demographic variables, expenditure on food, consumption of Mapuche foods and life-style.