Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS

1 Introduction Geological exploration is one of the most im- portant approaches to study and solve multitudinous geological problems in the development of modern times. Since 1990s, geological work has been con- fronted with a new opportunity that is brought by the rapid development and extensive application of in- formation technology all over the world. It becomes a new working model for studies based on digital spa- tial database, computer cartography and Geographi- cal Information System …     

3D GIS支持下的城市三维地质数据管理与服务系统研究

城市地质数据的数字化管理与服务是“数字城市”工程的重要内容．3D GIS将在未来的城市数字化建设中扮演核心角色．介绍了3D GIS的发展现状及应用前景．详细讨论了基于3D GIS构建的城市地质数据管理与服务系统的设计思路和结构功能，在分析城市三维地质数据多种建模方法的基础上，采用一种基于TIN和TEN的混合数据结构来构建城市三维地质数据建模系统．另外，针对城市三维地质数据的特点，探讨了城市三维地质海量数据的采集与管理、城市三维地质数据信息的Web发布等重要问题，力求为系统的最终实现提供完整的解决方案．     

Application of 3D Visual Techniques in Daliuta Coal Mine

3D visualization is one of major problems in ＂Digital Mine＂ theory and its technological research field. Through the observation of 3D geological models, spatial structural information, connected with the information of production management hidden in geological data, could be detected. In order to meet the requirement of more efficient coal exploration, a case study of geological characters of the Daliuta Coal Mine is presented in which 3D visual models of the ground surface and geologic bodies are established on the basis of data models and data structures of 3D geology modeling. The main conclusions of this study are as follows： （1） Through analysis and organization of spatial discrete data, the drillhole database is designed with the data of the Daliuta mine; the connections amomg drillhole data are realized and displayed in a 3D environment. （2） Combining real data of the Daliuta mine, drillhole visualization is realized in a 3D environment by using the CoalMiner system. （3） The ground surface modeling of the Daliuta coal mine adopted a surface-data model and a TIN data structure. （4） 3D models of coal seams and rock formations of the Daliuta mine are established, which provide a method for the simulation of complex surfaces of geologic bodies. In the end, the models are applied to the Daliuta coal mine and the result shows that better geological effects are obtained.     

三维地质建模技术在油田基础地质研究中的应用

基于钻井资料的三维地质建模技术,通过在留楚油田建立精细的三维地质模型,使油藏研究达 到较高的精确性。在建模过程中,将三维建模软件特有的技术手段与基础地质研究相结合,在构造精细 落实、地层精细对比等基础地质研究方面发挥重要作用,解决了许多通过常规方法难以解决的问题。精 细地质模型在C2020井开发措施调整及C2945井注采关系分析等方面取得了良好的效果。由于三 维地质模型是地质体的一种数字化表述,因此,它还在数字化油藏方面起到了重要作用。     

三维地质模型可视化中直接三维交互的实现

人机交互是可视化系统中不可缺少的组成部分，三维交互的技术关键是建立屏幕二维坐标与三维空间坐标的对应关系．基于改进三棱柱3D地质模型，在其可视化过程中采用几何变换方法，并借鉴OpenGL的选择、反馈等技术，实现了矿床地质模型的直接三维交互操作，提高了3D地质建模软件的易用性与灵活性．     

三维公路GIS模型的构建

当前的公路CAD系统由于对地质、水文、交通、环境、气象等数据难以进行分析处理,建立基于GIS平台的三维公路设计及演示系统就显得十分必要。文中着重从数字正射影像图（DOM）的生成、公路数字地面模型以及三维道路模型的构建等几个方面对三维公路GIS模型的构建进行介绍。     

基于GOCAD的三维地质模型构建

阐明了利用GOCAD进行三维地质建模的思路及主要建模步骤。以哨牌矿区为例,利用GOCAD模拟了该区从震旦系灯影组到第四系地层及断裂。在模拟地形、地层及构造面时通过离散光滑插值技术（DSI）很好地消除了单纯的由克里金插值产生的畸变。由面模型向体模型转化时选用GOCAD的SGrid代替SOLID功能,更加方便准确的反应了真实地质情况。最后分析了GOCAD生成三维地质模型的实际应用并绘制Slicer法剖面图。     

基于GIS的三维虚拟校园设计与实现

三维GIS技术近来迅猛发展,受到了广泛关注.较二维GIS而言,三维GIS能更真实地表达客观世界,且对空间对象进行三维显示、分析和操作也是三维GIS特有的功能.以南京信息工程大学为例,介绍了利用三维GIS技术进行虚拟校园建设的过程,阐述了基于GoogleSketchUp和ArcGIS的三维可视化设计方法进行三维场景建模与优化、虚拟校园系统功能设计以及三维场景的浏览功能、建筑物属性的查询功能、路径分析和动画输出等功能的实现技术.最后指出了系统存在的问题,并提出了下一步的研究方向.     

3D integrated modeling approach to geo-engineering objects of hydraulic and hydroelectric projects

Aiming at 3D modeling and analyzing problems of hydraulic and hydroelectric en-gineering geology,a complete scheme of solution is presented. The first basis was NURBS-TIN-BRep hybrid data structure. Then,according to the classified thought of the object-oriented technique,the different 3D models of geological and engi-neering objects were realized based on the data structure,including terrain class,strata class,fault class,and limit class;and the modeling mechanism was alterna-tive. Finally,the 3D integrated model was established by Boolean operations be-tween 3D geological objects and engineering objects. On the basis of the 3D model,a series of applied analysis techniques of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering geology were illustrated. They include the visual modeling of rock-mass quality classification,the arbitrary slicing analysis of the 3D model,the geological analysis of the dam,and underground engineering. They provide powerful theoretical prin-ciples and technical measures for analyzing the geological problems encountered in hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering under complex geological conditions.     

An Approach to Computer Modeling of Geological Faults in 3D and an Application

3D geological modeling, one of the most important applications in geosciences of 3D GIS, forms the basis and is a prerequisite for visualized representation and analysis of 3D geological data. Computer modeling of geological faults in 3D is currently a topical research area. Structural modeling techniques of complex geological entities containing reverse faults are discussed and a series of approaches are proposed. The geological concepts involved in computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D are explained, the type of data of geological faults based on geological exploration is analyzed, and a normative database format for geological faults is designed. Two kinds of modeling approaches for faults are compared： a modeling technique of faults based on stratum recovery and a modeling technique of faults based on interpolation in subareas. A novel approach, called the Unified Modeling Technique for stratum and fault, is presented to solve the puzzling problems of reverse faults, syn-sedimentary faults and faults terminated within geological models. A case study of a fault model of bed rock in the Beijing Olympic Green District is presented in order to show the practical result of this method. The principle and the process of computer modeling of geological faults in 3D are discussed and a series of applied technical proposals established. It strengthens our profound comprehension of geological phenomena and the modeling approach, and establishes the basic techniques of 3D geological modeling for practical applications in the field of geosciences.     

基于2．5D模型和3D模型的重震联合反演对比分析

由于三维可视化显示技术的复杂性和任意形状、多个沉积层模型三维正演计算的复杂性,目前国内外大多采用2．8D模型。本文根据南方海相油气勘探的实际情况,编制了基于8D模型的可视化重震交互反演系统。通过理论模型的验证,对实际资料处理结果的对比,8D重震联合反演克服了2D或2．8D模型难以模拟复杂地质构造带的问题,较好地解决了海相地区地震资料品质差、信噪比低导致地震解释模糊甚至无法给出解释的困难,取得了明显的地质解释效果。     

Framework system and research flow of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models

Uncertainty in 3D geological structure models has become a bottleneck that restricts the development and application of 3D geological modeling.In order to solve this problem during periods of accuracy assessment,error detection and dynamic correction in 3D geological structure models,we have reviewed the current situation and development trends in 3D geological modeling.The main context of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models is discussed.Major research issues and a general framework system of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models are proposed.We have described in detail the integration of development practices of 3D geological modeling systems,as well as the implementation process for uncertainty evaluation in 3D geological structure models.This study has laid the basis to build theoretical and methodological systems for accuracy assessment and error correction in 3D geological models and can assist in improving 3D modeling techniques under complex geological conditions,     

基于TIN不连续地质体的三维构模及动态显示

讨论了 MGIS中与煤矿地质信息相适应的三维地层数据库管理系统 ;给出了用于煤矿中不连续地质体三维构模的 TIN的生成及其动态修改算法 ;介绍了三维地质仿真系统的组成及其功能     

水利水电工程3维地质建模系统一体化设计

针对水利水电三维地质建模软件在地质信息数据库与建模系统分离的弱点,提出结合三维地质数据库与三维建模软件交互设计的方法,并在CATIA软件上开发了适用于水利水电工程的三维地质建模平台。利用Microsoft SQL 8.0软件建立了三维地质建模数据库,能实现数据录入、查询、删除、EXCEL模版导入导出等功能,利用Visual Basic.net软件搭建了三维地质建模平台,包括三维地质建模中所需的覆盖层、地质层、水文层、模型分析等基本模块,并将三维地质建模数据库嵌入到三维地质建模平台中,实现钻孔数据导入、虚拟钻孔、以及三维地质模型的任意剖切出图等功能。实现了三维地质建模数据库与三维建模平台一体化的设计理念。     

地铁车站三维辅助建设与管理系统的构建

针对地铁车站建设与管理过程中存在的问题,提出了构建地铁车站三维辅助建设与管理系统,以数据库技术、网络技术和三维可视化建模技术为支撑,构建地铁车站(包括土建、装修、设备和管网等)三维全信息模型,通过数据层、逻辑层和业务应用层3层逻辑结构实现信息管理,以B/S和C/S相结合的方式实现交互操作,在明确系统基础功能、应用功能和拓展功能的基础上提炼系统所涉及的关键技术,形成由逻辑结构、网络结构、功能设计和关键技术构成的整体框架,为地铁工程全寿命周期管理提供三维全信息平台。     

基于GPR试验数据和CATIA的三维地质建模

地质雷达(GPR)在水利水电工程地质勘探中得到了越来越广泛的使用,并且目前地质雷达勘探产生的地质解释图多被处理为二维图片.以湖南某工程坝址处5个剖面的地质雷达二维地质解释图为基础资料,使用Visual Basic语言以及三维建模软件CATIA的逆向工程模块,建立了研究区的三维地质模型,并实现了地质模型的数字钻孔与切片.首先用Visual Basic语言编程提取CAD地质解释图中的有用信息,然后将信息输入CATIA,使用CATIA中Part Design、GSD、DSE、QSR等工作台,建立研究区的三维地质模型,最后在GSD工作台中实现三维地质模型的数字钻孔与切片.数字切片与原地质解释图的对比显示,基于CATIA的三维地质建模与实际情况较为相符,CATIA在水利水电工程的三维可视化以及全过程的协同设计方面将有广阔的应用前景.     

城市三维管线信息系统的设计与实现

在不同管线数据库的基础上建立3个信息表实现管线数据组织,为管线三维建模和可视化提供断面数据参数和基础源数据,采用断面与体面三角剖分拟合法实现管线三维建模和可视化,基于Visual C＋＋和OpengGL技术设计并实现城市三维管线信息系统的基本功能。     

复杂三维地层模型地层划分研究

在三维地层建模中,地层界面由稀疏、离散的地质数据插值而成,正确的地质解释和空间分割的实现是处理这些曲面构建理想三维地层模型的前提,也是目前三维地质模型亟待解决的问题。引入地层层序序列和水平集理论可以有效地解决此问题。根据地层地质演变历史建立地层层序序列,此序列记录地层地质年代顺序及其＂覆盖＂和＂侵蚀＂两类拓扑关系。插值生成各种地质界面后,用水平集表达这些地质界面。根据地层层序序列,运用水平集的拓扑操作实现地层交叉划分,形成空间中严格按照地质演变历史为要素进行划分的三维地层模型。用python语言实现了该思想,实例表明是可行的。     

三维地质建模及其在水利水电工程中的应用

三维地质建模软件是计算机技术在地质中应用的重点和发展方向,它将大量地质资料和地质人员分析判断结果抽象为可视化的地质模型,使复杂的空间关系可视化,通过对模型的旋转,从不同的角度观看模型,形象直观,它充分利用计算机管理和分析的手段,将数据的输入、规模指数的计算、模型测算、成果输出综合为一个数据流,实现了全数字化信息处理,为快速、有效、准确地进行水利水电工程提供良好的现代化工具。本文以GeoEngine软件为建模工具,介绍了三维地质建模的过程以及模型的可视化方法。     

陶厂石膏矿地质构造三维模拟及分析

为了掌握安徽陶厂石膏矿地质构造的分布规律,借助大型建模软件,在钻孔资料基础上建立了研究区三维地质模型,直观地展现了地质构造的三维形态特征以及断裂构造内部之间复杂的交切错断关系。通过分析矿层的空间变化规律来指导矿井生产及后期进一步的勘探开发工作。