Hierarchical zinc oxide materials with multiple porosity prepared by ultrafast temperature gradient chemical gas-phase synthesis

The preparation of materials characterized by three types of porosity could be prepared by a continuous chemical gas-phase method. The multistep formation mechanism involves a critical temperature gradient and occurs within seconds. The resulting hollow aerogel materials show superior properties as gas sensors in comparison to materials constructed from compact nanoparticles.     

纳米氧化锌的固相合成

以七水硫酸锌和无水草酸钠为原料,用室温固相化学反应首先合成出前驱物草酸锌,经400℃分解3h,得到产物纳米氧化锌。用X-射线粉末衍射和透射电镜对产物的组成、大小、形貌进行表征。结果表明,产物纳米氧化锌为粒度分布均匀的球形六角晶系结构,平均粒径为28nm。     

Tailor-made nanoparticles via gas-phase synthesis

Gas-phase synthesis is a well-known chemical manufacturing technique for an extensive variety of nanoscale particles. Since the potential of ultrafine and, in particular, nanoscale particles in high-performance applications has been identified, scientific and commercial interest has increased immensely, thus identifying this field as a most important technology of the future. However, nanomaterials can perform their multifunctional tasks only if they are customized in terms of chemical composition, size, and morphology to suit the application at hand. Profound knowledge of the synthesis and precise process control is crucial in meeting the stringent specifications. Although the gas-phase synthesis of ultrafine materials has been known and commercially exploited for decades, existing knowledge is based almost exclusively on empirical know-how. Process simulation is a very suitable tool for expanding the understanding of the synthesis-relevant processes, particle formation mechanisms, and operating parameters. Based on the resulting expertise some special nanoscale gas-phase products of high innovative potential have been developed.     

液相法合成纳米氧化锌的研究进展

综述了近年来合成纳米氧化锌的液相方法,包括沉淀法、水热法、溶剂热法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法等.分析了这几种方法的优缺点和最新的研究进展.同时指出,微波、超声等新技术也引入到液相法纳米氧化锌的制备工艺中,纳米氧化锌合成的未来发展方向是合成技术综合化.     

Functional finishing in cotton fabrics using zinc oxide nanoparticles

Nanotechnology, according to the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), is defined as utilization of structure with at least one dimension of nanometer size for the construction of materials, devices or systems with novel or significantly improved properties due to their nano-size. The nanostructures are capable of enhancing the physical properties of conventional textiles, in areas such as anti-microbial properties, water repellence, soil-resistance, anti-static, anti-infrared and flame-retardant properties, dyeability, colour fastness and strength of textile materials. In the present work, zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent. These nanoparticles, which have an average size of 40 nm, were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics (plain weave, 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were studied. On an average of 75%, UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2% ZnO nanoparticles. Air permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher than the control, hence the increased breathability. In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric, due to its nano-size and uniform distribution, friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric as studied by Instron® Automated Materials Testing System. Further studies are under way to evaluate wash fastness, antimicrobial properties, abrasion properties and fabric handle properties.     

Studies on structural and electrical properties of copper-doped zinc oxide powders prepared by a solid state method at high temperatures

Abstract

The synthesis, crystal structure and electrical conductivity properties of Cu-doped ZnO powders (in the range of 0.25 – 15 mole %) is reported. I-phase samples, which were indexed as single phase with a hexagonal (wurtzite) structure in the Cu-doped ZnO binary system, were determined by X-ray diffraction. The limit solubility of Cu in the ZnO lattice at this temperature is 5 mole % at 1000°C. The impurity phase was determined as CuO when compared with standard XRD data using the PDF program. We focused on single I-phase ZnO samples which synthesised at 1000°C because the limit solubility range is widest at this temperature. It was observed that the lattice parameters a increased and c decreased with Cu doping concentration. The morphology of the I-phase samples was analysed with a scanning electron microscope. The electrical conductivity of the pure ZnO and single I-phase samples were studied using the four-probe dc method at temperatures between 100 and 950°C in an air atmosphere. The electrical conductivity values of pure ZnO and 5 mole % Cu-doped ZnO samples at 100°C were 2 × 10^?6 and 1.4 × 10^?4 ohm^?1 cm^?1, and at 950°C they were 1.8 and 3.4 ohm^?1 cm^?1, respectively. In other words, the electrical conductivity slightly increased with Cu doping concentration. Also, it was observed that the activation energy of the I-phase samples was decreased with Cu doping concentration.     

Effects of initial precursor and microwave irradiation on step-by-step synthesis of zinc oxide nano-architectures

ZnO nano-architectures were produced with the aid of a fast, simple and low cost microwave-assisted synthesis method. Solid semispherical ZnO nanoparticles on the order of 600 nm in diameter along with rice-like ZnO nanorods 95 nm thick were produced from butanol, triethanolamine (TEA), and zinc acetate dihydrate. Solid spherical ZnO nano-architectures with an average diameter of 250 nm were produced from the same starting materials in addition to NaOH. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the ZnO nano-architectures as well as the precursor. This method is cheap, fast and simple; capable of producing large quantities of each ZnO nanostructure. Investigation of the step-by-step formation mechanism for each ZnO nanostructure was conducted.     

氨法浸出氧化锌烟尘制取活性氧化锌

为实现冶锌废渣中锌资源的再利用,以商洛炼锌厂冶锌过程中产生的氧化锌烟尘为原料,采用氨法浸出-微波蒸氨-火法焙解工艺制得粒度分布均匀的球状活性氧化锌.对锌的浸出工艺及氧化锌前驱体的热解工艺进行研究,并利用TG/DTA、XRD、SEM等测试手段对产品进行结构及物相表征.研究表明,氨法浸出过程中总氨浓度为8 mol/L、pH为10.0、液固比为4∶1、浸出温度为40℃时,锌的浸出率最高可达92.05%.浸出液经两段净化除杂后,80℃下蒸氨25 min时,制得前驱体碱式碳酸锌.在400℃焙解120 min制得平均粒径约为3μm,六方晶系的球状活性氧化锌.此法对设备要求不高,生产成本低,工艺流程短,具有较强的实用性.     

纳米ZnO的制备

本文研究了以Zn (No3 ) 2 、尿素为原料 ,加入表面活性剂改性制备纳米氧化锌粉体的方法。实验讨论了Zn (NO3 ) 2 浓度、尿素浓度、pH值、焙烧温度对纳米氧化锌粒径的影响。用扫瞄电镜和粒度分析仪确定纳米氧化锌的形貌和粒径     

Thin polycrystalline zinc oxide films obtained by oxidation of metallic zinc films

Thin polycrystalline ZnO films were obtained by thermal oxidation of metallic Zn films, thermally deposited on various substrates, such as silica, sapphire and glass, in both air and pure oxygen atmospheres. The quality of the ZnO layers was asserted by Hall effect, cathodoluminescence and atomic force microscopy measurements. Electron concentration of 7.32×10¹² cm⁻³ and mobility of 14.2 cm²/V s with root mean square roughness of 30 nm were obtained for the 900 °C annealed ZnO films in oxygen. Room temperature cathodoluminescence spectra consisted of a narrow near band edge luminescence band and a broad defect-related green band with peak positions at 380 and 500 nm, respectively. ZnO film luminescence properties improved dramatically with the increase of annealing temperature and decrease of O₂ pressure.     

Amorphous structure and electrical performance of low-temperature annealed amorphous indium zinc oxide transparent thin film transistors

The effect of low-temperature (200 °C) annealing on the threshold voltage, carrier density, and interface defect density of amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) is reported. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis show that the amorphous structure is retained after 1 h at 200 °C. The TFTs fabricated from as-deposited IZO operate in the depletion mode with on-off ratio of > 10⁶, sub-threshold slope (S) of ~ 1.5 V/decade, field effect mobility (μ_FE) of 18 ± 1.6 cm²/Vs, and threshold voltage (V_Th) of − 3 ± 0.7 V. Low-temperature annealing at 200 °C in air improves the on-current, decreases the sub-threshold slope (1.56 vs. 1.18 V/decade), and increases the field effect mobility (μ_FE) from 18.2 to 23.3 cm²/Vs but also results in a V_Th shift of − 15 ± 1.1 V. The carrier density in the channel of the as-deposited (4.3 × 10¹⁶ /cm³) and annealed at 200 °C (8.1 × 10¹⁷ /cm³) devices were estimated from test-TFT structures using the transmission line measurement methods to find channel resistivity at zero gate voltage and the TFT structures to estimate carrier mobility.     

Sol-gel derived zinc oxide films alloyed with cobalt and aluminium

ZnO films codoped with 5 at.% Co and 1 at.% Al were prepared by sol-gel technique on corning glass and silicon substrates with precursor sols of different pH values. The pH was varied from 5.4 to 11 by adding varying amounts of monoethanolamine to the sol. Since pH plays an important role in controlling the properties of films, we discuss in detail the effect of pH value on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the grown films. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy images reveal that the size of crystallites increases with pH of the sol. The variation of pH in the reaction system influences the density of homogeneous nucleation and the crystal growth along the c-axis. High quality Co and Al codoped ZnO films annealed at 600 °C have been obtained using a sol with pH = 9. These sol-gel derived films find their suitability to be used as dilute magnetic semiconductors.     

Mechanical characterization of microwave sintered zinc oxide

The mechanical characterization of microwave sintered zinc oxide disks is reported. The microwave sintering was done with a specially designed applicator placed in a domestic microwave oven operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz to a maximum power output of 800 Watt. These samples with a wide variation of density and hence, of open pore volume percentage, were characterized in terms of its elastic modulus determination by ultrasonic time of flight measurement using a 15 MHz transducer. In addition, the load dependence of the microhardness was examined for the range of loads 0.1–20 N. Finally, the fracture toughness data (K _IC) was obtained using the indentation technique.     

Study of ZnO Nanoparticles Growth Through Successive Chemical Solution Deposition onto Solid Substrates Patterned with Metallic Nanoparticles

We investigate the ability of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and organization to control the growing process of ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles onto solid substrates through the successive chemical solution deposition (SCSD) method. Flower-like assemblies of ZnO nanostructures were grown successfully on periodic arrays of triangular gold nanoparticles fabricated by nanosphere lithography and randomly deposited colloidal gold nanospheres. Their morphology, crystallinity, phase purity, and vibrational properties were correlated with the metallic features of the substrates.     

Sonochemical synthesis and photocatalytic property of zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium(II)

Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sonochemical method. The products were characterized by scan electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). SEM images revealed that ZnO doped with Mg(II) nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the same strategy all had spherical topography. XRD patterns showed that the doped nanoparticles had the same crystals structures as the pure ZnO nanoparticles. The Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles had larger lattice volume than the un-doped nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) not only demonstrated the moral ratio of Mg and Zn element on the surface of nanoparticles, but their valence in nanoparticles as well. The Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles presented good properties in photocatalyst compared with pure ZnO nanoparticles.     

燃烧法合成花状、四针状氧化锌及其气敏性能研究

研究了以锌粉为原料,活性炭为催化剂,高温气相氧化反应制备花状、四针状和无定形氧化锌的合成条件及形貌.X射线衍射结果表明该晶体属六方晶系纤锌矿结构.扫描电镜研究结果表明活性炭催化剂用量、反应温度对产物氧化锌晶须的形态影响很大,对所有样品的气敏元件在浓度范围为5×10(-6)～2×10(-4)的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和正丙醇气体...     

国内外纳米ZnO研究和制备概况

概述了纳米ZnO的应用前景及国内外的研究现状,对纳米ZnO各种制备方法的基本原理、影响因素、产物粒径大小等进行了详细的分析讨论,同时提出了每种工艺的优缺点,并提出了研究方向。对其表征方法进行了介绍。     

不同纳米结构ZnO的化学液相法合成

利用分子氧和溴酸钾一步直接在溶液中氧化还原反应原位产生碱作为氧源来制备纳米结构ZnO。首先,在甲酰胺水溶液中,以锌箔作为锌源,在温和条件下分别合成了纳米棒/管构成的海蛰状ZnO。其次,在溴酸钾水溶液,以锌箔作为锌源,在近室温下合成了纺锤形ZnO。该方法具有反应条件温和,反应参数连续可调节,一步湿法直接合成的ZnO具有新颖微/纳米结构等优点。