中国水泥工业的生命周期评价

生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)是一种系统化、定量化评价与产品相关的环境负荷和潜在影响的方法,它通过量化分析产品在整个生命周期中的资源、能源投入和环境排放,可以全面评价产品对环境造成的综合影响。本文按照LCA方法框架,建立了中国水泥工业的生命周期模型,收集了中国市场平均的水泥生产各生命周期阶段的资源、能源、原材料消耗和环境排放等清单数据,对中国水泥工业的环境负荷进行了生命周期评价。     

认证知识三则

１ISO发布有助于开发环境友好产品的新规范ISO／TS１４０４８《环境管理生命周期评定数据文件化格式》是对生命周期评定的数据文件化方面的第１个ISO技术规范。该技术规范可以强化人们对产品生产和服务提供对环境问题的关注。ISO／TS１４０４８由ISO／TC２０７／SC５（环境管理第五分技术委员会生命周期评定）制定，生命周期评定可以根据有关产品和服务的环境影响信息，提出产品生产和服务提供的实现战略，有助于合理确定原材料、生产方法的使用以及运输方式等因素，将不利的环境影响因素降至最低。生命周期评定的主要目的是通过…     

生命周期评价在清洁生产中的应用

清洁生产被认为是解决环境污染问题 ,实现可持续性发展的最佳选择。本文介绍了一种能对产品的整个生产过程的环境负荷进行评价的方法———生命周期评价 ,并详细地分析了生命周期评价的框架结构 ,讨论了生命周期评价在清洁生产中的应用。生命周期评价是一种能用于清洁生产中的比较完善的方法 ,将成为清洁生产审计的主要工具     

生命周期评估法在涂装车间的应用

介绍了生命周期评估法，并应用在整车制造过程中能源消耗与环境排放最为显著的涂装工艺，追踪其生产过程中的碳足迹，为汽车涂装行业定量化评估其全生命周期生产活动中主要能源的使用及其产生的二氧化碳排放对生态环境的影响，进而为评价涂装生产过程中的环境改善提供了一个全新的方法论和实际案例。     

水泥生产的生命周期评价(LCA)研究与应用

生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment/LCA)的理论与技术方法,是国际通用的评价产品及其生产过程环境影响的标准化方法,所有与产品生产和消费有关的活动,都可从LCA中得到环境负荷信息。水泥生产的生命周期评价是对水泥从原料开采到产品出厂的生产过程,     

生命周期评价在洗涤行业中的应用与展望

企业清洁生产是解决环境污染问题的重要手段之一。对生命周期评价作了简要介绍，结合洗涤行业中的环境问题现状，将生命周期评价方法应用于洗涤行业的清洁生产中，并对生命周期评价的方法在洗涤业中的应用提出展望．分析了生命周期评价这一环境影响工具在洗涤行业中将要发挥的作用。     

基于SimaPro的水泥产品生命周期评价及“减碳”建议

利用生命周期评价软件SimaPro(Version9.3.0.2)，对某水泥公司水泥的生产过程进行生命周期评价，探究不同原材料和能源消耗及不同阶段对环境造成的影响，有效识别出水泥生产过程中碳排放较为集中的阶段。研究结果表明：水泥生产过程中的碳排放集中在生料生产环节和熟料烧成环节，并提出了3种促进水泥生产过程的减碳方法和措施。     

巴西的创新气雾剂产品（幻灯解说词）

环境领域 每个产品在它的生命周期里都对环境有影响，例如，获得原材料、耗损资源、生产、分销、使用、再使用、终极处理以及包括最后的安排。     

基于生命周期评价的中国浮法玻璃燃料对比分析

本文采用生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）方法,建立了浮法玻璃从原料开采到产品出厂的生命周期模型,研究了浮法玻璃生命周期的环境影响,并对浮法玻璃生产过程采用不同燃料的环境影响进行了评价。结果表明：浮法玻璃主要的环境影响类型是初级能源消耗、酸化和富营养化、可吸入无机物和全球暖化;主要的环境影响来自重油生产、玻璃生产、电力生产、纯碱生产和公路运输过程;当天然气作燃料时,浮法玻璃生命周期的主要环境指标均优于重油;而石油焦粉作燃料时,浮法玻璃生命周期的主要环境指标都高于重油。     

乙烯生产的生命周期评价(Ⅱ)影响评价与结果解释

基于乙烯生产的生命周期清单结果,对其进行生命周期影响评价,得到生命周期影响的单一指标评价结果为1.12×10-10/年,并进行了结果解释。乙烯生产的生命周期影响中,不可再生资源消耗占据主要地位,在总负荷中占到的份额达58%。对各污染物的直接排放进行单项影响评价,结果表明生产过程中的乙烯排放和NOx排放是主要问题,其环境负荷在环境排放类总负荷中所占份额均达1/4左右。     

Life cycle assessment of a ceramic glaze containing copper slags and its application on ceramic tile

Even though copper slags have many possible applications, their disposal is still practiced, creating long-term waste management problems. This led to the investigation of new products for residential applications, taking advantages of the interesting chemical properties of copper slag. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of the use of copper slag as secondary raw material in a ceramic glaze composition and to compare it with a traditional glaze. A manufacturing process was designed, through an industrial scale up operation from experimental laboratory data and the entire life cycle of the products was analyzed using the Life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Considering the production of a ceramic glaze containing copper slag, the most impacting process resulted the one related to frit production, due to the large amount of thermal energy necessary for the raw materials melting. The comparative LCA analysis carried out between the frit obtained from metallurgical slags and a traditional one, demonstrated that the innovative ceramic frit has a greater environmental advantage. The LCA analysis allowed to highlight the most impactful stages of an industrial process using copper slag as a secondary raw material for glaze production and to quantify the potential environmental advantages of this operation.     

基于化学链技术制氢的研究进展

利用氢能替代常规化石能源是运输行业应对气候变化和环境污染问题的一个重要突破口。将化学链技术应用于制氢过程不仅可以提高能量转换效率、减少环境污染,还可以在制氢的同时捕捉该过程产生的CO2,具有广阔的发展前景。本文概述了化学链制氢的两种方式的原理及特点,总结了不同过程在载氧体的筛选、反应器的形式以及系统模拟方面的研究现状。指出高效载氧体的筛选和制备是各个过程成功运行的关键。化学链水蒸气重整制氢[CLR(s)]过程需要考虑管束的磨损问题,而自热化学链重整制氢[CLR(a)]过程需要注意过程中的反应热量平衡。廉价载氧体的筛选、固体燃料的化学链制氢及其系统开发是化学链制氢(CLH)过程未来研究方向。     

Cleaner production of cellulose nanocrystals and calcium sulfate whiskers: Process design and life cycle assessment

The commercialization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is currently limited by its environmental impact of high water consumption and brine wastewater generation. Here, a combined process integrating the production of CNCs and calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) was proposed to achieve complete utilization of the waste acid, and the corresponding environmental performance was evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA). Accordingly, we prepared fibrous CSWs with an average length of 309 μm and an average aspect ratio of 57 under optimum conditions. The LCA results demonstrated the superior environmental performance of the combined process, especially for CNC production, and the impact values reduced by 45.6% on average. Moreover, the cost of producing 20 g of CNCs decreased from 3.04 CNY (traditional process) to 1.66 CNY (combined process). Therefore, this combined production process is eco-efficient and economically scalable for the industrial production of CNCs.     

Environmental life cycle assessment of a pre‐fragmented high explosive grenade

Organisations today face increasing environmental constraints, e.g. in the form of legal and customer requirements; the defence sector is no exception. There is a need to evaluate and limit environmental effects of defence activities and materiel. In this study we used quantitative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a method for simplified LCA (the Material, Energy, Chemicals and Others (MECO) method) to assess the environmental impacts of a grenade. The aims of the study are to identify aspects in the grenade's life‐cycle that have the largest environmental impact, suggest improvement possibilities, make a comparison between different approaches for waste management of munitions, and to perform a demonstrative case for the application of LCA to munitions. Significant environmental aspects of the grenade's life‐cycle include use of metals, use of fossil fuels, and detonation outdoors. The study shows that an LCA can be used to analyse environmental impacts from munitions. The simplified LCA gave information that is complementary to the quantitative LCA. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物质水热炭制备过程的环境影响评价

以生物质水热炭为研究对象,运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法,对生物质水热炭制备过程的环境影响进行分析与评价,通过建立输入、输出清单,从温室效应、环境酸化、资源消耗等方面,基于GaBi6.0软件建立模型并计算,分析生物质水热炭制备过程对环境产生的影响。结果表明：生物质水热炭制备过程对6类主要环境影响由大到小的顺序依次为温室效应、环境酸化、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化、资源消耗和臭氧层破坏;我国为碳密集型发电地区,电能的消耗是该制备过程对环境影响最主要的原因,火力发电排放CO₂、SO₂、NO_x等气体为主要环境影响因素。水热炭化是水热炭制备过程中对环境影响的主要环节。针对此结果,提出降低水热炭化温度、缩短水热炭化时间、提高水热炭产率,从而减少能源的消耗,降低环境影响。     

Life‐Cycle Assessment of Ammunition Demilitarization in a Static Kiln

The demilitarization of ammunition that has reached the end of life (or become obsolete) has to be carried out with minimum energy and environmental impacts. The Portuguese Armed Forces have significant amounts of ammunition that need to be eliminated. In order to assess and improve ammunition demilitarization, a life‐cycle approach must be adopted. The main goal of this article is to present a comprehensive life‐cycle assessment (LCA) of the ammunition demilitarization performed by the Portuguese company IDD (Industria de Desmilitarização e Defesa). A life‐cycle model was developed for the entire demilitarization process, which involves ammunition dismantling, discharging, the incineration of energetic material, and the subsequent flue gas treatment. A detailed inventory was based on data collected from the IDD. A life‐cycle impact assessment was carried out, based on three complementary methods used to assess a total of ten impact categories: cumulative energy demand (primary energy); CML 2001 (six environmental impact categories) and USEtox (three toxicological categories). The results show that the main contributor in nine out of the ten impact categories is the incineration and gas treatment process, due to the high energy requirements (electricity and propane). Nevertheless, equipment manufacture also has a significant impact in the Human Toxicity (non‐cancer) category, mainly related to the manufacture of the static kiln. These findings enhance our understanding of demilitarization using a static kiln, showing that the associated impacts are significant and should be reduced.     

Comparison of Oleo‐ vs Petro‐Sourcing of Fatty Alcohols via Cradle‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Assessment

Alcohol ethoxylates surfactants are produced via ethoxylation of fatty alcohol (FA) with ethylene oxide. The source of FA could be either palm kernel oil (PKO) or petrochemicals. The study aimed to compare the potential environmental impacts for PKO‐derived FA (PKO‐FA) and petrochemicals‐derived FA (petro‐FA). Cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment has been performed for this purpose because it enables understanding of the impacts across the life cycle and impact categories. The results show that petro‐FA has overall lower average greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (～2.97 kg CO₂e) compared to PKO‐FA (～5.27 kg CO₂e). (1) The practices in land use change for palm plantations, (2) end‐of‐life treatment for palm oil mill wastewater effluent and (3) end‐of‐life treatment for empty fruit bunches are the three determining factors for the environmental impacts of PKO‐FA. For petro‐FA, n‐olefin production, ethylene production and thermal energy production are the main factors. We found the judicious decisions on land use change, effluent treatment and solid waste treatment are key to making PKO‐FA environmentally sustainable. The sensitivity results show the broad distribution for PKO‐FA due to varying practices in palm cultivation. PKO‐FA has higher impacts on average for 12 out of 18 impact categories evaluated. For the base case, when accounted for uncertainty and sensitivity analyses results, the study finds that marine eutrophication, agricultural land occupation, natural land occupation, fossil depletion, particulate matter formation, and water depletion are affected by the sourcing decision. The sourcing of FA involves trade‐offs and depends on the specific practices through the PKO life cycle from an environmental impact perspective.     

Life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 production using cryogenic oxygen distillation

In this study, life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 by using cryogenic distillation of oxygen is performed using SimaPro 8.3 software. Life cycle assessment is performed to understand the environmental profile and hotspots of this process in order to be used in design and development. Simulation of oxygen-18 process is executed by Hysys software, and the required inputs and outputs for inventory of life cycle were acquired. By doing life cycle assessment and considering achieved results after characterization and normalization of inventory data it has been investigated that in the majority of environmental impacts electricity consumption has a huge contribution relative to other parts of the system like liquefied oxygen production from air separation unit, required facilities for air separation and oxygen-18 units, and needed transportation. Also, among 17 impact categories investigated in ReCiPe impact assessment method, fossil depletion, climate change (human health), particulate matter formation, climate change (ecosystem), human toxicity, and metal depletion have the most contribution in entire environmental loads respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that changing life cycle impact assessment method from ReCiPe to IMPACT 2002 + has no significant effect on acquired results and results are confident. In addition, assumption of market for depleted oxygen from heavy isotopes which is withdrawn from top of distillation columns showed some positive effects compared to first case and environmental impacts resulted from liquefied oxygen production (feed) reduced but because of huge contribution of electricity consumption compared to other sections, this positive effect has no remarkable influence on entire environmental loads of product system.     

LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production

Environmental impact assessment will soon become a compulsory phase in future potable water production projects, especially when alternative treatment processes such as desalination are considered. An impact assessment tool is therefore developed for the environmental evaluation of potable water production. The evaluation method used is the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The quick and easy assessment of energetic and environmental performances contributes to determine the weak points of potable water production processes or the best suited treatment in a specific context. Studies of some potable water supply scenarios (groundwater treatment, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, seawater reverse osmosis and thermal distillation associated to water transfer) are presented in order to illustrate the environmental information drawn from this tool. The main source of impacts is shown to be electricity production for plant operation. Improvement levers are presented for impact reduction and for the objective comparison between alternative and conventional water treatment processes.     

Life cycle assessment of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide acetylene route in China

HFC-134a is a widely used environment-friendly refrigerant. At present, China is the largest producer of HFC-134a in the world. The production of HFC-134a in China mainly adopts the calcium carbide acetylene route. However, the production route has high resource and energy consumption and large waste emission, and few of the studies addressed on the environmental performance of its production process. This study quantified the environmental performance of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide route via carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA) using the CML 2001 method. And uncertainty analysis by Monte-Carlo simulation was also carried out. The results showed that electricity had the most impact on the environment, followed by steam, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine, and the impact of direct CO₂ emissions in calcium carbide production stage on the global warming effect also could not be ignored. Therefore, the clean energy (e.g., wind, solar, biomass, and natural gas) was used to replace coal-based electricity and coal-fired steam in this study, showing considerable environmental benefits. At the same time, the use of advanced production technologies could also improve environmental benefits, and the environmental impact of the global warming category could be reduced by 4.1% via using CO₂ capture and purification technology. The Chinese database of HFC-134a production established in this study provides convenience for the relevant study of scholars. For the production of HFC-134a, this study helps to better identify the specific environmental hotspots and proposes useful ways to improve the environmental benefits.