综合孔径微波辐射计的技术发展及其应用展望

介绍了综合孔径微波辐射计成像的基本原理, 回顾了干涉式综合孔径技术在过去十余年间的发展历程, 较详细地介绍并分析了目前世界上已有或在研的综合孔径微波辐射计系统, 其中包括美国的ESTAR 及其2D2STAR , GeoSTAR 计划, 欧空局SMO S 计划上的主载荷MIRAS, 芬兰赫尔辛基技术大学的HUT 22D, 以及中科院空间中心研制的C 波段及X 波段综合孔径微波辐射计等。最后, 对干涉式综合孔径技术的应用前景作了简要介绍与展望。     

Imaging algorithm for synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer in near field

With the benefits of digital IC technology development, the synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer (SAIR) technique is growing fast and expanding to more and more application areas. The near field imaging detection is a potential application which has received increasing demand recently. Because the Fourier imaging theory of the traditional SAIR is based on far-field approximation, it will be invalid for near-field condition. This paper is devoted to establishing a new accurate imaging algorithm for ...     

一种一维综合孔径微波辐射计的定标方法

综合孔径微波辐射计是被动微波遥感发展的新方向。综合孔径技术利用了以小口径天线阵列合成大的观测口径的技术，解决了在较低频率时天线物理口径要足够大才能得到期望的空间分辨率的严重缺陷。土壤湿度和海水盐度是影响全球气候和水气循环的重要因素。这些参数一般是在L波段范围观测得到，综合孔径辐射计就是减少天线孔径和重量，并最终可以观测反演出这两个参数的一项新兴技术。综合孔径辐射计不同于全功率辐射计，它测量的是视场亮温分布对于天线阵中不同基线长度的可视度函数分量。它的系统主体是稀疏天线阵和多通道相关接收机。在实际应用中，要得到土壤湿度等参数的反演，较高的系统亮温分辨率以及亮温与测量量之间的准确对应是至关重要的，这即是定标工作要完成的任务。定标直接影响微波辐射图解译和判读的准确度，是实现定量化微波遥感的前提。针对一雏综合孔径辐射计系统，给出了一种定标方案。其中分析了天线阵以及多通道相关接收机部分的定标，由得到的矩阵形式的空间频率响应信息推出了亮温图像的反演公式。     

L波段合成孔径微波辐射计机理及原理性实验

简要介绍了被动微波遥感在低频波段上的应用和孔径合成方法提高空间分辨率的原理,完成了双通道相关干涉辐射计原理样机的设计与研制,对系统的互相关处理功能进行了原理性实验。结果表明,系统将双通道之间的相位差完整地复现出来,解决了孔径合成技术中互相关处理这一关键技术。     

干涉式被动微波成像技术

近年来,大气、海洋和陆地土壤水分遥感的应用对被动微波遥感器的空间分辨率提出了越来越高的要求。但是传统的微波辐射成像技术在分辨率达到一定高度时,由于波束在每个分辨像元的驻留时间越来越短,以致对辐射亮温的测量分辨率产生了影响,这就使得采用传统扫描成像技术来提高空间分辨率的技术路径成为不可能。文章较为详细地综述了近年来发展起来的一种新的微波辐射成像技术--干涉式被动微波成像技术（或称为综合孔径微波辐射成像技术）。在阐述其原理时,采用了新颖的切入点,从被观测目标的空间频谱特征和如何对其进行采样入手,试图从另一个角度揭示干涉式辐射成像技术的基本原理,并使其更加系统化。在介绍实际的成像系统时,将重点放在二维成像系统上,其中时钟扫描成像方式和伪极网格图像反演方法是作者最新的研究成果。     

RFI localization in synthetic aperture interferometric radiometers based on sparse Bayesian inference

The presence of radio frequency interference (RFI) sources emitting in the L-band, which is reserved for passive measurements by International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulations, has seriously deteriorated the data quality of many brightness temperature (BT) snapshots in the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) project. In order to obviate the Gibbs-like contamination on the BT maps, one effective way is to locate the positions of RFI sources and switch them off. This article discusses a new method for RFI localization that is tailored to the scenario of synthetic aperture interferometric radiometry. The novel aspect lies in addressing the problem of RFI localization from a probabilistic viewpoint. By introducing the sparsity of RFI distribution in the spatial domain as a priori knowledge, we have employed the sparse Bayesian inference (SBI) strategy to estimate the locations of RFI sources. In addition, we have also tested the proposed method using numerical simulations and actual SMOS data. The results indicate that the proposed method has advantages in both accuracy and resolution of RFI source localization over the conventional direction-of-arrival (DOA) methods used in the beamforming technique.     

综合孔径微波辐射计及其反演成像

介绍了综合孔径微波辐射计的基本思想,以及对地观测的综合孔径微波辐射计与综合孔径射电天文望远镜的区别。给出了综合孔径微波辐射计任意基线干涉测量的可见度函数与基线参数的关系,推导了可见度函数的一般表达式和综合孔径微波辐射计亮度温度反演的一般函数空间表示。给出了亮度温度反演的数值算法和算例。     

基于加权联合导向矢量模型的InSAR干涉相位估计

基于干涉图的传统干涉相位估计方法,当由于图像配准误差而导致的干涉图质量较差时,就难以恢复出准确的真实干涉相位.本文提出了一种基于加权联合导向矢量模型的InSAR干涉相位估计方法.该方法构造最优联合观测矢量和加权联合导向矢量,同时利用相邻像素的相干信息,并采用波束形成技术,因此具有自适应图像配准和降低相位噪声的功能,因而可以在SAR图像配准精度很差(可以允许达到一个分辨单元)的条件下准确地估计相应像素间的干涉相位.仿真及实测数据的处理结果证明了此方法的有效性.     

快速区域互相关InSAR图像配准方法

在分析复图像干涉相位对快速互相关算法配准精度影响的基础上,提出了一种快速区域互相关InSAR图像配准方法。该方法对图像的幅度谱进行区域相关操作,获得干涉相位空间角频率的粗估计,并对主图像进行干涉相位补偿。该算法通过上述步骤消除干涉相位变化对算法的影响实现了高精度配准。在仿真实验和实测实验中,通过与传统的快速区域互相关算法及最大频谱法进行对比,验证了本文算法的稳健性与有效性。     

InDeandCoE: A framework based on multi-scale feature fusion and residual learning for interferometric SAR remote sensing image denoising and coherence estimation

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry is a high-resolution microwave remote sensing imaging method. Over the past two decades, many researchers working on remote sensing have applied this technology in various disciplines, including environmental monitoring, disaster monitoring, and elevation mapping. However, due to the existence of many influencing factors in the acquisition stage, such as atmospheric humidity and temperature, the reflected wave signals from the ground will be disturbed when received by remote sensing satellites. The presence of noise in interferograms is inevitable. Therefore, the accuracy of interferometric SAR phase denoising and coherence estimation has a decisive impact on the validity of subsequent processing results. In this paper, we pioneer the use of a nested U-net as a feature extractor for interferometric SAR phase and coherence. In addition, we build a phase filter and a coherence estimator by using the residual learning module. With the aim of determining the unique non-local similarity of InSAR images, we use non-local convolution and channel attention mechanisms to extract features in different dimensions of the interferogram. Through quantitative and qualitative experiments, the proposed method performs better in phase denoising and coherence estimation than state-of-the-art methods.     

A method of monitoring three-dimensional ground displacement in mining areas by integrating multiple InSAR methods

Underground mining often causes large-gradient vertical and horizontal displacement in ground surface, resulting in the losses of coherence and difficulties in phase unwrapping. This article presents an approach to determine three-dimensional ground displacements in mining areas with the large gradient or phase decorrelation by integrating multiple interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods. The core of the proposed method is that the offset-tracking method is employed to solve for the displacement with the large gradient or phase decorrelation. First, the displacements in the radar line-of-sight directions are obtained from two interferometric pairs with different viewing geometries by integrating the measurements of differential InSAR and offset tracking. Then, the displacements in the azimuthal directions are obtained from two interferometric pairs with different viewing geometries by integrating the measurements of multiple aperture interferometry and offset tracking. Finally, the three-dimensional ground displacement fields are inferred from these four independent, one-dimensional displacements using the least squares method and Helmert variance component estimation. We apply this method to obtain the three-dimensional ground displacement field in the Dongtan mine region. We compare the results with those of levelling and global positioning system surveys, and the root mean square errors of the results were 24 and 43 mm in the vertical direction and horizontal directions, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be used to estimate three-dimensional ground displacement fields in mining areas with large-gradient displacement and phase decorrelation.     

综合孔径辐射计可见度采样测量不确定度估计

现有灵敏度指标在描述经过复杂校正之后的综合孔径辐射计的性能时存在困难。考虑到反演亮温分布与可见度采样的线性关系,提出了一种可见度采样测量不确定度估计方法来衡量综合孔径辐射计性能。首先,根据校正流程建立校正参数与可见度采样之间的数学模型;然后,分别对各校正参数的测量不确定度进行估计;最后,基于上述两项工作估计可见度采样的合成测量不确定度。对于综合孔径辐射计校正,有利于选择合理的校正参数并优化校正流程。     

A detection method for near-ship wakes based on interferometric magnitude,phase and physical shape in ATI-SAR systems

Near-ship wakes approximately form a triangle region on the sea surface, and they differ from the background sea in a wave pattern, wave propagation direction and velocity, and fluid particle orbital motion. The differences are observed by along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ATI-SAR) systems, and can be properly measured by the ATI techniques. In this paper, a detection method for near-ship wakes based on interferometric magnitude, phase and physical shape in ATI-SAR systems is proposed. The complex multi-look interferometric information for near-ship wakes is first utilized to detect potential pixels. Then, a cluster algorithm is designed based on the interferometric phase and spatial position characteristics of near-ship wakes. After clustering the detected pixels and performing image close operation, the near-ship wakes, which is the triangular region with a much larger physical area than those of common ships or other false alarms, can be identified. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于Labview的相位载波解调技术研究

在介绍干涉型光纤传感器的相位载波解调技术(PGC)原理的基础上,采用Labview开发软件对偏振无关干涉型光纤传感器进行了数字化解调。结果显示,采用0.08rad1kHz的单频模拟信号,解调后系统信噪比(SNR)为55dB。实验证实,基于Labview语言和数据采集卡的PGC解调,能完整真实的解调出待测信号,并具有噪声低,调试方便,可视化等优点。     

Passive microwave radiometry in the Gobi-desert region

This paper summarizes preliminary results of remote sensing test with an airborne microwave radiometer, in the Gobi-desert region. The relationship between microwave signature and complex dielectric constant for various rocks and minerals is analyzed. The possibilities of exploring for water and mineral resources in this arid region by means of passive microwave radiometry are discussed.     

Joint interferometric calibration based on block adjustment for an airborne dual-antenna InSAR system

Mapping large areas using airborne dual-antenna interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) usually requires processing and mosaicking of different scenes from multiple strips. The overlapping areas of these multiple strips should have consistent elevation values. Due to the unstable attitude of the plane, the interferometric parameters usually vary for each scene during mapping. Therefore, interferometric calibration technology for high-precision height retrieval is required for the correction of the interferometric errors. The traditional interferometric calibration methods for a single scene usually use ground control points (GCPs) to estimate the interferometric parameters – this method cannot guarantee a consistent height in the area of overlap. Besides, GCPs are difficult to deploy over rough terrain, making it impossible to use traditional calibration methods. In this article, a joint interferometric calibration method based on the block adjustment theory used in photogrammetry is proposed for airborne dual-antenna InSAR. This method considers the accurate digital elevation model (DEM) height reconstruction model and can be applied with sparse GCPs. The principle of the proposed method is to make the best use of the GCPs within all the scenes and the tie points (TPs) between the adjacent scenes to establish an error relationship model. First, the weighting values of all GCPs and TPs based on their retrieval elevation error caused by the interferometric phase error and the position distribution difference are introduced in the proposed method. Next, the interferometric parameters are weighted to reduce the condition number of the normal equation. Then, an alternative approximation approach combined with the sparse matrix decomposition technique LDL^T is utilized to solve the normal equation, and the corrected interferometric parameters for each scene are obtained. High-precision joint interferometric calibration results for airborne InSAR systems are achieved by the proposed method and validated by experiment. Using the proposed method, the average mean error (AME) and root mean square error (RMSE) are below 0.6037 and 0.9176 m, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum AME and RMSE of the reconstructed DEM height difference for the validation TPs in the overlapped area of the adjacent scenes are reduced from 1.2909 and 1.7245 m to 0.8864 and 1.2087 m, respectively.     

Mapping damage during the Bam (Iran) earthquake using interferometric coherence

We use changes in the interferometric coherence to map earthquake damage that occurred in the city of Bam during the Bam earthquake on 26 December 2003. The approach presented here defines a coherence change index that can be interpreted quantitatively in terms of damage during a catastrophic event like a major earthquake. Using five differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar images, we compute maps of interferometric coherence. Three coherence change images are computed from these based on different interferograms. These three damage assessments yield very similar results despite the range of times and interferometric baselines spanned. This coherence‐based damage assessment also agrees closely with independent damage maps derived from other types of imagery. Using existing or planned synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, coherence‐based damage assessments can be obtained within days after a catastrophic event, provided the necessary reference images are prepared ahead of time. As SAR sensors can operate independently of weather conditions and daylight, this may present a reliable and robust means of damage assessment.     

Optimal estimation of interferometric phase for measuring surface deformation

In recent times, time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods are developed to retrieve the deformation signal in non-urban areas from distributed scatterers (DS). Phase triangulation algorithm (PTA), an important step in these methods for filtering decorrelation noise from DS, aims at optimal estimation of the filtered wrapped interferometric phase values using InSAR data stack. The uniqueness of this research work lies in the incorporation of one such PTA only to provide an optimal set of wrapped interferometric phase values before phase unwrapping in the open source StaMPS processing environment. The proposed methodology, when adapted to measure surface deformation in Tehri reservoir rim region, Uttarakhand, India using Environmental Satellite (Envisat) C-band advanced synthetic aperture radar images, works efficiently and has enhanced the spatial coverage of measurement pixels compared to standalone PS-InSAR processing. It is also revealed from the one-dimension-line of sight velocity map that resulted velocity estimates are congruent with standalone PS-InSAR processing.     

基于标准探测器的FY-2(05)星扫描辐射计可见通道外场定标

为了对FY-2号05星扫描辐射计可见光通道进行发射前外场辐射定标,在采用了传统的辐亮度定标方法的同时,提出了一种新型的独立于扫描辐射计可见光通道光谱响应函数的基于标准探测器的反射比定标法(Detector Based Reflectance Calibration)。该方法通过筛选波长得出在一定的精度范围内FY-2号可见光通道的漫射板反射辐亮度与漫射板的某一单波长反射辐亮度成正比,从而可以用8通道高精度辐亮度标准探测器中对应波段的探测器的响应替代FY-2号05星扫描辐射计宽波段响应直接求出定标系数。传统辐亮度定标方法结果的不确定度为6.0%～6.4%,而利用基于标准探测器的反射比定标法定标结果的不确定度达到5.4%。实验结果表明基于标准探测器的反射比定标法由于采用了直接由高精度低温绝对辐射计传递的标准探测器,与传统的基于辐射源传递相比其测量精度得到有效提高,并且受现场大气条件的影响小。     

应用Kriging插值方法插补干涉雷达DEM奇异值斑块

干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR)可以获取地表的三维信息，但是由于雷达数据的热噪声等原因，使得干涉雷达获取的DEM存在高程奇异值斑块，严重影响了InSAR获取DEM的应用。鉴于高程奇异值斑块的DEM中分布的随机性，以及一般DEM数据具有的空间连续性和空间自相关性，针对这一问题，笔提出了利用基于空间统计学的Kriging插值法插补DEM的高程奇异值斑块。本对STRM提供的DEM进行了插补，同时对插补的结果进行了精度分析。结果表明可以满足DEM的应用精度要求。