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1.
Summary 1. An improved micropenetrometer is described, by means of which it is possible to measure the consistency of fats with a
high degree of precision.
2. The intelligent use of a micropenetration method requires some consideration of the theory of plasticity in fats. This
theory is briefly discussed.
3. The influence of various factors on the consistency of solidified fats has been investigated, and as a result of this investigation
a standard technique for making micropenetration tests is proposed.
4. Micropenetration data are recorded on cottonseed, peanut, and soybean oils hydrogenated to different degrees, on cottonseed
oil blended with various proportions of highly hydrogenated oil, and on various commercial samples of shortening and margarine.
5. A quick micropenetration method, applicable as a control in the hydrogenation of fat products, is described. 相似文献
2.
Summary 1. The heat content of a quickly chilled sample, and that of a slowly chilled and tempered sample, of almost completely hydrogenated
cottonseed oil, has been measured over a temperature range within which there is in each case complete transformation of the
oil from a solid to a liquid form.
2. Heat capacity data have been calculated for the liquid oil and for the quickly chilled and the tempered solid oil. Equations
expressing the changes in heat capacity with temperature have been derived. A correlation of the heat capacity data on highly
hydrogenated cottonseed oil and similar data previously obtained on unhydrogenated cottonseed oil, and on partially hydrogenated
oil, in both liquid and solid states, is presented.
3. The heat of fusion calculated for the quickly chilled and for the tempered solid oil is given.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
3.
R. O. Feuge W. Landmann D. Mitcham N. V. Lovegren 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(7):310-313
The tempering of fat products to convert their components to stable polymorphs is an important and a sometimes troublesome
problem in the manufacture of these products, particularly chocolate and chocolate-type confections. It has been found that
a solid-to-solid transformation to the stable polymorphs can be effected by mechanical working consisting of extrusion under
pressure. With a fat of relatively few components, such as cocoa butter, evidence of the transformation can be obtained from
X-ray diffraction patterns. For more complex fats, hardness and melting characteristics must be considered. There is evidence
that mechanical working is also effective in the transformation of a cocoa butter-like fat made from hydrogenated cottonseed
oil and olive oil, and in the transformation of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Mechanical working to effect polymorphic
transformation is also effective with products containing the fats mentioned.
Presented at the 35th Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Illinois, October 30–November 1, 1961.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
4.
Summary A palm kernel oil, mbocaya, possessing a relatively high iodine value, approximately 30, is being produced in Paraguay. Production
can be expanded. One possible use for the oil is as a component of shortenings.
As expected, consistency measurements showed the oil to be unsuited for conversion to shortening of the all-hydrogenated type.
Blends with hydrogenated cottonseed oil yielded products having acceptable consistency characteristics. However, for a given
consistency, the proportion of hydrogenated cottonseed oil needed was greater than that needed for a comparable blend with
cottonseed oil. The difference was attributed to the formation of solid solutions or mixed crystals in the latter blend.
A mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and cottonseed oil was prepared and found to possess consistency characteristics
better than those of a typical shortening of the all-hydrogenated type.
Presented at the 28th Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 11–13, 1954.
Formerly Chief Chemist, Coindu, Asuncion, Paraguay. Sponsored by Institute of Inter-American Affairs under Point IV program.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
5.
Summary 1. Dilatometric curves between 0°C. and their melting points have been obtained for the following fats: lard, butterfat, cottonseed
oil, peanut oil, a commercial margarine oil, a commercial all-hydrogenated vegetable shortening, three samples of soybean
oil hydrogenated to different degrees, a hard butter fractionally crystallized from hydrogenated peanut oil, a mixture of
tristearin and soybean oil, and a synthetic fat containing equal molar proportions of stearic and oleic acids.
2. The dilatometric curves, of volume change in the fat against temperature, were in every case composed of a series of straight
lines, separated by sharp breaks or transition points.
3. The number of linear sections in the dilatometric curves corresponded in a general way with the known degree of complexity
in the glycerides of the fats, and varied from two in the case of the relatively simple stearic-oleic glyceride mixture, to
at least seven in the case of the all-hydrogenated shortening. Since each break in the curve must correspond to the disappearance
of a distinct class of solid glycerides or glyceride complexes, the application of dilatometry to the qualitative and quantitative
determination of glyceride composition in fats is suggested.
4. Only two of the fats examined, the mixture of tristearin and soybean oil, and the synthetic stearicoleic glyceride mixture,
exhibited polymorphism, even after rapid solidification in ice water.
Presented before the American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 10 to 12, 1944.
This is one of four regional research laboratories operated by the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural
Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
6.
R. O. Feuge Audrey T. Gros E. J. Vicknair 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1953,30(8):320-325
Summary Pure 1,2-diaceto-3-olein was prepared by acetylating mono-olein. A mixture of aceto-oleins was prepared by acetylating a mixture
of mono-, di-, and trioleins derived from commercial oleic acid. Several natural oils were acetylated either by ester-ester
interchange with triacetin or by glycerolysis followed by acetylation. The various products were examined for cloud and solid
points, point of complete melting, and consistency.
The 1,2-diaceto-3-olein, which contains 19.5% of acetyl group on a weight basis, has a melting point of −18.3°C. while the
mixture of aceto-oleins, which contained 14.3% of acetyl on a weight basis, melted at −24°C.
Acetylation of the natural oils raises in most instances their cloud and solid points and point of complete melting, but it
also greatly increases their plasticity at lower temperatures.
Aceto-compounds were used to plasticize highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. These mixtures were prepared so that they possessed
the consistency of margarine oil at room temperature. These mixtures, when compared with partially hydrogenated oil, butterfat,
or a mixture of cottonseed oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil, were softer below room temperature and firmer above room temperature.
A margarine-like product containing 79% of aceto-olein and 18.5% of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil had a practically constant
consistency over the temperature range of −15° to 49°C. (5° to 120°F.).
Presented at the 26th Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Cincinnati, O., Oct. 20–22, 1952.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
7.
A. E. Bailey M. E. Jefferson Florence B. Kreeger S. T. Bauer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1945,22(1):10-13
Summary 1. Melting points and x-ray diffraction patterns have been determined for cottonseed oil hydrogenated to an iodine value of
less than 1, and for a very pure sample of tristearin.
2. Contrary to the observations of previous investigators, the x-ray patterns indicate a well-defined crystal structure with
a sharp long spacing and a single sharp short spacing in the lowest-melting form of tristearin. A new pattern, with two short
spacings and a long spacing, was observed in tristearin of intermediate melting point.
3. Four polymorphic forms of the hydrogenated cottonseed oil were detected. The x-ray pattern of the lowest-melting form of
the hydrogenated oil was similar to that of the correspopnding form of tristearin. The pattern of the highest-melting form
of the hydrogenated oil differed from that of either tristearin or β-palmitodistearin, the major components of the oil. Distinctive
patterns for the intermediate forms of the hydrogenated oil could not be obtained, presumably because of the instability of
the lower melting forms at room temperature.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
8.
S. G. Morris P. Magidman F. E. Luddy R. W. Riemenschneider 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1956,33(8):353-355
Summary Experimental shortenings were prepared from various mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil. Three series of shortenings were
produced by somewhat different procedures: a) mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil were hydrogenated and then catalytically
rearranged; b) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow and cottonseed oil were rearranged; and c) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow
and cottonseed oil were rearranged in the presence of 0.43% glycerine.
Certain combinations and treatments of tallow and cottonseed oil produced shortenings which compared reasonably well with
standard vegetable shortenings.
Presented at the 29th Fall Meeting of The American Oil Chemists’ Society, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10–12, 1955.
A laboratory of the Eastern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
9.
G. R. List T. L. Mounts F. Orthoefer W. E. Neff 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(3):379-382
Liquid vegetable oils (VO), including cottonseed, peanut, soybean, corn, and canola, were randomly interesterified with completely
hydrogenated soybean or cottonseed hardstocks (vegetable oil trisaturate; VOTS) in ratios of four parts VO and one part VOTS.
Analysis of the reaction products by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that at 70°C and vigorous agitation, with
0.5% sodium methoxide catalyst, the reactions were complete after 15 min. Solid-fat index (SFI) measurements made at 50, 70,
80, 92, and 104°F, along with drop melting points, indicated that the interesterified fats possess plasticity curves in the
range of commercial soft tub margarine oils prepared by blending hydrogenated stocks. Shortening basestocks were prepared
by randomly interesterifying palm or soybean oil with VOTS in ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 or 4:1, respectively. Blending of the interesterified
basestocks with additional liquid VO yielded products having SFI curves very similar to commercial all purpose-type shortening
oils made by blending hydrogenated stocks. Other studies show that fluid-type shortening oils can be prepared through blending
of interesterified basestocks with liquid VO. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the desirable β′ crystal structure is
achieved through interesterification and blending.
Presented at AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, Atlanta, Georgia, May 8–12, 1994. 相似文献
10.
Crystallization of hydrogenated sunflower-cottonseed oil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. Rivarola J. A. Segura M. C. Añón A. Calvelo 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1987,64(11):1537-1543
Crystal structures formed during solidification of hydrogenated cottonseed oil, sunflowerseed oil and their blends were analyzed
by using an X-ray diffraction technique, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. Temperatures
and times of crystallization under conditions which tend to produce β′ type structures were determined in terms of refrigeration
parameters. Microscopy with polarized light also helped clarify some aspects of the tridimensional network of crystals that
contribute to the consistency of products made from hydrogenated oils. 相似文献
11.
M. M. Chakrabarty A. K. Gayen M. K. Chakrabarty 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》1979,81(6):233-236
The directed rearrangement reaction in solvents of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil was investigated with special reference to the influence of polarity of solvents and amount of trisaturated glycerides formed. The results as obtained by selective enzymatic hydrolysis, gas liquid chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry of the whole fat triglycerides and of the corresponding monoglycerides of cottonseed oil and partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil, before and after directed interesterification, indicate a general trend of the increase of the saturated fatty acyl radicals in the 2-position of the glyceride moiety with the corresponding decrease of the unsaturated acids. The considerable decrease in the concentration of cis unsaturated acid in the 2-position of the triglycerides of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil has been observed after the directed rearrangement reaction with the simultaneous enrichment of trans unsaturated acid. It was also observed that cottonseed oil does not show any plasticity, whereas after directed interesterification it shows remarkable plasticity. The plasticity of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil is further diminished after directed rearrangement reaction. 相似文献
12.
T. L. Ward Audrey T. Gros R. O. Feuge 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1955,32(6):316-318
Summary Tristearin, triolein, 1,2-diaceto-3-olein, an acetoolein product, and 1,2-dibutyro-3-olein were prepared. Also a commercial,
refined, and bleached cottonseed oil was hydrogenated to obtain products having iodine values of 29.3 and 1.1. Solubility
measurements were made for the mixtures tristearin-triolein, tristearin-1,2-diaceto-3-olein, tristearin-1,2-dibutyro-3-olein,
and for hydrogenated cottonseed oils in the aceto-olein product and cottonseed oil.
In mixtures containing from 0.18% to approximately 30% of tristearin the solubility on a weight basis was unaffected by the
nature of the oil. On a mole fraction basis the tristearin was most soluble in the triolein and least soluble in the 1,2-diaceto-3-olein.
Hydrogenated cottonseed oil appeared to be about equally soluble, on a weight basis, in the aceto-olein product and cottonseed
oil.
Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, San Antonio, Tex., April 12–14, 1954.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department
of Agriculture. 相似文献
13.
W. S. Singleton Madeline Lambou A. E. Bailey 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1945,22(7):168-174
Summary 1. An investigation has been made of low-temperature crystallization from organic solvents as a means of effecting practical
separations of the solid and liquid acids of unhydrogenated and hydrogenated cottonseed oils.
2. At any fixed temperature the most efficient separations were obtained in the highly polar solvents, acetone and methyl
acetate. However, it was possible in any case to make nonpolar petroleum naphtha (Skellysolve B) fully equivalent to the polar
solvents simply by conducting the crystallization at a temperature approximately 10° F. lower than that employed with the
polar solvents. Ethyl acetate and methyl ethyl ketone were intermediate between petroleum naphtha and acetone or methyl acetate
in their effectiveness.
3. By employing a solvent-fatty acid ratio of 4 to 1 by weight and conducting crystallizations at 5° F. or lower from acetone
and −5° F. or lower from petroleum naphtha, the liquid fatty acids from unhydrogenated cottonseed oil could be reduced to
below −2° C. in titer and to below about 3 per cent in saturated acid content. Under these conditions there was no appreciable
crystallization of oleic acid.
4. At a solvent-fatty acid ratio of 6 to 1 and the same temperatures (5° F. for acetone and − 5° F. for petroleum naphtha)
equally good separations could be made of the saturated fatty acids present in the mixed acids from hydrogenated cottonseed
oil (I.V.=70). Separation of “iso-oleic” acids from the fatty acids of the hydrogenated oil took place over a wide range of
temperatures, beginning at 35° F. in acetone and at 25° F. in petroleum naptha, and being incomplete (according to Twitchell
analyses of the liquid acids) in either solvent at −15° F. However, the bulk of the higher melting iso-oleic acids was precipitated
as the temperature approached −5° F. in acetone and −15° F. in petroleum naphtha.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
14.
Werner Landmann N. V. Lovegren R. O. Feuge 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1960,37(1):1-4
Summary Films of cocoa butter, highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil, mixtures of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and cottonseed oil,
chocolate liquor, and sweet milk chocolate were prepared; and their permeability to water vapor was determined by the cup
method. The permeability constant was calculated in terms of grams of water diffusing through a centimeter cube in one second
under a vapor pressure gradient of one millimeter of mercury across the cube.
Under the test conditions employed, the permeability constant for cocoa butter at room temperature was found to vary from
5.8×10−12 to 81.6×10−12. The permeability constants for the highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and the cocoa butter, under comparable conditions
at room temperature, was found to be approximately 1.3×10−12 and 33×10−12, respectively.
From data obtained with cocoa butter it was concluded that the permeability constant increased with moderate increases in
film thickness.
Polymorphism was found to have a large effect on permeability, an approximately 15-fold difference was found between quickly
chilled and tempered films of cocoa butter at 3°C. (37.4°F.).
The percentage of liquid component in the fat was found to have a large effect on permeability. The increasing of the percentage
of liquid cottonseed oil in highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil from 0 to 40% increased the permeability constant from 1.3×10−12 to about 420×10−12.
The permeability of chocolate liquor and sweet milk chocolate at room temperature was increased greatly when the relative
humidity on the wet side of the films was increased to 100%. The nonfat components absorbed enough moisture to impair the
structure of the film.
Presented at the 32nd Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Ill., October 20–22, 1958.
Fellow, National Confectioners' Association.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
15.
Summary 1. A hydrogenated cottonseed oil has been molecularly distilled, and the distilled fractions examined.
2. Fractionation of a molecularly distilled oil occurs, as is to be expected, on the basis of variations in molecular weight
of the glycerides. The composition of cottonseed oil is such that there is a considerable separation of the glycerides according
to their degree of unsaturation. The composition of peanut oil is such that similar separation can only be slight. Soybean
oil is in this respect intermediate between cottonseed oil and peanut oil.
3. Molecular distillation of hydrogenated cottonseed oil causes a segregation of tocopherols and related compounds similar
to that observed in peanut oil. However, the fractions first distilled from the oil are relatively weak in antioxygenic properties.
It appears probable that their lack of effectiveness is due to the presence of unknown substances capable of inhibiting or
counteracting the action of tocopherols. However, the presence of substances other than tocopherols, which respond to or interfere
with the Emmerie-Engel test is not to be excluded. The tocopherols in the potent fractions are more effective thana-tocopherol, but less effective than γ-tocopherol.
This is one of four regional research laboratories operated by the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural
Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
16.
Summary Diglycerides of the fat-forming acids yield, on esterification with succinic, adipie, and other shortchain dibasic acids,
a poteutially useful series of compounds ranging from hard, high-melting waxes to viscous oils which will not crystallize.
A number of the properties of these compounds were determined in carlier investigations.
In the present investigation additional properties of the 1,3-diolein and 1,3-distearin esters of succinic and adipic acids
were determined. Surface and interfacial tensions were measured and found to be similar to those of cottonseed oil. The smoke
points also were found to be similar to that of cottonseed oil. The ability of the compounds to thicken cottouseed oil was
measured and found to be somewhat better than that of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil at levels above about 12%, and the
mixtures were relatively resistant to fat leakage. In hardness the distearin esters of succinic and adipic acid were comparable
to carnauba wax and were over twice as hard as highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Permeability to water vapor was found to
be greater than that of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and carnauba wax and about equal to that of cocoa butter.
Presented at the 33rd Fall Meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Los Angeles, Calif., September 28–30, 1959.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
17.
The fatty acid composition of cottonseed and com oils was determined before and after the technological hydrogenation process. In hydrogenated cottonseed and corn oils the essential fatty acid content (linoleic, 18:2 ω6) was decreased while the trans-18:1 acid was increased as compared to the native oils. The trans as well as the essential fatty acid contents in some consumeravailable hydrogenated fats were evaluated. The composition of cis and trans monoene isomers were also determined. This study revealed that some of the Egyptian consumer-available hydrogenated fats contain considerable amounts of trans acids. 相似文献
18.
H. N. Cheng Mason W. Rau Michael K. Dowd Michael W. Easson Brian D. Condon 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2014,91(8):1461-1469
There is current interest in reducing the trans fatty acids (TFA) in hydrogenated vegetable oils because consumption of foods high in TFA has been linked to increased serum cholesterol content. In the interest of understanding the TFA levels, hydrogenation was carried out in this work on soybean oil and cottonseed oil at two pressures (2 and 5 bar) and 100 °C using commercially available Ni, Pd, and Pt catalysts. The TFA levels and the fatty acid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography. The iodine value of interest is ~70 for all-purpose shortening and 95–110 for pourable oil applications. In all cases, higher hydrogen pressures produced lower levels of TFA. In the range of 70–95 iodine values for the hydrogenated products, the Pt catalyst gave the least TFA, followed closely by Ni, and then Pd, for both oils. For all three catalysts at 2- and 5-bar pressures and 70–95 iodine values, cottonseed oil contained noticeably less TFA than soybean oil; this is probably because cottonseed oil contains a lower total amount of olefin-containing fatty acids relative to soybean oil. Approximate kinetic modeling was also done on the hydrogenation data that provided additional confirmation of data consistency. 相似文献
19.
Evald L. Skau W. N. Dopp E. G. Burleigh L. F. Banowetz 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1950,27(12):556-564
Summary and Conclusions Systematic physical chemical data on the solventwinterization behavior of cottonseed and peanut oils with acetone have been
obtained which should serve as a basis for selecting the conditions necessary for the effective solvent winterization of these
oils in acetone.
Cottonseed and peanut oils are only partially miscible with acetone below certain temperatures which have been determined.
In peanut oil this phenomenon may interfere with the winterization process within a certain range of concentrations. For cottonseed
oil however the separation into two liquid phases does not occur until some 5°C. below the temperature required for adequate
winterization.
Complete data for a 3-hour holding-time have been obtained for three cottonseed oils ranging in iodine value from 106.1 to
116.4. Tables and graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil-solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding-time,
agitation, and iodine value of the original oil on the percentage of solid removed and on the degree of winterization and
iodine value of the winterized oil.
Similar data have been obtained for a refined peanut oil insofar as possible without interference from separation into two
liquid phases. It seems probable that if acetone were used as the winterization solvent for peanut oil, the separation into
two liquid layers and the sensitivity of this phenomenon to moisture might be a source of processing difficulties especially
if filtration instead of centrifugation were used to separate the solid from the supernatant.
Resigned: September 2, 1949.
Resigned: August 13, 1948.
Resigned: January 28, 1949.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
20.
A. R. Gudheim 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1944,21(5):129-133
Summary The specific heats of several vegetable oils have been determined by a more exact procedure than those which seem to have
been used heretofore. Values slightly higher than the literature figures were obtained, that is, an average value of 0.53
was determined as compared to reported results of 0.50. The specific heat of cottonseed oil with respect to temperature increases
slightly with elevating temperatures. The specific heats at different temperatures were not determined on the other oils,
but likewise, these probably show no significant variation in specific heat with respect to temperature in the range 21° to
100°C.
The specific heats of completely solid vegetable fats are believed to be reported for the first time. These values are about
the same for such different stocks as completely hardened palm and sunflower oils, and their values are approximately one-half
that of the liquid, that is, 0.28 as compared to 0.53.
The latent heats of fusion of a number of fats have also been determined by what is thought to be a satisfactory procedure.
Theoretical aspects and empirical results are given to show that the latent heat of fusion varies with the temperature when
two phases are present, and that for this reason, any references to the latent heat of fusion should be accompanied by temperature
limitations. This is not so important, however, when the specimen is completely solid at the temperature in question.
The data and graphs presented show the general variation in latent heat of hardened cottonseed oil at one temperature with
respect to iodine value. 相似文献