二次固溶处理工艺对7A04-T6铝合金组织和性能的影响

针对7A04-T6铝合金的二次固溶工艺进行了试验研究。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度计等研究了二次固溶处理工艺对7A04铝合金自然时效组织和性能的影响,并讨论了其影响规律和影响机制。研究结果表明:提高固溶温度或延长固溶时间均能显著提高7A04-T6铝合金自然时效后的力学性能;较高的固溶温度有利于缩短达到相同固溶效果所需的固溶时间;当固溶温度超过485℃,且固溶时间超过60 min时,合金的强度、硬度增大,伸长率下降。而固溶温度的提高或时间的延长,合金的第二相面积分数逐渐减小,而平均晶粒尺寸增大,合金组织发生再结晶;固溶温度过高或固溶时间过长,将促进过渡相(θ'相)向稳定相(θ″相)转变,影响合金性能。     

固溶处理对7B04铝合金组织及性能的影响

利用金相组织观察(OM)、扫描电镜分析(SEM)、透射电镜观察(TEM)以及硬度测试,研究固溶处理对7B04铝合金显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:实验合金中的η相(Mg Zn_2)为易溶相,S相(Al_2Cu Mg)为难溶相,含Fe杂质相为不溶相;进行单级固溶处理时,随着固溶温度的升高,实验合金的固溶程度、再结晶程度和再结晶晶粒尺寸增加,当温度超过480℃时,出现过烧现象,力学性能恶化,7B04铝合金淬火敏感性较高;双级固溶可有效抑制合金再结晶、降低合金淬火敏感性,实验条件下较好的双级固溶工艺为(450℃,0.5 h)+(490℃,0.5 h),抑制合金再结晶效果最佳,经120℃时效24 h后,硬度达到最大值,为204HV1。     

固溶处理对7B04铝合金冷轧板组织性能的影响

在实验室中制备了试验用7B04铝合金,经铸造-均质化退火-热轧-中间退火-冷轧后制得7B04铝合金板材,并对合金板材进行了后续固溶时效处理,研究了固溶处理对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,470 ℃×1 h固溶+120 ℃×21 h时效处理铝合金冷轧板材再结晶明显,有少量晶粒处于伸长状态,除粗大第二相粒子外,未发现细小第二相粒子,综合力学性能较好,抗拉强度为596 MPa,屈服强度为537 MPa,伸长率为14.88%。固溶温度达到480 ℃时,合金再结晶明显,但保温时间不能超过0.5 h,否则合金强度和塑性下降。     

固溶处理对2A14铝合金冷轧板组织与性能的影响

采用DSC差热分析、拉伸试验、硬度测试及金相观察等方法,分析了固溶处理对2A14铝合金冷轧板材显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,2A14铝合金冷轧薄板的过烧温度为508℃。随固溶温度升高和保温时间延长,合金的固溶程度增大,经自然时效后,合金强度逐渐提高,在505℃下固溶30min时合金强度最高。而随着固溶温度进一步升高,合金发生再结晶且晶粒长大,沉淀强化减弱,因而强度降低。综合得到2A14铝合金冷轧板的最佳固溶处理制度为505℃下保温30min。     

7A04铝合金高温固溶的微观组织和力学性能

以7A04铝合金为例,通过高温预热装炉和高温短时固溶处理,结合金相组织观察和力学性能测试,研究了高温固溶处理对高强铝合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明：固溶时间相同时,随着固溶温度的提高,合金的强度提高,塑性变化不大;高温短时固溶合金强度的增加,主要得益于高温固溶时空位浓度的增加;采用500℃高温预热装炉、510℃20min固溶和140℃6h 150℃1h时效,使7A04铝合金的Rm,Rp0．2和A值分别达到了652．3N／mm^2、553．7N／mm^2和12．6％,而未见明显的过烧组织。     

固溶工艺对6061铝合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验等方法,研究了固溶处理工艺对6061铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随固溶时间的延长和固溶温度的升高,合金中可溶第二相粒子逐渐溶解,再结晶增强,晶粒细化,合金拉伸性能升高;进一步延长固溶时间和提高固溶温度,合金晶粒粗化,合金强度下降。热处理后残留粗大第二相粒子的多少和合金晶粒大小是影响合金拉伸性能和断口形貌的主要因素。时效工艺为180 ℃×8 h条件下,6061铝合金的最佳固溶工艺为535 ℃×80 min。     

固溶处理对7021铝合金组织与性能的影响

采用金相观察、力学性能测试等方法,研究了固溶处理对7021铝合金板材显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随固溶温度的升高和保温时间的延长,合金的未溶相逐步溶入基体,经120℃×24h人工时效后,合金强度逐渐提高,380℃×40min固溶时合金强度最高。而随着固溶温度进一步升高或固溶时间不断延长,合金中纤维状组织发生再结晶,晶粒不断长大,合金强度降低,伸长率提高。7021铝合金的最佳固溶处理工艺为380℃下保温40min。     

分级固溶对7A04铝合金组织与性能的影响

研究了分级固溶对7A04铝合金组织与性能的影响.结果表明:7A04铝合金在470℃,5 min 485℃,· 9 min固溶和140℃,6 h 150℃,1 h时效后的бь,б0.2和δ5分别达到544.6 MPa,498.8 MPa和11.1%.金相观察发现,短时分级固溶(470℃,5 min 485℃,3～9 min)的晶粒尺寸较485℃单级固溶的细小.断口扫描电镜观察表明:分级固溶获得了典型的韧窝型断口.X射线衍射分析结果表明:470℃,5 min 485℃,9 min分级固溶后,除少量Al2Cu外,MgZn2已完全溶解.能谱分析表明:未溶相主要为富Fe和Cu的杂质相.由于470℃,5min 485℃,9 min分级固溶的晶粒比485℃单级固溶的细小,溶质过饱和度达到了500℃,20 min单级固溶的水平,使得时效后的试样获得了最高的力学性能,达到了常规固溶工艺的性能水平.     

提高7A04铝合金强度的工艺研究

采用深冷技术处理7A04铝合金,通过金相组织分析和力学性能测试,研究了深冷处理对7A04铝合金组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:采用480℃×80min+120℃×4h深冷+120℃×16h工艺处理后,7A04铝合金的晶粒细化,强度显著提高.     

固溶处理对7A09铝合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察和力学性能测试等方法研究了固溶处理对7A09铝合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在723~783 K范围内,随固溶温度升高和固溶时间延长,合金中可溶析出相粒子逐渐溶解,合金强度逐渐升高;进一步提高固溶温度和延长固溶时间,合金内部晶粒开始粗化,合金强度下降。7A09铝合金的最佳固溶处理工艺为743 K×55 min。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.