扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽蒸散发计算与分析

根据水生植物芦苇生长期内的特点,利用扎龙湿地水文气象监测站2003年6月份的气象监测资料及FAO(56)推荐的P-M公式,计算了扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽区域的参照作物蒸散发量,并采用单作物系数法计算了扎龙芦苇湿地的实际蒸散发量。     

基于 Kc和 NDVI 关系的蒸散发量空间尺度提升 及时空变化

为探究流域长时序高空间分辨率蒸散发量计算对区域水资源开发利用、水利工程规划设计及农业可持续发 展的重要意义,以河北省邢台市柳林流域为研究对象,基于 Penman-Monteith 模型和蒸渗仪实测蒸散发数据计算 不同时期的流域作物系数（Kc）,并建立 Kc与归一化植被指数（normalized?difference?vegetation?index,NDVI）的关系, 利用 250?m 分辨率 NDVI 产品将蒸渗仪测算的蒸散发量升尺度到柳林流域,计算流域各网格 2000—2021 年的蒸 散发量,分析蒸散发量的时空变化规律。结果表明：柳林流域多年平均潜在蒸散发量为 1?135.6mm,呈下降趋势; 多年平均蒸散发量为 591.4mm,呈上升趋势。蒸散发量在空间上西北高东南低,四季蒸散发量空间分布特征与多 年平均蒸散发量一致,且季节上分配不均。基于 NDVI 估算的蒸散发量与水量平衡法计算的蒸散发量 2000—2020 年多年平均相对误差为 7.9%,说明利用 Kc与 NDVI 关系可以较精确地对蒸散发量进行空间尺度提升。     

黑龙江省参考作物蒸散量变化及气象因子分析

为研究中纬度寒区参考作物蒸散量时空变化及影响因子变化,揭示参考作物蒸散量与各气象因子间响应关系,基于黑龙江省34个标准气象站点数据资料,运用Penman-Monteith公式方法计算逐日参考作物蒸散量。利用累积距平、气候倾向率、趋势分析和突变检验、Hurst指数方法,分析了黑龙江省参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征及气象因子间响应关系,明确了产生差异性的主要原因。结果表明:整体上,黑龙江省1990—2019多年平均参考作物蒸散量呈下降趋势;春季相对湿度是影响参考作物蒸散量变化的主要气象因子,而冬季影响参考作物蒸散量较大的气象因子是平均气温;全省高蒸散区集中在以泰来为中心的西南部,低蒸散区集中在以呼中为中心的西北部;风速和气温是影响黑龙江省南部地区参考作物蒸散量变化的主要气象因素,相对湿度是影响北部地区参考作物蒸散量变化的主要气象因素;对未来变化趋势预测表明,黑龙江省Hurst指数为0.60~0.69,说明未来参考作物蒸散量变化呈与现在相同的下降趋势且具有一定持续性。     

作物需水量计算研究进展

评述了作物需水量的计算,并着重分析了基于参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算作物需水量的方法.提出了作物系数、土壤水分修正系数需要进一步研究的观点,并指出作物系数不但随作物生长发育时间而变化,也受气温和土壤水分状况累积效应的影响,土壤水分修正系数也有建立包含作物根系深度等因素的计算模型的必要.     

Relating Crop Water Consumption to Irrigation Water Supply by Remote Sensing

A new set of irrigation performance indicators based on remote-sensing estimates of evapotranspiration is introduced. These evapotranspiration indicators are the relative evapotranspiration or crop stress and the water efficiency as well as their uniformity. With a remote-sensing evapotranspiration algorithm (SEBAL) maps of actual crop water consumption are derived. These maps are one of the inputs in the evapotranspiration indicators, together with GIS data (digitized irrigation unit boundaries) and field data (irrigation delivery schedule and water flow). This approach is applied on the Rio Tunuyan irrigation scheme, Mendoza, Argentina, which is served by surface water and privately owned ground water pumps. A homogeneous pattern of actual crop water consumption is detected from the highest irrigation level till the lowest (farm) level (coefficient of variance from 8.6% to 6.1% and 14.0% of secondary, tertiary and pixel level, respectively). Considering that a rotational irrigation schedule at tertiary and farm level is present, the results indicate that ground water supply through extraction and capillary rise equalize the spatial patterns in crop water consumption. The latter is proved by a comparison between (i) the areal water consumption from remote-sensing measurements, (ii) the areal water supply and (iii) additional field information on ground water extraction and capillary rise.     

鲁北地区秸杆覆盖对冬小麦需水量、作物系数及水分利用效率的影响

作物系数和需水量是制定作物灌溉制度和计算区域水资源平衡的重要参数,不同气候和不同栽培条件下作物系数和需水量会发生变化。通过大田试验,以Penman-Monteith公式计算小麦播种~成熟期间参照作物蒸散量,并利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算作物实际蒸发蒸散量,进而对小麦秸杆覆盖和露地栽培条件下各生育阶段的作物系数进行计算。结果表明,鲁北地区小麦秸杆覆盖栽培比露地栽培生育期内作物需水量减少40.3 mm,作物系数降低9.1%,水分利用效率增加18.0%。冬小麦产量提高10%左右。     

Evapotranspiration from an Olive Orchard using Remote Sensing-Based Dual Crop Coefficient Approach

A remote sensing-based approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ET) was tested in an area covered by olive trees and characterized by Mediterranean climate. The methodology is a modified version of the standard FAO-56 dual crop coefficient procedure, in which the crop potential transpiration, T _p, is obtained by directly applying the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation with actual canopy characteristics (i.e., leaf area index, albedo and canopy height) derived from optical remote sensing data. Due to the minimum requirement of in-situ ancillary inputs, the methodology is suitable also for applications on large areas where the use of tabled crop coefficient values become problematic, due to the need of corrections for specific crop parameters, i.e., percentage of ground cover, crop height, phenological cycles, etc. The methodology was applied using seven airborne remote sensing images acquired during spring-autumn 2008. The estimates based on PM approach always outperforms the ones obtained using simple crop coefficient constant values. Additionally, the comparison of simulated daily evapotranspiration and transpiration with the values observed by eddy correlation and sap flow techniques, respectively, shows a substantial agreement during both dry and wet days with an accuracy in the order of 0.5 and 0.3 mm d^?1, respectively. The obtained results suggest the capability of the proposed approach to correctly partition evaporation and transpiration components during both the irrigation season and rainy period also under conditions of significant reduction of actual ET from the potential one.     

节水灌溉条件下作物系数和土壤水分修正系数试验研究

考虑土壤水分调控所产生的作物生长滞后效应与补偿生长效应,对节水灌溉条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量ETc的理论计算模型进行了研究。根据灌溉试验资料,确定了冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花及水稻作物的作物系数Kc,得出节水灌溉条件下主要农作物土壤水分修正系数Ks的计算公式。覆膜旱作节水灌溉模式的水稻需水量计算实例结果显示,计算值与实测值较为吻合,模型具有较高的精度。     

黏弹性人工边界地震动输入方法及实现

本文对实现黏弹性边界的常用方法进行了总结,对相应于黏弹性边界的地震动输入公式进行了详细推导,把自由场应力的求解也转化为自由场速度的求解,简化了地震动输入公式,并给出了地震动输入的简化方法。基于ABAQUS软件,进行算例分析并和理论解进行对比,验证了各种黏弹性边界实现方式及本文地震动输入方法的合理性和正确性。最后,对大朝山重力坝典型挡水坝段进行地震响应分析,通过施加黏弹性边界并输入相应地震动,评价了无限地基辐射阻尼的影响,并与无质量地基模型的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,考虑辐射阻尼效应后坝体地震响应明显降低,故在实际工程抗震分析时对其影响应予以适当考虑。     

华北平原不同种植模式作物耗水监测与特点分析

为探究华北平原不同种植模式的作物耗水与生产能力以评价其缓解地下水超采的潜力,于2021—2022年在中国农业科学院北京市顺义试验站进行了冬小麦-夏玉米、冬小麦-夏大豆和冬小麦-夏休闲3种种植模式的对比试验。利用大型称重式蒸渗仪监测各种植模式的蒸散、土壤储水和渗漏,使用FAO-56推荐的双作物系数法估算不同种植模式的蒸散量,同时分析了估算效果和蒸散与环境的响应特征,并比较不同种植模式的水分利用效率和产量、效益的相对关系。结果表明：3种种植模式的实测蒸散量与净辐射呈指数函数关系、与气温呈二次函数关系、与水汽压差呈线性函数关系,可以使用双作物系数法或非线性拟合公式较好地估算不同种植模式的蒸散量;冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式的产量、水分利用效率和经济效益最高,耗水量也最高,地下水净消耗量为197.52 mm,而冬小麦-夏休闲模式净地下水消耗量最小,比冬小麦-夏玉米模式低72.28%。未来需要结合华北平原不同区域可利用和开采的地表水、地下水资源量和土壤储水能力以及作物耗水量优化作物种植模式,以达到地下水的采补平衡。     

Sorghum Water Loss in Relation to Irrigation Treatment

Aiming towards rational irrigation water management in a seasonally dry climate, sorghum water losses via evapotranspiration were studied during a two-year experiment in relation to irrigation treatments in Central Greece. Relative to high irrigation (IH), that provided the root depth with 458 mm of water in 1994 and 512 mm in 1995, 56 and 64% of the water was supplied by the medium (IM) and 34 and 46% by the low (IL) treatments, respectively, during the two years. A fourth treatment (IHA) was performed like (IH) until the end of anthesis, when irrigation stopped. Gravimetric soil moisture was measured, biometric measurements were taken and all meteorological parameters required to estimate evapotranspiration by the Penman–Monteith equation were logged. A model estimating sorghum actual water loss was first run with the 1994 data. During the model-establishment year, it was found that (a) surface resistance rs, consisting of a canopy rsc and a soil rss resistance acting in parallel, was almost exclusively dependent on soil water shortage, (b) under the IM and IL irrigation treatments, the lowest possible (immediately after water application) canopy resistance r'sc, higher than the (IH) minimum canopy resistance rsc (min) = 40 sm-1, was irrigation-deficit dependent and (c) the rss (min) was as high as 1200 sm-1, common to all treatments. The model established was then verified with the 1995 data and used to calculate the crop coefficient kc values for sorghum. The model, although tending to underestimate actual evapotranspiration by 4–10%, depending on the treatment, may be considered as reliable. The kc values calculated are considerably higher than the kc values suggested for sorghum by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Therefore, taking also into account that any additional mm of water supplied results in an increase of 0.052 t of dry biomass per hectare, higher irrigation water applications could be recommended, although the low irrigation treatment made slightly better use of water.     

黄土高原北部淤地坝区域土壤水分模拟及水分有效性——以六道沟流域为例

为揭示黄土高原北部淤地坝区域土壤水分变化特征及其有效性,以黄土高原北部六道沟流域的一处淤地坝区域为研究区,基于实测的水文、气象数据,利用Penman公式和Penman-Monteith公式分别推求参考作物的蒸散发以及草地蒸散发,并对水分有效性进行评估;基于非饱和土壤水分运动方程式(Richards formula)构建了一维土壤水分计算模型,并对土壤水分进行模拟。结果表明:计算时段内,研究区的水分有效性参数值受同期表层土壤含水量和蒸散发的影响较大;淤地坝区域的水分有效性参数均值(0.31)比坡面均值(0.17)大;构建的一维土壤水分模型模拟精度较高,实测值与模拟值之间的相关系数以及模型的纳什效率(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE))系数在0.90以上。研究结果可为黄土高原北部淤地坝区域蒸散发和土壤水分运动的深入研究提供基础数据和方法上的借鉴。     

Estimation of Crop Coefficient and Evapotranspiration of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an Irrigation Command Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration of wheat crop grown in Tarafeni South Main Canal (TSMC) irrigation command of West Bengal State in India. The area under wheat crop was clipped from landuse/land cover map generated from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite P6 (IRS P6) image of January, 2004 for winter season 2003–04. The IRS P6 image and four wide field sensor (WiFS) images for different months of winter season were used to determine the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) for area under wheat crop. The relationship between vegetation indices and crop coefficients (K_c) of wheat for corresponding months were developed. Based on these developed regression equations crop coefficient maps were generated for each month of wheat crop season. Monthly reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated based on FAO-56, Penman–Monteith method. ETo was combined with spatially distributed K_c maps of different months of wheat crop season to generate crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) maps of each month. The crop water demand of wheat estimated using spatially distributed ET_c maps for months of December 2003, January 2004, February 2004, March 2004 (1st Fortnight) and March 2004 (2nd Fortnight) were found to be 3.98, 8.14, 4.66, 2.49, and 1.21 million cubic meter (MCM) respectively. Based on crop evapotranspiration the total crop water demand of wheat crop in irrigation command of TSMC was estimated as 20.48 MCM.     

基于信息熵原理的作物需水空间相似性分析

根据区域空间作物需水观测站点具有信息传输的特性,运用信息熵原理研究了它们之间的信息有向传输问题,并运用聚类分析法进一步研究了作物需水相似性区间,初步揭示了作物需水空间分布的结构特征。上述方法运用于湖南省83个观测站作物需水空间分布规律研究中,取得了满意的结果。     

Analysis and synthesis of seasonality and variability of daily potential evapotranspiration

Daily meteorological data over a period of nine years from Helliniko Station (Athens, Greece) are used to produce daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) series. A multipliative model describes the periodic and stochastic components of the series where Fourier aproximations of two- or three-harmonic periodic components and a first-order autoregressive one are employed, respectively. The assessment of adequacy of the model is based on the properties of (a) the correlogram and (b) the spectrum of a white noise process. The model is further used to generate daily PET values. Generated and historical data show remarkable affinity in average arithmetic mean, coefficient of variation, skewness coefficient and their standard deviations.     

分布式双源蒸散发模型及其在南广河流域运用研究

鉴于传统蒸散发模型基于单点计算,不能考虑流域下垫面条件对蒸散发影响的局限性,利用卫星遥感数据源,以四川境内的南广河流域作为研究对象,构建基于栅格单元的分布式双源蒸散发模型,实现研究区域蒸散发时空全过程计算。研究表明:基于遥感数据源的区域蒸散发计算值与蒸发站点实测蒸发值具有较好的一致性和相关性,相关系数为0.744,在相似的气象和下垫面条件下,蒸散发能力排序为:林地>灌木丛>水田>旱地>草地,模型研究成果对于流域蒸散发空间计算,以及定量分析土地利用变化对流域蒸散发影响提供一定的参考价值。     

应用双作物系数模型估算温室番茄耗水量

准确估算作物耗水量对于合理利用有限的水资源和制定合理的灌溉制度至关重要。本文利用3个生长季的西北地区日光温室番茄水量平衡计算耗水资料,率定和验证双作物系数模型SIMDual Kc在日光温室条件下的适用性。结果表明耗水模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性。模型估算的平均标准误差为0.55 mm·d-1,平均绝对误差为0.44 mm·d-1。模型估算的番茄初期、中期和后期的基础作物系数分别为0.50、0.85和0.55。番茄生育初期蒸发占耗水的比例最大为22.8%;发育期最小,仅为3.2%。3年全生育期总蒸发量占总耗水量的比例平均为5.9%,表明温室生产中植株蒸腾为耗水最主要部分。     

Comparison and Validation of Selected Evapotranspiration Models for Conditions in Poland (Central Europe)

The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PMF56) model is accepted as the standard method for estimating reference crop (grass) evapotranspiration. However, poor data availability limits the use of this method in many regions. This study aimed to overcome this limitation (1) by evaluating the goodness-of-fit of selected simple evapotranspiration methods in relation to the PMF56 model and (2) by adjusting four of these models and developing a multiple regression equation for conditions in Poland using the PMF56 model as a reference. Using daily meteorological data, four simple models were calibrated by the generalised reduced gradient (GRG) method; moreover, a multiple regression equation was developed on the basis of Cochrane-Orcutt estimation because the error term of the ordinary least squares model was autocorrelated. When radiation data were lacking and sunshine duration data were available, the PMF56 method with a calibrated Ångström-based estimation of solar radiation was the most accurate method (relative error, RE?=?0.096, for Sulejów). When neither radiation nor sunshine duration data were included in the dataset, the calibrated Penman method performed best (RE?=?0.254). Moreover, when only temperature or pan evaporation data were available, the calibrated Hargreaves method provided the most accurate results (RE?=?0.275). Much poorer results were obtained using the calibrated pan coefficient method (RE?=?0.435). Ultimately, we developed a multiple regression method in this study that exhibited good performance (RE?=?0.170). Taking into account the data limitations, the methods calibrated in this study are recommended for estimating evapotranspiration in Central Europe. This approach would substantially decrease the errors produced by the recommended non-calibrated equations.     

贵州省多种参考作物蒸散量估算方法的适用性及修正研究

基于 1961—2013 年贵州 19 个气象站点观测资料，以 FAO56 Penman － Monteith( P － M)方法 为 标 准，分 析 了 Imark － Allen、Hargreaves － Samani、McCloud、Priestley － Taylor、Makkink、Thornthwaite 等 6 种参考作物蒸散量估算方法在贵州省的适用性，并利用经验系数对 6 种方法进行修正。结果表明: 修正前，年尺度上 McCloud、Thornthwaite 法与 P － M 法十分接近，应用前景较好，Priestley － Taylor 法适合在季节和月尺度上的估算，Imark － Allen、Hargreaves － Samani、Makkink 法的偏差较大，适 用 性 较 差。修 正 后 Imark － Allen、Hargreaves － Samani、McCloud、Priestley － Taylor、Makkink 法的适用性提高，修正后 Thornthwaite 法适用性仍不高。利用经验系数对这些方法进行修正可以较好地提高估算精度。     

A Comparison Between Conventional and M5 Model Tree Methods for Converting Pan Evaporation to Reference Evapotranspiration for Semi-Arid Region

In this study, the performance of M5 model tree and conventional method for converting pan evaporation data (E_p) to reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) were assessed in semi-arid regions. Conventional method uses pan coefficient (K_p) as a factor to convert E_p to ET₀. Two common K_p equations for pans with dry fetch (Allen et al. 1998; Abdel-Wahed and Snyder in J Irrig Drain Eng 134(4):425–429, 2008) were considered for the comparison. The values of ET₀ derived using these three methods were compared to those estimated using the reference FAO Penmane Monteith (FAO-PM) method under semi-arid conditions of the Khuzestan plain (Southwest Iran). The results showed that the M5 model is the best one to estimate ET₀ over test sites (0.5 mm d^?1 of root mean square error (RMSE) and 0.98 of coefficient of determination (R ²). Conversely, the performance of the two K_p equations was poor.