基于PCA和NSCT的多光谱图像和全色图像的融合

研究了主分量分析（PCA）和非下采样Contourlet变换（NSCT）,提出一种新的多光谱图像和全色图像的融合算法。该方法对多光谱图像进行PCA变换,对所得的第一主分量（PC1）以及全色图像进行NSCT变换。对二者的低频近似系数再次进行PCA变换以寻求多光谱信息和空间信息的平衡;对于高频细节系数,通过结构相似性指标（SSIM）和局部Sobel梯度进行融合,进一步提高空间信息量;经过逆NSCT和逆PCA变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,提出的方法在增强融合图像空间细节表现能力的同时,尽可能地保留了多光谱图像的光谱信息,优于传统的基于IHS、PCA、小波变换和Contourlet变换的融合方法,是有效可行的。     

基于PCA和NSCT变换的遥感图像融合方法

为了改善非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)在图像细节信息表达的缺失问题,提出了一种新的基于主成分分析(PCA)和NSCT的遥感图像融合方法。首先对低空间分辨率多光谱(MS)图像进行PCA变换,提取第一主分量(PC1);其次,对PC1和高空间分辨率全色(PAN)图像进行NSCT变换,对二者的低频系数采用小波变换的融合规则,高频系数采用基于区域标准差自适应加权的融合规则;最后,经过PCA逆变换和NSCT逆变换得到融合图像。仿真实验结果表明,该方法不仅有效地融合了源图像的细节信息,而且得到了较好的视觉效果和较优的评价指标。     

基于改进NSCT和IHS变换的遥感影像融合方法

目的 为了增强多光谱和全色影像融合质量,提出基于脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）的非下采样Contoulet变换（NSCT）和IHS变换相结合的融合方法。方法 先对多光谱图像进行IHS变换提取亮度I分量,采用主成分分析增强I分量得到新的I+分量;然后通过NSCT变换分别对I+分量和全色图像进行分解,并采用边缘梯度信息激励的PCNN得到融合图像的低频和高频分量;最后进行NSCT逆变换、IHS逆变换得到融合图像。结果 利用资源一号02C卫星数据进行实验,结果表明该算法在保留光谱信息的同时提高了图像空间分辨率,获得了较好的融合效果。结论 结合NSCT和IHS变换的融合方法在视觉效果和客观评价指标上都优于常用的图像融合方法。     

基于改进的IHS、PCA和小波变换的遥感图像融合算法

文章提出了基于改进的IHS、PCA和小波变换的遥感图像融合算法,提高融合图像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率,首先对多光谱图像进行PCA变换,使其维度降低,减少信息损失,将原始图像数据中有效的主要信息用主成分PC1、PC2、PC3表示.接着对主成分进行IHS变换得到I、H、S分量,之后将强度分量I与全色图像进行直方图优化求解得到newPAN,最后对newPAN和强度分量I进行小波分解.利用PCA对多光谱图像操作后再进行IHS变换,弥补了传统IHS算法只能处理三个波段多光谱图像的缺陷,增加了处理的波段数,而且PCA融合算法的光谱保持度较高,该算法将IHS、PCA、小波变换三种融合算法相结合,利用各个算法的优势,最大程度地减少替换成分相关性不高造成的光谱扭曲,克服小波变换融合过程中产生的细节信息畸变问题.     

结合边缘掩膜图的非下采样轮廓波图像融合

针对现有图像融合算法无法较好兼顾空间和光谱质量的问题,提出了一种结合边缘掩膜图的非下采样轮廓波图像融合算法,通过边缘掩膜图指导非下采样轮廓波变换(nonsubsampled contourlet transform,NSCT)后的高、低频系数融合来改善现有问题。首先,对多光谱图像主成分分析变换(principal component analysis,PCA)后的第一主分量和全色图像进行NSCT变换,获取对应的近似图像、细节图像。其次,通过近似图像、细节图像分别提取边缘掩膜图。进而,结合边缘掩膜图,根据近似图像、细节图像不同区域的特性指导融合过程。最终,由相应的逆变换获取融合结果。实验分别采用QuickBird、Landsat和Pleiades卫星数据进行算法验证,并与传统的基于PCA变换、小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)、改进的小波算法(new wavelet method based on local algorithm,LAWT)和基于轮廓波变换(contourlet transform,CT)的融合算法进行比较分析。实验结果表明,该方法在空间分辨率提高和光谱特性保持上,综合性能优越。     

改进NSCT和IHS变换相结合的遥感影像融合

目的 目的为了增强多光谱和全色影像融合质量,提出基于脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）的非下采样Contoulet变换（NSCT）和IHS变换相结合的融合方法。方法 先对多光谱图像进行IHS变换提取亮度I分量,采用主成分分析增强I分量得到新的I⁺分量;然后通过NSCT变换分别对I⁺分量和全色图像进行分解,并采用边缘梯度信息激励的PCNN得到融合图像的低频和高频分量;最后进行NSCT逆变换、IHS逆变换得到融合图像。结果 利用资源一号02C卫星数据进行实验,结果表明该算法在保留光谱信息的同时提高了图像空间分辨率,获得了较好的融合效果。结论 结合NSCT和IHS变换的融合方法在视觉效果和客观评价指标上都优于常用的图像融合方法。     

非下采样方向滤波器组在遥感图像融合中的应用

利用具有平移不变性的非下采样方向滤波器组(NSDFB),结合具有平移不变性的àtrous小波变换,提出了一种基于NSDFB的低分辨率多光谱图像和高分辨率全色图像的融合方法.将多光谱图像亮度、色度、饱和度(IHS)色彩空间的I分量和全色图像(PAN)分别进行àttrous小波变换,并对得到的高频系数分别进行NSDFB分解,从而得到多方向的高频信息,然后将高低频系数分别通过一定的融合算子进行融合、重构,得到I'分量,最后通过IHS逆变换得到融合图像.实验结果表明,在几种不同的客观评价标准下,该方法优于传统的IHS、主成分分析法(PCA)和小波变换方法的融合效果,能有效地改善主成分分析法(PCA)和小波变换所带来的虚假边缘和光谱扭曲现象.     

基于改进Contourlet变换的遥感图像融合算法

针对基于Contourlet变换的遥感融合图像空间分辨率较低的问题,提出了一种基于改进的Contourlet变换(MCT)的遥感图像融合方法。首先,对多光谱图像进行亮度-色调-饱和度(IHS)变换,得到其亮度、色调、饱和度三个分量;其次,取多光谱图像的亮度分量,与直方图匹配后的全色图像进行改进的Contourlet变换,分别获得低频子带系数与高频子带系数;然后,对低频子带系数采用平均法进行融合,对高频子带系数采用新改进的拉普拉斯能量和(NSML)作为融合规则进行融合;最后,把融合结果作为多光谱图像的亮度分量,通过IHS逆变换得到融合的遥感图像。将所提方法与基于主成分分析(PCA)和Shearlet的方法、基于PCA与小波的方法以及基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)的方法相比,所提方法在清晰度评价指标平均梯度上分别提高了7.3%、6.9%和3.9%。实验结果表明,所提方法提高了Contourlet变换的频率局部化特性和分解系数利用率,在保持多光谱信息的基础上,有效地提高了遥感融合图像的空间分辨率。     

对称分数B样条小波的PCA图像融合

有良好逼近能力的对称分数B样条小波,在刻画图像纹理方面优于传统小波,为图像融合提供了有利条件。将其与PCA（Principal Component Analysis）变换相结合之后对高分辨率全色图像和低分辨率多光谱图像进行融合,提出了一种新的图像融合算法。对两幅源图像应用PCA变换,得到的两个第一主分量分别进行对称分数B样条小波变换,再对产生的两组高、低频小波系数采取不同的规则进行融合,生成两组新的高、低频系数,对其进行小波反变换得到新的第一主分量,与多光谱图像的其他主分量进行PCA反变换,得到最终的融合图像。实验结果表明,该方法使融合图像既提高了分辨率又保留了丰富的光谱信息。     

应用引导滤波器和成像系统特性的多光谱与全色图像融合算法

为了提高多光谱与全色图像融合的质量,提出一种应用引导滤波器和成像系统特性的多光谱与全色图像融合算法。该算法采用引导滤波器建立降质全色图像与多光谱图像的关系,进而利用这种关系对多光谱图像进行插值;再对待融合的多光谱和全色图像进行区域划分和NSCT变换,然后结合LCCS、FOCC和图像成像系统特征对图像高频系数进行区域融合,最后进行逆NSCT变换得到融合图像。实验数值表明,该算法在充分保留了多光谱图像光谱信息的同时,尽可能多地注入了全色图像的细节信息,提高了多光谱图像的融合效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.