工艺条件对豆奶干酪产率影响的研究

通过对豆奶干酪生产工艺的研究,发现豆乳添加量、混合乳杀菌温度、添加剂的加入、乳清的排出等过程对干酪的产率都有影响。实验结果表明,为了提高豆奶干酪的产率,同时保证产品的品质,豆奶的添加量为10%;杀菌条件为72℃、15s;调酸pH为6.0;凝乳酶添加量为4g/L;CaCl2添加量为0.3‰;热缩温度为40℃;堆酿pH为5.30。     

工艺过程对干酪品质及产率的影响

探讨了干酪制作过程中工艺过程、发酵剂、凝乳酶及CaCl2的添加量等对干酪产率及品质的影响,从而确定最佳工艺参数。实验结果表明:在干酪生产过程中,为了使产品的凝乳时间短、状态好、产率高,采用72℃、15s的杀菌条件,发酵剂的添加量为1.2%,预酸pH为6.1,CaCl2添加量为0.015%,凝乳酶添加量为4g/L,干酪切割时间为100min,切割大小为5mm,干酪浸渍在6℃16%的食盐水中放置24h。     

干酪生产因素的研究

通过对干酪生产工艺的研究,发现杀菌条件、发酵剂添加量、混合酶比例和CaCl2添加量等因素对干酪电导率及品质都有影响,从而确定最佳工艺参数.实验结果表明:在干酪生产过程中,为了使产品的凝乳时间短、状态好,采用72℃、15s的杀菌条件;发酵剂添加量为1.50%;调酸pH为6.0;谷氨酰胺转胺酶与凝乳酶比例为3:1;CaCl2添加量为0.04%;干酪切割时间为100min,切割大小为10mm;堆积pH为5.20;干酪浸渍在20℃18%的食盐水中放置36h.     

豆奶软质干酪的研制

通过不同豆奶比例、发酵剂添加量、氯化钙添加量对凝乳特性的影响进行研究，确定了豆奶软质干酪的制作工艺为：原料奶-杀菌-冷却（32℃）-混合（加入豆奶比例为20％）-加发酵剂（0．20％）-加氯化钙（0．06％）-加凝乳酶-切割-排乳清-压榨-盐渍-喷霉-熟化（后发酵）-包装，可得口感风味良好的白霉成熟干酪。     

豆奶干酪生产工艺参数优化研究

研究了豆奶干酪的加工工艺,筛选出最优工艺参数组合。重点研究了CaCl2添加量、热缩温度、堆酿pH对豆奶干酪感官评定的影响。结果表明,CaCl2添加量对豆奶干酪感官评定值影响最大,其次为热缩温度、堆酿pH。     

类Cheddar豆乳干酪工艺参数的优化

研究了类Cheddar豆乳干酪的生产工艺并对其工艺参数进行了优化,对影响产品质量的主要因素进行了研究。通过正交试验,对发酵剂、豆乳、凝乳酶、CaCl2的最适添加量、凝乳时间和凝乳效果进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,添加豆乳20%、发酵剂3%、凝乳酶0.03%(活力为9 000 u/g)、CaCl20.06%时凝乳效果较好,在质构上与纯牛乳Cheddar干酪无明显差异。     

混合乳干酪生产工艺研究(2)混合乳干酪生产最佳工艺参数优化

本试验在已筛选出的发酵剂菌种、最佳凝乳酶和钙化合物的基础上,又综合考虑了影响混合乳(豆乳和牛乳)干酪的几大因素,即豆乳添加量,发酵剂添加量,乳酸钙添加量和凝乳酶添加量,由此优化出混合乳干酪生产的最佳工艺参数.结果表明最佳发酵剂为干酪乳杆菌99108+嗜热链球菌(11),最佳凝乳酶为皱胃酶,最佳钙化合物为乳酸钙,而70%大豆豆乳与30%牛乳混合,添加4%发酵剂,0.2%乳酸钙和0.015%皱胃酶则为最佳的工艺参数.     

夸克干酪传统工艺研究及优化

采用生产夸克干酪的传统方法,采用七因素二水平正交设计研究了发酵剂添加量、菌种比例(乳酸链球菌、乳脂链球菌与乳明串珠菌的质量比)、杀菌温度、凝乳温度、切割pH对夸克干酪品质的影响。结果表明:当发酵剂添加量为3%,菌种比例为1∶1∶2,发酵温度为35℃,杀菌温度为79℃,切割pH为4.7时,夸克干酪品质最佳。经验证,该工艺具有良好的可行性与稳定性,可用于实际生产。     

新鲜干酪工艺研究

本实验通过对酶法生产新鲜干酪的工艺参数进行研究,分析了酸度、CaCl2添加量、酶添加比例、凝乳温度等因素对凝乳效果、产率及品质等的影响。结果表明,酸度为28°T,CaCl2添加量为0.02%,酶添加比例为0.04%,凝乳温度为35℃时可得到较佳的效果。     

豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪加工工艺优化

将豆奶与牛奶按一定比例混合生产干酪,不仅能保留牛奶干酪的传统风味,还可实现大豆与牛奶所含蛋白质和氨基酸的互补,为人体生长发育、各种生理活动及组织修复提供所需的营养成分,适合中国消费者食用。本实验以豆乳添加量、CaCl2添加量、凝乳酶添加量、预酸化pH值为因素先进行单因素实验,并在此基础上进行L9(34)正交试验,根据凝乳效果(感官评价)进行分析,确定豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪最佳工艺参数为:豆乳添加量为15%,CaCl2添加量为0.05%,凝乳酶添加量为0.01%,预酸化pH值为5.6。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the