大气流场传输效应对探测系统性能的影响

分析了目标与背景的红外辐射特性,建立了目标与背景辐射温差传递数学模型,研究了大气对红外辐射传输的影响,分别考察了水蒸气、二氧化碳的吸收和大气散射对红外辐射传输的影响;计算了探测系统的主要性能评价参数:调制传递函数、最小可分辨温差和视距,并通过仿真得到了探测系统对目标所成的失真目标图像。研究结果表明,大气流场传输效应会使得探测系统对目标的成像发生像模糊,导致目标与背景之间的对比度下降。     

大气背景对红外目标探测的影响

针对大气背景是一个纵深背景而非一个平面,无法使用现有对比度计算公式计算的实际,基于红外焦平面探测器工作原理推导出了大气背景下探测器处辐射照度的对比度计算公式。通过对大气背景的红外辐射计算,并与报道的飞机红外辐射数据比较,应用对比度计算公式做分析可知:大气背景对探测的影响是必须考虑的;在3~5m大气窗口的大气背景辐射很小,选择3~5m大气窗口探测更容易发现目标;在8~12m大气窗口内10m附近的大气背景辐射较强,目标不易被探测。随着探测距离增加,探测器到无限远处的大气背景辐射亮度与探测器和目标之间的大气背景辐射亮度之差在减小,它会增大对比度,这是分析探测距离不可忽视的一个因素。     

基于非局域热平衡模式的临近空间目标背景临边对比度模型

对临近空间目标的空基/星载红外探测中的目标背景临边对比度问题进行物理建模,详细阐述对比度的定义和模型中的高层大气辐射问题.利用适于模拟高层大气辐射的非局域热平衡模式,结合探测器噪声假定,计算理想黑体目标的临边对比度并分析高层大气辐射特性对对比度的影响.模拟结果表明,在评估目标探测可行性时必须考虑探测器噪声的影响;在高层大气临边路径下水汽波段比大气窗区的可探测性更好,而目标本征辐射与大气临边吸收和背景辐射间的关系导致了对比度复杂的变化特征.     

根据大气辐射特征进行目标探测的波段选择

介绍了通过大气光谱特征分析对大气层外目标进行探测的波段选择方法。在考虑目标本身辐射强度、背景大气的辐射强度、目标背景对比度、斜程大气透过率以及探测器的响应特性诸因素后进行波段选择。从而提高对目标的鉴别性能。选择中纬度夏季白天、无云城市气溶胶模式、春夏季气溶胶廓线以及背景平流层廓线和消光的大气条件，利用辐射传输计算软件MODTRAN计算了目标背景亮度、对比度以及透过率的典型光谱特征，并进行光谱特征分析，然后在其他大气模式下对所选波段进行了验证，从而选择出目标探测的最优波段。     

基于辐射通量表观对比度光谱的红外预警卫星探测波段选择方法

选择合理的探测波段是设计红外预警卫星需要解决的重要问题.提出了一种基于点目标辐射通量表观对比度光谱确定红外预警卫星探测波段的方法.论文首先建立了较完善的火箭尾焰表观对比度光谱计算模型,进一步建模计算了典型液体和固体火箭尾焰在不同高度的红外辐射特性,使用通用大气辐射传输(CART)软件计算了典型大气条件下的地球/大气背景辐射以及不同高度处大气的透过率和路径辐射,在此基础上以典型液体和固体火箭为例,计算了尾焰在不同高度处的辐射通量表观对比度光谱.结果表明:不论液体还是固体火箭,在2.55~2.85μm和4.19~4.48μm波段的辐射通量表观对比度都比较大,红外预警卫星工作波段可以选为上述波段.     

三波段大气传输红外偏振特性对比分析

偏振成像系统利用目标和背景偏振度上的差异,有效地提高了人造或伪装目标的探测识别效率。但红外目标的偏振传输是一个复杂的过程,受大气的影响较大,因此,有必要对不同目标的偏振特性和其影响因素以及大气作用的影响（包括大气吸收、辐射及悬浮粒子散射等）进行研究。进一步推导了红外偏振辐射控制方程;基于对目标和背景偏振特性的先验知识,利用大气传输计算软件MODTRAN对3个典型红外波段的大气吸收及程辐射进行计算;并对大气传输后的目标辐射偏振度对比度和强度对比度进行仿真。结果表明:在短波红外波段,目标的反射成分占主导地位;在中波红外波段,目标的自发辐射和反射均不可忽略;在长波红外波段,目标的辐射占主导地位,利用偏振成像效果优于强度成像。结果与理论分析基本一致。研究内容为红外波段目标的探测方式选择提供了参考依据。     

云的光学特性对目标-背景对比度的影响分析

目标-背景对比度是基于大气辐射传输理论的空间目标识别的重要参量之一。云覆盖了50％的地球表面，对电磁波和光波的传输有重要的影响，因而其类型、在视线路径上出现的概率均会对目标识别产生重要影响。所以要保证目标识别的精度，必须考虑云的作用。从辐射传输理论出发，采用平面平行云的假定和Lund的无云视线概率模型。对有云天气条件下的目标背景对比度进行了详细的分析。     

气溶胶及能见度变化对标准大气中远红外传输的影响分析

红外制导系统发现、识别和跟踪目标主要依据背景、目标物辐射特性和对比特性信息。气溶胶及其能见度变化是大气环境中影响红外辐射传输的主要因素之一。以标准大气为例,开展了气溶胶及其能见度变化对中、远红外光谱区间(3~5?m,8~12?m)大气透过率和目标背景对比度的影响分析,重点分析了标准大气中相同能见度不同气溶胶类型及同气溶胶类型不同能见度对中远红外传输特性的影响。结果显示:大气透过率对目标背景对比度的理论计算值有重要影响。在其他大气条件既定情况下,气溶胶及其能见度变化对两波段的透过特性和目标识别效果影响明显,且以8~12?m波段的好于3~5?m的。同能见度不同气溶胶类型下的透过率和目标背景对比度差异较大,需要考虑气溶胶的影响。在中远红外区间,3.4~4.2?m和9.5~12?m波段内的透过率和目标背景对比度平均值相对较大,变化振幅小,可作为武器使用理想波段加以选择应用。     

红外预警卫星最佳探测波段分析

为解决红外预警卫星在近中红外的最佳探测波段问题,采用建模仿真的方法获得了2～5μm波段范围内不同高度条件下火箭尾焰目标的红外辐射光谱特性,利用MODTRAN软件包计算了典型大气条件下同样波段范围内不同高度处的大气透过率和地球/大气背景红外辐射光谱特性,在此基础上计算了目标背景之间的对比度.通过分析目标背景对比度的变化规律可知:随着飞行高度的增加,目标背景对比度会先增大后减小,但无论在什么飞行高度,2.63～2.83μm和4.18～4.50μm波段的目标背景对比度都较大,比较适合目标探测,并且这两波段还具有更加精细的波段结构,实际应用中可根据探测需求选择更小的波段范围并确定相应的中心波长.     

中波红外隐身目标光谱探测的谱带选择方法

针对采用各种隐身技术的红外目标与周围背景之间的辐射差异不明显,导致探测困难这一问题,利用目标和背景在窄波带内的辐射特征具有较大差异这一特性,建立了基于红外光谱探测的谱带内红外辐射对比度的研究。通过对红外辐射相对对比度以及绝对对比度的分析,综合大气条件在整个传输过程中的影响,结合理论计算以及实验分析确定出用于红外隐身目标探测的最优谱带为2.86～3.30m和4.17～4.55m两个窄波带。实验结果表明:在所选取的用于谱带探测的窄波带能够很好的消除背景红外辐射的影响,以此突出目标辐射,具有良好的可探测性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.