FGH95缺口小试样高温拉伸和蠕变断裂性能

对FGH95平板小试样和缺口小试样高温拉伸和蠕变实验结果进行了分析,并对各个加载工况的应力应变及三轴应力因子TF分布进行了有限元计算.对具有相同最小截面的试样,拉伸名义断裂应力与名义应力集中因子Kt和弹性三轴应力因子TF成线性关系."钝"缺口和"尖"缺口对蠕变断裂分别起到了硬化和软化作用,有限元计算表明"尖"缺口试样的缺口根部有强烈的轴向应力集中和高的TF值,一些研究得出的对于韧性材料,较高的TF值将导致较长的蠕变寿命的结论,对FGH95缺口小试样是不适用的,三轴应力因子的大小不能用来判定蠕变断裂寿命的长短.断口SEM分析结果表明缺口引起的应力集中导致缺口试样断裂方式与平板试样不同.     

基于离散元法的脆性岩石细观蠕变失稳研究

为从细观角度探究脆性岩石的蠕变失稳过程及失稳机理,该文基于三维颗粒流程序（PFC3D）考虑岩石的时效变形损伤过程,引入岩石细观单元时效损伤的应力腐蚀模型,建立了基于离散元方法的岩石时效变形损伤破裂模型,并通过单轴压缩及单轴蠕变的室内实验和数值模拟对比验证了所建立的时效变形损伤破裂模型的合理性。数值模拟再现了岩石的初始蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变三个蠕变阶段,同时模拟结果表明,在单级加载条件下,随着应力水平提高,稳态蠕变应变率显著增大,岩石蠕变失效时间逐渐缩短,初始轴向应变、初始侧向应变和初始体应变不断增大,且细观裂纹扩展形式与单轴压缩破坏形式基本相同,都是以拉伸裂纹为主,裂纹的增长速率随着时间增加而不断增大,尤其在第三蠕变阶段裂纹增长速率迅速增大;在分级加载试验过程中,模型的轴向应变、侧向应变和体应变以及裂纹最终扩展形态与单级加载基本相同;此外将三维蠕变模拟结果与二维模拟结果进行对比,结果显示三维模型拟合程度更高。     

基于离散元法的脆性岩石细观蠕变失稳研究EI北大核心CSCD

为从细观角度探究脆性岩石的蠕变失稳过程及失稳机理,该文基于三维颗粒流程序(PFC3D)考虑岩石的时效变形损伤过程,引入岩石细观单元时效损伤的应力腐蚀模型,建立了基于离散元方法的岩石时效变形损伤破裂模型,并通过单轴压缩及单轴蠕变的室内实验和数值模拟对比验证了所建立的时效变形损伤破裂模型的合理性。数值模拟再现了岩石的初始蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变三个蠕变阶段,同时模拟结果表明,在单级加载条件下,随着应力水平提高,稳态蠕变应变率显著增大,岩石蠕变失效时间逐渐缩短,初始轴向应变、初始侧向应变和初始体应变不断增大,且细观裂纹扩展形式与单轴压缩破坏形式基本相同,都是以拉伸裂纹为主,裂纹的增长速率随着时间增加而不断增大,尤其在第三蠕变阶段裂纹增长速率迅速增大;在分级加载试验过程中,模型的轴向应变、侧向应变和体应变以及裂纹最终扩展形态与单级加载基本相同;此外将三维蠕变模拟结果与二维模拟结果进行对比,结果显示三维模型拟合程度更高。     

蠕变断裂局部损伤方法的有限元模型

提出了蠕变断裂局部损伤方法的有限元模型，通过有局部薄弱环到引入损伤单元，较好地不了多向应力条件下蠕变损伤发生和发展的规律，应用一有限元模型分析缺口圆棒试样的蠕变变形与损伤，得到的计算结果与试验结果能够较好的相吻合。     

一种高W单晶镍基合金的组织演化与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种9％W单晶镍基合金的组织演化与蠕变行为.结果表明,当在1040℃施加应力大于160MPa时,合金表现出明显的施加应力敏感性,在试验的温度范围内,合金具有较低的应变速率和较长的蠕变寿命,测定出合金的表观蠕变激活能为465kJ/mol.在蠕变初期,合金中γ'相沿垂直于应力轴方向,转变成N-型筏状结构,在稳态蠕变期间合金的变形机制是位错攀移越过筏状γ'相,而蠕变后期合金的变形机制是位错剪切进入筏状γ'相.蠕变断裂后,在试样不同区域筏状γ'相具有不同的形貌,在远离断口区域,筏状γ'相与应力轴方向垂直,而在近断口区域筏状γ'相尺寸及扭曲程度增加的原因是承受的应力及变形程度增大所致.     

沥青砂粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型实验研究

针对沥青砂的非线性材料特性,结合连续损伤力学理论,对传统Burgers模型进行改造,提出了粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型,通过对不同实验条件下沥青砂单轴蠕变试验结果的非线性拟合,获得模型参数,然后利用模型进行预测分析,得到了不同应力水平与环境温度下的蠕变曲线和损伤演化曲线,通过比较发现该文模型能够更合理地反映沥青砂加速蠕变的非线性特征,而且蠕变过程中损伤演化的速度受蠕变时间、应力水平与环境温度的影响很大。     

竹木复合层合板疲劳与循环蠕变的累积损伤研究

为了对疲劳与循环蠕变交互作用下的损伤进行定量描述,采用一种考虑应变比率和弹性模量2个参数共同描述损伤的变量,并建立了损伤力学模型,该模型能够综合表现疲劳循环过程中塑性应变变化和弹性模量变化规律。通过对竹木复合层合板在80%、75%和70%3种应力水平下的纯疲劳弯曲试验,得出其损伤变量变化规律的实验曲线。通过对力学模型进行分段求解的方法,得到了竹木复合层合板在疲劳与循环蠕变交互作用下的累积损伤的拟合曲线。结果表明,该损伤参量及损伤模型可以较准确的描述在疲劳与循环蠕变交互作用下竹木复合层合板的损伤累积变化规律。     

高温下的金属基复合材料双剪切试样应力应变有限元分析

对金属基复合材料双剪切试样的应力应变分布进行蠕变有限元计算分析,得到受剪区的应力应变随时间的分布规律。通过典型取向试样分析,表明受剪区的应力应变与纤维随机分布平面和加载方向夹角θ之间存在很大的相关性:随角度θ的减小,其蠕变应力分布越均匀;当角度θ=45°时,其稳态蠕变率γ·最大。双剪切试样能得到较均匀的剪应力区域,适合研究材料纯剪应力状态下的蠕变行为。     

三维蠕变裂纹断裂分析的线弹簧边界元方法

将线弹簧模型与共它一些数值方法相结合，提出了一种的针对三维埋藏蠕变裂纹的计算模型，使分析过程避开了裂纹尖端应力，应变场的直接考虑，同时，边界单元法在不仅大大简化了计算过程，而且使计算结果仍具有相当的精度，本文还结合相应的一些实验数据进行了三维埋藏蠕变裂纹扩展的计算和预报。     

基于Burgers模型对缓冲材料EPE压缩蠕变行为的分析

目的 为解决缓冲材料发泡聚乙烯因蠕变引起保护失效的问题,基于Burgers模型,分析载荷、应力保持时间对EPE压缩蠕变行为的影响。方法 根据不同应力下的不同保持时长压缩蠕变试验结果,拟合EPE不同应力下的压缩蠕变试验数据,分析不同应力、应力保持时间下的EPE蠕变过程中蠕变总量、弹性应变、黏弹性应变和黏性应变的变化规律。结果 Burgers四元件力学模型对EPE不同应力下的压缩蠕变实验数据拟合度为0.992 4～0.998 9。在同一应力保持时间下,随着应力从3.3 kPa增加到5.3 kPa,弹性模量E₁、弹性模量E₂、黏度系数η₂、黏度系数η1都逐渐减小,蠕变总量、黏性应变呈非线性显著增加,弹性应变、粘弹性应变呈线性微量增加;在同一应力下,随着应力保持时间从20 d增加到120 d,弹性应变一直保持不变,占蠕变总量的比例降低,粘弹性应变先微量增加后保持不变,占蠕变总量的比例降低,黏性应变增加,占蠕变总量的比例增加。结论 Burgers模型可较准确地模拟EPE不稳定蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段的压缩蠕变行为;应力的增加导致EP...     

Effect of stress regime‐dependent creep behaviour on measurement of creep strain rate based on small specimen techniques

Small specimen creep testing technique has become a hot topic of research as bulk materials are not available in many occasions. The stress distributions in the small specimens such as small punch and 3‐point bending specimens are essentially nonuniform. As it is known, the creep deformation/damage accumulation mechanisms exhibited at a high stress regime are not the same as the ones at a lower stress regime for many engineering alloys. The potential measurement errors because of stress regime‐dependent creep behaviour, however, has not been considered in the determination of the creep parameters based on small specimen testing in the previous studies. In this paper, 2 kinds of materials that show different Norton's parameters at the corresponding stress regimes are examined. A simple case of 2‐bar structure is firstly adopted to illustrate the measurement error of creep strain rate because of stress regime‐dependent creep behaviour. Furthermore, clamped beam bending testing and small punch testing are investigated to demonstrate the significance of measurement error using the same materials. It is shown that an error of more than 8 times may occur near the transition point of creep deformation mechanism depending on specimen types and materials. Attention should thus be paid to the selection of stress level in the small specimen testing to avoid significant measurement errors.     

Assessment of power law creep constants of Gr91 steel using small punch creep tests

A method for determining the power law creep constants using the small punch (SP) creep test is studied. We performed elastic-plastic-secondary creep finite-element (FE) analysis of Gr91 (ASTM A387 GR91 CL2) steel using the properties at 565 °C to investigate the evolution of stress and strain rate at the weakest location of the SP creep specimen, i.e. at the annular region located at about 0.7 mm from the centre of the specimen. Empirical relations that correlate the applied load to the equivalent stress and the punch displacement rate to the equivalent creep strain rate are suggested on the basis of the finite-element stress analysis results. These simple relations enable us to achieve the constitutive relation of equivalent stress and equivalent creep strain rate under small punch creep test condition. To validate this approach, SP creep tests were conducted and creep constants were evaluated by using the proposed relations. These evaluated creep constants were then compared with those measured from standard uniaxial creep test. It is shown that creep constants evaluated from the SP creep test and the proposed method are in a good agreement with those from the uniaxial creep test.     

Creep properties of a U‐type notch plate in Ni‐based superalloy

In the present investigation, the effect of notch on creep rupture behavior and creep rupture life of a Ni‐based superalloy has been assessed by performing creep tests on smooth and U‐notched plate specimen under 0°C. The finite element analysis coupled with continuum damage mechanics are carried out to understand the stress distribution across the notch throat and the creep damage evolution under multi‐axial stress state. The creep rupture life of U‐notched specimen is much larger than that of plane plate specimen under the same stress condition, indicating that there is a strengthening effect on notch specimen. Creep rupture life increases with increasing the notch radius, the smaller notch radius can induce the creep rupture easier. The effect of notch on the creep damage is also studied. It is found that the location of the maximum creep damage and the maximum equivalent creep strain initiates first at the notch root and gradually moves to the inside as the notch radius increases.     

A small cantilever beam test for determination of creep properties of materials

The application of small specimen creep test techniques in the evaluation of creep properties of materials in‐service has been increasing. To obtain the creep data accurately and conveniently, a new creep test method with small cantilever beam specimens is proposed. Analytical equations are derived that can convert the load to equivalent uniaxial stress and the displacement rate to equivalent uniaxial strain rate. Three types of the cantilever beam specimens are designed. The optimal configuration of the cantilever beam specimens is recommended with the aid of finite element method, which is further validated by the cantilever beam and uniaxial specimen tests. The results show that parameters obtained from the cantilever beam tests correspond reasonably well with those from uniaxial tests at low stress levels. With a relatively large equivalent gauge length, the cantilever beam specimen allows the small creep strain rate data obtained with a high accuracy.     

Numerical investigation of creep crack growth in cross‐weld CT specimens. Part II: influence of specimen size

A numerical investigation of the influence of specimen size on creep crack growth in cross‐weld CT specimens with material properties of 2.25Cr1Mo at 550 °C is performed. A three‐dimensional large strain and large displacement finite element study is carried out, where the material properties and specimen size are varied under constant load for a total of eight different configurations. The load level is chosen such that the stress intensity factor becomes 20 MPa √m regardless of specimen size. The creep crack growth rate is calculated using a creep ductility‐based damage model, in which the creep strain rate ahead of the crack tip perpendicular to the crack plane is integrated taking the degree of constraint into account. Although the constraint ahead of the crack tip is higher for the larger specimens, the results show that the creep crack growth (CCG) rate is higher for the smaller specimens than for the larger ones. This is due to much higher creep strain rates ahead of the crack tip for the smaller specimens. If, on the other hand, the CCG rate is evaluated under a constant C * condition, the creep crack growth rate is found to be higher for the larger specimens, except when the crack is located in a HAZ embedded in a material with a lower minimum creep strain rate; then, the creep crack growth rate is predicted to be higher for the smaller specimen. In view of these results, it is obvious that the size effect needs to be considered in assessments of defected welded components using results from CCG testing of cross‐weld CT specimens.     

New approach to determine uniaxial creep properties from small punch creep curves

A key issue in the small punch creep test (SPC) is to determine the equivalent stress that results in the same time to rupture in a uniaxial creep test (UAC). A new approach is proposed based on formulas between the ratio of force in SPC to stress in UAC and the deflection at the minimum deflection rate. Another formula is defined between the minimum deflection rate and the minimum strain rate. In both cases, they were created from a large experimental data pool of high temperature creep-resistant steels. The predicted Norton law and the rupture time dependence on stress are in good agreement with the experimental UAC results. In all cases, the predictions using the present approach are much better than those based on Chakrabarty membrane stretch model.     

A tensile crack in creeping solids with large damage near the crack tip

An asymptotic analysis of stationary mode I crack in creeping solids with large damage near crack tip is conducted. To consider the damage effect, Kachanov damage evolution law is utilized and incorporated into the power-law creep constitutive equation. With the compatibility equation, a nonlinear eigenvalue problem which can be solved by numerical approaches is established. From this result, the distribution of stress and strain rate are obtained with the coupling effect of damage and creep under plane stress condition. Also the influence of material parameters on the stress is examined. According to the result, it is shown that the creep exponent n and damage parameter (=/(1+k)) have a significant effect on determining the eigenvalue s and angular distribution of stress and strain rate near the crack tip. The creep exponent n plays the role to soften and damage parameter plays the role to harden the material near the crack tip. The stress and strain rate show quite different behavior from those of HRR problem.     

Creep behaviour of AISI 316H stainless steel under stress-varying creep loading conditions: primary creep regeneration

Primary creep regeneration (PCR) is an important reported observation from creep under stress-varying conditions for several alloys. For a specimen deforming in the secondary creep regime, a stress reversal leads to an enhanced creep rate upon reloading due to reactivation of the primary creep regime (i.e. PCR). This paper focuses on an investigation of the PCR phenomenon during stress-varying creep loading for AISI 316H stainless steel at 650°C. The experimental observations clarify the influence of different parameters (e.g. forward creep stress level, reverse stress magnitude and forward and reverse accumulated inelastic strain) on the extent of PCR activation. In addition, a correlation between the extent of PCR activation and inelastic strain accumulation during the reverse loading period was found, which was employed to develop an empirical–phenomenological model for prediction of the creep behaviour of the alloy after stress transients (e.g. stress reversals).     

Three‐dimensional analyses of unified characterization parameter of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraint

Based on extensive three‐dimensional finite element analyses, the unified characterization parameter A_c of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraint based on crack‐tip equivalent creep strain for three specimen geometries (C(T), SEN(T) and M(T)) were quantified for 316H steel at 550 °C and steady‐state creep. The distributions of the parameter A_c along crack fronts (specimen thickness) were calculated, and its capability and applicability for characterizing a wide range of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints in different specimen geometries have been comparatively analysed with the constraint parameters based on crack‐tip stress fields (namely R*, h and T_Z). The results show that the parameter A_c in the centre region of all specimens appears uniform distribution and lower value (higher constraint), and in the region near free surface it shows protuberant distribution and higher value (lower constraint). The parameter A_c can simultaneously and effectively characterize a wide range of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints, while the parameters R*, h and T_Z based on crack‐tip stress fields cannot achieve this. The different capabilities of these parameters for characterizing in‐plane and out‐of‐plane creep constraints originate from their underlying theories. The parameter A_c may be useful for accurately characterizing the overall constraint level composed of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints in actual high‐temperature components, and it may be used in creep life assessments for improving accuracy.     

Creep crack growth rate predictions in 316H steel using stress dependent creep ductility

Abstract

Short and long term trends in creep crack growth (CCG) rate data over test times of 500–30?000 h are available for Austenitic Type 316H stainless steel at 550°C using compact tension, C(T), specimens. The relationship between CCG rate and its dependence on creep ductility, strain rate and plastic strain levels has been examined. Uniaxial creep data from a number of batches of 316H stainless steel, over the temperature range 550–750°C, have been collected and analysed. Power-law correlations have been determined between the creep ductility, creep rupture times and average creep strain rate data with stress σ normalised by flow stress σ_0·2 over the range 0·2<σ/σ_0·2<3 for uniaxial creep tests times between 100 and 100?000 h. Creep ductility exhibits upper shelf and lower shelf values which are joined by a stress dependent transition region. The creep strain rate and creep rupture exponents have been correlated with stress using a two-stage power-law fit over the stress range 0·2<σ/σ_0·2<3 for temperatures between 550 and 750°C, where it is known that power-law creep dominates. For temperature and stress ranges where no data are currently available, the data trend lines have been extrapolated to provide predictions over the full stress range. A stress dependent creep ductility and strain rate model has been implemented in a ductility exhaustion constraint based damage model using finite element (FE) analysis to predict CCG rates in 316H stainless steel at 550°C. The predicted CCG results are compared to analytical constant creep ductility CCG models (termed NSW models), assuming both plane stress and plane strain conditions, and validated against long and short term CCG test data at 550°C. Good agreement has been found between the FE predicted CCG trends and the available experimental data over a wide stress range although it has been shown that upper-bound NSW plane strain predictions for long term tests are overly conservative.