美国国内使用酒精汽油的状况(一)

美国寻求替代燃料酒精始于20世纪70年代。目前 ,美国已将部分酒精加入汽油作燃料使用 ,比例为汽油90% ,乙醇10% ,名曰酒精汽油(gashol)。美国生产乙醇燃料的公司有80家左右 ,年销售作燃料的酒精41～43亿升 ,但仅占石油总销量的8% ,比例很低 ,主要原因是乙醇成本大大高于石油成本。作为可再生能源 ,酒精是一种可替换汽油的燃料。(一平)     

美国国内使用酒精汽油的状状（一）

美国寻求替代燃料酒精始于20世纪70年代,目前,美国已将部分酒精加入汽油作燃料使用,比例为汽油90％,乙醇10％,名曰酒精汽油（gashol) ,美国生产乙醇燃料的公司有80家左右,年销售作燃料的酒精41－43亿升,但仅占石油总销量的8％,比例很低,主要原因是乙醇成本大大高于石油成本,作为可再生能源,酒精是一种可替换汽油的燃料。     

燃料乙醇--酒精行业可持续发展之路

将乙醇脱水加入适量变性剂形成“变性燃料乙醇”,再和一定比例的汽油进一步混合,生产清洁燃料“车用燃料乙醇汽油”。“燃料乙醇”是一种可持续发展的绿色生物质能源,其生产可长期、稳定、有效地解决过剩农产品的转化、增值问题。以陈化粮食为原料生产“燃料乙醇”,走综合利用、综合开发、经济循环模式,可生产汽油、蛋白、汽水、饲料、沼气等产品,可降低燃料乙醇的生产成本,解决能源危机和实现保护环境,实现酒精行业的最佳经济效益的可持续发展。     

国外燃料酒精和淀粉加工产品的生产和发展

为了减少对石油的依赖 ,把 12 %的无水酒精 (燃料酒精 )加入汽油 ,2 0 %于柴油中 ,此含氧汽油不再加入四甲基叔丁基醚 ,成为汽车排放废气污染环境少的绿色燃料。　　列举了北美 (美国和加拿大 )燃料酒精厂的规模 ,所用原料、厂址、原料和产品价格的变化。在世界范围内 ,主要产品 (如淀粉、果葡糖浆、酒精等化工产品 )的输出交易量     

燃料乙醇在美国的应用

燃料乙醇最早由美国的ＡＤＭ公司于１９７８年开始生产 ,大部分酒精是由玉米盛产州的２０个生产厂家生产的。目前全美国燃料乙醇的使用量占汽油消费总量的０．６% ,预计２０１１年将达到１．５%。当前美国乙醇掺混的方法 :１．燃料乙醇（变性后）在汽油中添加１０%。２．在销售终端进行掺混 ,由于乙醇的亲水性 ,而管道、驳船、储罐中都有可能含有水。３．使用车架混合（乙醇和汽油同时进入油槽汽车的分隔间中） ,或使用喷射混合。４．最重要的是要准备一个彻底干燥的零售用储槽盛装混配汽油。５．零售商在用乙醇掺混汽油清除储罐和管道时 ,会更换泵的过滤器。乙醇掺混汽油常见的问题及解决办法 :１．橡胶部件膨胀。通过改变材料 ,使用耐乙醇材料。２．不当混合比。需进行强制性审计和质量检查。３．不完全混合。使用比例混合器可确保恰当混合。４．腐蚀。可添加防腐剂。５．水亲和性。需要关注此问题 ,并严格控制水分燃料乙醇在美国的应用@杜风光$河南天冠集团技术中心!473000 @陈伟红$河南天冠集团技术中心!473000 @刘钺$河南天冠集团技术中心!473000 @黄河巨$河南天冠集团技术中心!473000 @武建锋$河南天冠...     

燃料酒精发展的国际情况与分析

首先介绍酒精汽油的燃烧性质 ,然后侧重介绍巴西、美国燃料酒精发展情况 ,最后并对其发展情况进行了概要分析     

关于广西发展燃料乙醇的一些看法

1　市场前景分析　　燃料乙醇是可再生能源 ,是人类可以利用的大宗能源之一 ,是今后最有希望替代汽油作为汽车动力的燃料。　　乙醇是良好的汽油增氧剂和抗爆剂 ,能使汽油燃烧充分 ,达到节能和环保的目的。添加 1 0 %时 ,现有的汽车结构无需改造 ,也不会影响汽车的动力性能 ;添加 2 4 %时 ,现有的汽车结构也无需改造 ,但对汽车的加速度和载重能力有一些影响 ;当添加达到40 %以上时 ,汽车内部结构要进行改进 ,才能达到较好的使用目的。　　有些国家从能源安全的战略考虑 ,在汽油中强制添加乙醇 ,如巴西、美国部分州和欧盟一些国家。巴西年产…     

巴西、美国汽油醇产业的发展简况及对我国的启示

目前,用乙醇部分或全部代替汽油作汽车燃料己成为一种世界范围的必须趋势。巴西是产蔗糖大国,用甘蔗汁直接生产乙醇作汽车燃料添加剂使巴西在燃料乙醇作为汽油代产品方面走在了世界前列。美国是世界玉米生产大国,以玉米为原料,用发酵法生产酒精是美国生产燃料乙醇的主要方式。而在我国,以陈化粮料生产乙醇将是发展汽油醇产业的一条有效途径。     

行业动态

从废物中“酿酒”农林废弃物制取燃料乙醇技术近日在上海取得明显成果,开始进入工业性试验阶段。目前,在我国燃料乙醇的生产均以糖类或粮食为原料,难以长期满足能源需求。含木质纤维素的生物质废弃物是生产燃料乙醇的另一原料来源,包括农作物秸秆、林业加工废料、甘蔗渣及城市垃圾中所含的废弃生物质等。据介绍,我国的生物质资源相当丰富,每年产生的秸秆就有7.2亿吨。生物质作为惟一可转化液体燃料的可再生资源,正日益受到重视。美国每年用于汽油添加剂的乙醇消耗约12亿加仑。巴西汽车普遍使用酒精和汽油的混合燃料或100%的燃料乙醇,泰国和…     

福建省试制成功JQ—1号酒精汽油混合燃料

为了开发能源,缓和汽油供应紧张的状况,福建南靖一糖厂与福建省交通科学研究所联合开发汽车代用燃料新能源,试制成 JQ—1号酒精汽油混合燃料,对解决汽车能源,扩大工业酒精的用途,闯出一条新途径。JQ—1号酒精汽油混合燃料,     

世界燃料酒精工业发展现状与展望

巴西是目前世界上年产燃料酒精最多的国家，以甘蔗为主要原料生产含水酒精和无水酒精。实现了酒精相对于汽油的经济竞争力。美国是世界第二大酒精生产国。其中80％为燃料酒精。预计2010年年产量将超过50亿加仑。主要以玉米为原料，3t原料能产1t酒精。还能产1t蛋白饲料和1t CO2。我国石油年消费以13％的速度增长，若按车用油量的10％比例添加燃料酒精，每年则需燃料酒精381万吨。而至2005年底，我国燃料酒精的生产能力将达到132万吨／年。燃料酒精具有广阔的市场前景。(陶然)     

Effects of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline vehicles on cancer and mortality in the United States

Ethanol use in vehicle fuel is increasing worldwide, but the potential cancer risk and ozone-related health consequences of a large-scale conversion from gasoline to ethanol have not been examined. Here, a nested global-through-urban air pollution/weather forecast model is combined with high-resolution future emission inventories, population data, and health effects data to examine the effect of converting from gasoline to E85 on cancer, mortality, and hospitalization in the United States as a whole and Los Angeles in particular. Under the base-case emission scenario derived, which accounted for projected improvements in gasoline and E85 vehicle emission controls, it was found that E85 (85% ethanol fuel, 15% gasoline) may increase ozone-related mortality, hospitalization, and asthma by about 9% in Los Angeles and 4% in the United States as a whole relative to 100% gasoline. Ozone increases in Los Angeles and the northeast were partially offset by decreases in the southeast. E85 also increased peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the U.S. but was estimated to cause little change in cancer risk. Due to its ozone effects, future E85 may be a greater overall public health risk than gasoline. However, because of the uncertainty in future emission regulations, it can be concluded with confidence only that E85 is unlikely to improve air quality over future gasoline vehicles. Unburned ethanol emissions from E85 may result in a global-scale source of acetaldehyde larger than that of direct emissions.     

Modeling switchgrass derived cellulosic ethanol distribution in the United States

Discussions of alternative fuel and propulsion technologies for transportation often overlook the infrastructure required to make these options practical and cost-effective. We estimate ethanol production facility locations and use a linear optimization model to consider the economic costs of distributing various ethanol fuel blends to all metropolitan areas in the United States. Fuel options include corn-based E5 (5% ethanol, 95% gasoline) to E16 from corn and switchgrass, as short-term substitutes for petroleum-based fuel. Our estimates of 1-2 cents per L of ethanol blend for downstream rail or truck transportation remain a relatively small fraction of total fuel cost. However, for even the relatively small blends of ethanol modeled, the transportation infrastructure demands would be comparably larger than the current demands of petroleum. Thus if ethanol is to be competitive in the long run, then in addition to process efficiency improvements, more efficient transportation infrastructure will need to be developed, such as pipelines. In addition to these results, national and regional policy challenges on how to pay for and optimize a new fuel and distribution infrastructure in the United States are discussed.     

Full chain energy analysis of fuel ethanol from cassava in Thailand

An assessment of net energy and supply potentials was performed to evaluate cassava utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. Just recently, the Thai government approved the construction of 12 cassava ethanol plants with the total output of 3.4 million liters per day by the next 2 years (2007 and 2008). The cassava fuel ethanol (CFE) system involves three main segments: cassava cultivation including processing, ethanol conversion, and transportation. All materials, fuels, and human labor inputs to each segment were traced back to the primary energy expense level. Positive Net Energy Value and Net Renewable Energy Value, 8.80 MJ/L and 9.15 MJ/L, respectively, found for the CFE system in Thailand proved that it is energy efficient. Without coproduct energy credits, CFE in Thailand is even more efficient than CFE in China and corn ethanol in the United States. Regarding supply potentials, about 35% of the national cassava production would be used to feed approved CFE factories. A shift of cassava to ethanol fuel rather than its current use for chip/pellet products could be a probable solution.     

Complaint-based surveillance for foodborne illness in the United States: a survey of local health departments

Foodborne illnesses are an important public health problem in the United States in terms of both the burden of illness and cost to the health care system. Strengthening foodborne illness surveillance helps address the growing issues of food safety in the United States. Very little is known about the use of consumer complaint surveillance systems for foodborne illness. This study evaluates the use of these surveillance systems by local health departments (LHDs) in the United States and their practices and policies for investigating complaints. Data for this study were collected through two Web-based surveys based on a representative sample of LHDs in the United States; 81% of LHDs use complaint-based surveillance. Of those that did not have a complaint system, 64% reported that the state health department or another agency ran their complaint system. Health departments collect a wide variety of information from callers through their complaint systems, including food intake history. Most of the LHDs, however, do not store the information in an electronic database. Outbreak rates and complaint rates were found to be positively correlated, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.38. Complaints were the most common outbreak detection mechanism reported by respondents, with a median of 69% of outbreaks during the previous year found through complaints. Complaint systems are commonly used in the United States. Increasing the rate at which illnesses are reported by the public and improving investigation practices could help increase the number of outbreaks detected through complaint surveillance.     

MtBE biodegradation in a gravity flow, high-biomass retaining bioreactor

The aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), a widely used fuel oxygenate, was investigated using a pilot-scale biomass-retaining bioreactor called a Biomass Concentrator Reactor (BCR). The reactor was operated for a year at a flow rate of 2500 L/d on Cincinnati dechlorinated tap water and an influent MtBE concentration of 5 mg/L. Treatment efficiency of MtBE in the reactor during stable operations exceeded 99.9%. The upper 95% confidence levels of effluent MtBE concentrations and its degradation byproduct tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were 2.9 and 0.9 microg/L, respectively, during these stable conditions. In addition, the effluent was found to be of better quality than the influent tap water as reflected by dissolved organic carbon analysis. Microbial community DNA profiling was carried out using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16s rDNA. The BCR was found to be inhabited by a wide spectrum of bacterial species, most notably microorganisms related to the genera Hydrogenophaga, Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas. These organisms were previously reported to be associated with MtBE degradation. With the contamination of groundwater by MtBE being a wide-ranging problem throughout the United States, it is essential to develop a technology capable of effectively remediating such aquifers in order to protect public health and the environment. The BCR's simple operation and low maintenance requirements may render it an economically attractive approach to remediating groundwater contaminated with MtBE.     

NaOH-过氧乙酸预处理白酒丢糟多酶复配糖化研究

探讨了白酒厂发酵丢糟原料NaOH．过氧乙酸预处理后,多酶复配糖化制备糖液的工艺。研究发现,白酒丢糟经预处理（2％NaOH,固液比1：10（w：v）,85℃,90min;6％过氧乙酸,固液比1：5（w：v）,75qC,90min）,固体中96．20％纤维素被保留,71．90％木质素被去除;预处理后固体部分利用多酶复配糖化,在主要添加纤维素酶NS22086的基础上,补充B．葡萄糖苷酶NS22118、木聚糖酶NS22083、复合酶NS22119、复合酶NS22002及葡萄糖淀粉酶NS22035,经48h糖化水解,酶解液中总糖（以还原糖计）、葡萄糖和木糖浓度分别为107．30g/L、57．44g／L和16．53g／L。该条件最终得到酶解液中总糖、葡萄糖和木糖产率分别为659．13mg／g、317．22mg／g和96．01mg／g（预处理后干丢糟）的较高水平,为进一步利用生物质材料降解糖制备燃料酒精、食用酒精、食用冰乙酸以及焦糖色的工艺提供了重要参考。     

纤维质原料制燃料酒精的研究进展

将纤维素生物质转化为燃料酒精，可以降低传统以粮食为原料的酒精发酵工业的成本，充分利用这种数量巨大的可再生资源。纤维素酶将预处理的纤维质原料降解为酵母可直接利用的D-葡萄糖，转化为酒精。对纤维质原料制酒精的研究主要有原材料的预处理、如何降低纤维素酶的成本、发酵过程的优化、茵种的合理运用和改造、酒精废糟的综合利用。     

Chemical characterzation of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of woods grown in the Southern United States

The fireplace combustion of wood is a significant and largely unregulated source of fine particle pollution in the United States. Source apportionment techniques that use particulate organic compounds as tracers have been successful in determining the contribution of wood smoke to ambient fine particle levels in specific areas in California. To apply these techniques to the rest of the United States, the differences in emissions profiles between different wood smoke sources and fuel types should be resolved. To this end, a series of fireplace source tests was conducted on six fuel wood species found in the Southern United States to determine fine particulate emission factors for total mass, ionic and elemental species, elemental and organic carbon, and over 250 individual organic compounds. The wood species tested, chosen for their high abundance and availability in the Southern U.S. region, were yellow poplar, white ash, sweetgum, mockernut hickory, loblolly pine, and slash pine. The differences in the emissions of compounds such as substituted phenols and resin acids help to distinguish between the smoke from hardwood and softwood combustion. Levoglucosan, a cellulose pyrolysis product which may serve as a tracer for wood smoke in general, was quantified in the emissions from all the wood species burned. The furofuran lignan, yangambin, which was emitted in significant quantities from yellow poplar combustion and not detected in any of the other North American wood smokes, is a potential species-specific molecular tracer which may be useful in qualitatively identifying particulate emissions from a specific geographical area where yellow poplar is being burned.     

玉米秸秆制酒精--秸秆预处理及水解方法的探讨

利用丰富、价廉的玉米秸秆为原料生产酒精已成为必然趋势，而最需要解决的关键问题是玉米秸秆的预处理及水解转化技术。研究结果表明，玉米秸秆先采用蒸汽爆破法或温氧法预处理，使木质素和纤维分离，然后进行酶水解，可使纤维素转化率达85％，再利用酵母发酵生成酒精。