Optimization of the Conditions for Removing Cholesterol from Cod Liver Oil by β-Cyclodextrin Crosslinked with Adipic Acid

This study was conducted to find the optimum conditions for β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) crosslinked by adipic acid to remove cholesterol from cod liver oil. The cholesterol content of the non-treated cod liver oil was 554.51 mg/100 g oil. The different factors considered were concentrations of crosslinked β-CD, mixing temperature, ratio of cod liver oil to distilled water, mixing time, and mixing speed. The optimum conditions for cholesterol removal from cod liver oil using crosslinked β-CD were a 1:2 ratio of cod liver oil to distilled water, 25% (crosslinked β-CD/distilled water, w/v) crosslinked β-CD concentration, 20 min mixing time, 400 rpm mixing speed and 60 °C mixing temperature with about 87% cholesterol removal. In a recycling study, cholesterol removal from the cod liver oil with recycled crosslinked β-CD in the first recycling trial was 85.09%, which was slightly lower than that with new crosslinked β-CD (87.27%). Up to three time trials, more than 82% cholesterol removal was observed.     

Removal of Nitrophenols by Adsorption Using β-Cyclodextrin Modified Zeolites

Removal of nitrophenols (NPs) from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process by using cationic β-cyclodextrin (CCD) modified zeolite (CCDMZ) was investigated. The effects of particle size, contact time, solution pH values and sodium chloride content in the aqueous on adsorption capacity were evaluated through a series of batch experiments. The results showed that CCDMZ had a higher adsorption capacity for removing NPs at a size fraction of 0.45-0.9 mm while adsorption of NPs on CCDMZ reached equilibrium within 60 min. The adsorption process was apparently influenced by pH values and sodium chloride content in aqueous solution. To ascertain the mechanisms of sorption, the experimental data were modeled by using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic equations, and the results indicated that the adsorption kinetics of NPs on CCDMZ well-matched with the pseudo-second order rate expression.     

Removal of Parabens from Aqueous Solution Using β-Cyclodextrin Cross-Linked Polymer

The removal of four parabens, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben, by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymer from aqueous solution was studied. Different β-CD polymers were prepared by using two cross-linkers, i.e., hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and toluene-2,6-diisocyanate (TDI), with various molar ratios of cross-linker. β-CD-HMDI polymer with molar ratio of 1:7 and β-CD-TDI polymer with ratio 1:4 gave the highest adsorption of parabens among the β-CD-HMDI and β-CD-TDI series, and were subsequently used for further studies. The adsorption capacity of β-CD-HMDI is 0.0305, 0.0376, 0.1854 and 0.3026 mmol/g for methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben, respectively. β-CD-TDI have higher adsorption capacities compared with β-CD-HMDI, the adsorption capacity are 0.1019, 0.1286, 0.2551, and 0.3699 mmol/g methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben respectively. The parameters studied were adsorption capacity, water retention, and reusability. Role of both cross-linker in adsorption, hydrophobicity of polymers, and adsorption capacity of different parabens were compared and discussed. All experiments were conducted in batch adsorption technique. These polymers were applied to real samples and showed positive results.     

Molecular Imprinted Polymer of Methacrylic Acid Functionalised β-Cyclodextrin for Selective Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenol

This work describes methacrylic acid functionalized β-cyclodextrin (MAA-βCD) as a novel functional monomer in the preparation of molecular imprinted polymer (MIP MAA-βCD) for the selective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The polymer was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The influence of parameters such as solution pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentrations towards removal of 2,4-DCP using MIP MAA-βCD have been evaluated. The imprinted material shows fast kinetics and the optimum pH for removal of 2,4-DCP is pH 7. Compared with the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP MAA-βCD), the MIP MAA-βCD exhibited higher adsorption capacity and outstanding selectivity towards 2,4-DCP. Freundlich isotherm best fitted the adsorption equilibrium data of MIP MAA-βCD and the kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of 2,4-DCP was spontaneous and exothermic under the examined conditions.     

Removal of Cadmium and Chromium Ions Using Modified α, β, and γ-Cyclodextrin Polymers

The adsorption of cadmium and chromium from aqueous solutions with epichlorohydrin cross-linked α, β, and γ-cyclodextrin polymers (CDPs) was investigated under a wide range of experimental conditions including pH, metal concentration, and CDP amounts. Recent studies have shown that α, β, and γ-CDPs follow the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller models and are capable of reducing heavy metal ion concentrations in water to desirable levels with enhanced sorption capabilities. The removal of cadmium and chromium achieved equilibrium in 4 h. The pH of effective cadmium removal was 6.5 to 7.5, and phosphate buffer favored the removal of cadmium in the presence of potassium ion. Chromium removal was optimal at pH 3.6 to 6.5. Current technologies can remove 99% cadmium ions from solution, yet this process is not very efficient for chromium ions. Furthermore, a small amount of CDPs can remove large quantities of heavy metal ions and can then be regenerated with acid for reuse. The present results are promising for using inexpensive CDPs as a low-cost material that is effective in remediating waters contaminated with heavy metal species. The sorption kinetics of CDPs along with the conditions to adsorb cadmium and chromium are reported here for the first time.     

Inclusion Complex of Sea Buckthorn Fruit Oil with β-Cyclodextrin: Preparation Characterization and Antioxidant Activity

This study aims to produce an inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sea buckthorn fruit oil (SBFO) by using the saturated aqueous solution method and then to compare the resultant solution with the crude mixtures. In this study, the SBFO is extracted by Soxhlet extraction, which is optimized through the single-factor test. The main constituent of the SBFO is identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which confirms eight fatty acids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the result-characterized synthesized compounds confirm the formation of stable inclusion compounds by the SBFO with β-CD. The yield values of the inclusion complex and the SBFO loading content are 64.87 ± 2.26% and 9.2 ± 1.58%, respectively. Comparing the crude fruit oil, β-CD–SBFO, and saponified fruit oil reveals differences in their 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) antioxidant activities. These findings suggest that the SBFO inclusion complex after β-cyclodextrin is stabilized and is a good antioxidant. This solution improves the inadequacy of the water solution and the instability of the SBFO. This study also implies that β-CD is a cost-effective and straightforward carrier for extending the applications of SBFO as a food or medicinal additive. Practical applications: In this experiment, the SBFO is converted from oil to powder to increase its efficacy as an additive to health and food products.     

Ammonia Removal from Mammalian Cell Culture Medium by Ion-Exchange Membranes∗

Abstract

Metabolites such as ammonia and lactic acid formed during mammalian cell culture can frequently be toxic to the cells themselves beyond a threshold concentration of the metabolites. Cell culture conducted in the presence of such accumulated metabolites is therefore limited in productivity. This work demonstrates with laboratory data that a nonporous ion-exchange membrane of the perfluorinated sulfonic acid type can be used to contact the culture medium, and ammonia removed selectivity from the medium without disturbing the process. The technique of pervaporation showed particular promise in this regard. The pervaporation used with inert gas sweep on the permeate side was found superior to that used with vacuum application.

     

Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and β-Cyclodextrin Microspheres by Spray Drying

Three kinds of carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres loaded with theophylline were prepared by spray drying intended for pulmonary delivery. Mucociliotoxicity, permeation rate, and drug release characteristics of the product were investigated. The microspheres obtained by spray drying were found to be spherical with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. The mean particle size was between 3.39 and 6.06 µm. The microspheres demonstrated high product yield (43.7–50.2%), high drug loading (13.7–38.1%), and high encapsulation efficiency (86.9–92.8%). FT-IR indicated that there were interactions of theophylline with carboxymethyl chitosan matrix. Further studies on mucociliotoxicity and permeation confirmed that microspheres had better adaptability and high permeation rate. In vitro drug release from the microspheres was not related to the drug/polymer ratios.     

Formation of a Polymer-Coated Inclusion Complex of D-Limonene and β-Cyclodextrin by Spray Drying

The polymer-coated inclusion complex powder formation of D-limonene and β-cyclodextrin obtained by spray drying was investigated with respect to the effects of various types of polymer coating agents on the powder particle size and morphology. The addition of the polymer coating agent affected the average particle size, morphology, and internal structures of the spray-dried powders. The average particle diameter of the uncoated spray-dried powders was approximately 5 µm. The powder particle size increased upon the addition of a polymer coating reagent. With the addition of 9 wt% of the polymer coating agent, an average diameter of approximately 80 µm was obtained for the spray-dried powder particles. However, further addition showed a negligible effect on the particle size. Inclusion complex crystals were observed on the surface and inside of the powder particles.     

Selective Cesium Removal from a Sodium Nitrate Aqueous Medium by Nanofiltration—Complexation

Abstract

In aqueous medium, selective complexation increases the ionic separation by nanofiltration. Within the context of the nuclear effluent treatment, the nanofiltration-complexation association is applied to sodium/cesium separation. Resorcinarene, a water-soluble ligand of cesium, is associated to the FILMTEC NF 70 membrane. Effects of pH, transmembrane pressure, ligand concentration, and ionic strength on salts retention and filtration fluxes are described. Finally, cesium complexation constants with resorcinarene are determined by using the nanofiltration-complexation process.     

Functional Characteristics of Oleogel Prepared from Sunflower Oil with β-Sitosterol and Stearic Acid

β‐Sitosterol (Sit) and stearic acid (SA) were combined at varying ratios (w/w) and added to sunflower oil (SFO) at the concentration of 20 g/100 g oil for preparing edible fat‐like oleogel. The oleogel was characterized using an optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter, and texture analyzer. The oil‐binding capacity, melting temperature, and firmness of the oleogel increased with the increase in the amount of SA in the gelator combination (Sit:SA, w/w). The microscopic analysis showed that the gel network formed based on the crystallization and self‐organization of gelator molecules, and both gelators showed an independent crystalline behavior in the oleogel. In addition, the FTIR spectra showed that the gel network formed via physical entanglements and was stabilized by non‐covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, XRD diffraction patterns indicated high lateral packing of molecular layers in oleogel prepared with the Sit and SA combination compared with oleogel prepared with a single gelator. On the other hand, for studying the effect of varying concentrations of gelator combinations, the Sit3:SA2 (w/w) combination was added to SFO at concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g/100 g oil. Specific characteristics such as the oil‐binding capacity and firmness of the oleogel improved as the concentration of the gelator combination (Sit3:SA2) increased from 10 up to 30 g/100 g oil. Therefore, it can be concluded that the saturated fat alternative oleogel can be prepared from SFO with a specific Sit and SA combination ratio and concentration.     

Cholesterol oxidation in meat from chickens fed α-tocopherol-and β-carotene-supplemented diets with different unsaturation grades

The production of B-ring and side-chain oxysterols was evaluated in meat from chickens fed diets differing by the kind of oil or fat added. The effect of supplementary levels of natural antioxidants, as α-tocopherol and β-carotene, on the meat cholesterol oxidative stability was also studied. Lard, sunflower and olive oil were used as dietary fat. Raw and cooked meats were analyzed for oxysterols, and cholesterol was also quantified. Oxysterol analyses were carried out by combining the use of solid-phase extraction, thin-layer chromatography, capillary gas chromatography, and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxysterols were detected within the 0.1–0.5 μg/g range in raw meat. Cooking increased the oxysterol content of the meat, and levels as high as 5 μg/g muscle tissue were observed. B-Ring oxysterols were mainly produced: the α-and the β-epoxycholesterols, the 7α-and 7β-hydroxycholesterols, and the 7-ketocholesterol. The results showed that the meat from the chickens fed the olive oil-based diet containing α-tocopherol at 200 mg/kg of diet presented the best cholesterol oxidative stability. A positive effect could not be found for dietary β-carotene administered at levels of 15 and 50 mg/kg of diet. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the tissue cholesterol content was observed with the olive and the sunflower oil-based diets.     

Removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution with multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by nitric acid☆

Modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as adsorbents for removal of diclofenac. The re-action conditions were examined. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were applied to determine appropriate equilibrium expression. The results show that the experimental data fit the Freundlich equation well. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. The kinetic study indicates that the adsorption of diclofenac can be well described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the process is controlled by multiple steps.     

Removal of ammonia from coke-oven gas at PAO Severstal’ by a circulatory phosphate method

The industrial introduction of ammonia removal from coke-oven gas by the circulatory phosphate method at byproduct shop 2 in coke production at PAO Severstal’ is considered. The ammonia removed undergoes thermal decomposition. The system consists of three channels (including a backup) and is designed to process coke-oven gas at a rate of 170000 m³/h. The phosphate method is selected after comparing methods of ammonia removal. The startup and operation of the system are analyzed. Operating conditions corresponding to specified ammonia removal are selected. Data are presented regarding the ammonia absorption, the regeneration of the absorbing solution, the thermal decomposition of the steam–ammonia mixture, and the utilization of the smokestack gas from the combustion of the steam–ammonia mixture. With a design productivity of 85000 m³/h for a single channel, the system operates satisfactorily when the throughput of coke-oven gas is in the range 60000–130000 m³/h per channel.     

Complex formation of Ibuprofen and β-Cyclodextrin by controlled particle deposition (CPD) using SC-CO2

Modern therapeutically used drugs are often lipophilic compounds. To reach the target structures, the drugs must be dissolved in physiological fluids and absorbed through entrance ports. In modern medicine, due to costs, convenience and compliance, oral application of solid forms is the preferential way. Since the bioavailability of orally applied drugs depends on the velocity of dissolution and absorption, methods to increase the dissolution of the lipophilic substances are often necessary to obtain significant blood levels. A well suitable way is the reduction of particle size to increase the dissolution velocity. However submicron particles are very difficult to be included in solid dosage forms. To overcome this, the controlled particle deposition (CPD) process was developed. The key idea behind CPD is to dissolve the drug of interest in supercritical CO₂, followed by permeation of the supercritical solution into the pores of the carrier and precipitation of the drug inside the pores. Thus, the attractive feature of CPD is the possibility to produce solvent-free, drug loaded carrier particles in a single processing step. In order to ensure that both, the drug and the carrier, exist as a solid under the conditions of study, the phase behaviour of RS(±)-Ibuprofen and of β-Cyclodextrin in the presence of CO₂ was investigated prior to the inclusion experiments. The results of the present investigations show, that an almost complete inclusion of RS(±)-Ibuprofen in β-Cyclodextrin at the solid state could be achieved. In addition, the dissolution rate of the complex formed by CPD was found to be significantly higher than that of untreated RS(±)-Ibuprofen and its physical mixture with β-Cyclodextrin.     

Release of Soybean Isoflavones by Using a β-Glucosidase from Alicyclobacillus herbarius

β-Glucosidases are used in the food industry to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds in complex sugars, with enzymes sourced from extremophiles better able to tolerate the process conditions. In this work, a novel β-glycosidase from the acidophilic organism Alicyclobacillus herbarius was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). AheGH1 was stable over a broad range of pH values (5–11) and temperatures (4–55 °C). The enzyme exhibited excellent tolerance to fructose and good tolerance to glucose, retaining 65 % activity in the presence of 10 % (w/v) glucose. It also tolerated organic solvents, some of which appeared to have a stimulating effect, in particular ethanol with a 1.7-fold increase in activity at 10 % (v/v). The enzyme was then applied for the cleavage of isoflavone from isoflavone glucosides in an ethanolic extract of soy flour, to produce soy isoflavones, which constitute a valuable food supplement, full conversion was achieved within 15 min at 30 °C.     

Preparation of Sesaminol from Sesaminol Triglucoside by β-Glucosidase and Cellulase Hydrolysis

Sesaminol triglucoside (i.e., 2,6‐O‐di(β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl sesaminol, STG) is a physiologically active substance obtained abundantly from defatted sesame cake. Since, the industrial preparation of sesaminol from STG has not been reported previously, the aim of this research was to prepare sesaminol by hydrolysis of STG using β‐glucosidase and cellulase. Under the optimal conditions of total enzyme dosage 100 μL (8,000.72 U), the ratio of β‐glucosidase and cellulase 20:80 (v/v) (0.72:8,000, U/U), reaction time 24 h, substrate concentration 6 mg/mL, reaction temperature 50 °C, and reaction system pH 4.8, the yield of sesaminol was 48.9 %. Further, sesaminol and other hydrolysis products (sesaminol diglucoside and sesaminol monoglucoside) were successfully determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry.     

Synthesis and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Ionic Liquid Polymer as a Macroporous Material for the Removal of Phenols and As(V)

β-Cyclodextrin-ionic liquid polymer (CD-ILP) was first synthesized by functionalized β-cyclodextrin (CD) with 1-benzylimidazole (BIM) to form monofunctionalized CD (βCD-BIMOTs) and was further polymerized using a toluene diisocyanate (TDI) linker to form insoluble CD-ILP (βCD-BIMOTs-TDI). The βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer was characterized using various tools and the results obtained were compared with those derived from the native β-cyclodextrin polymer (βCD-TDI). The SEM result shows that the presence of ionic liquid (IL) increases the pore size, while the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) result shows that the presence of IL increases the stability of the polymer. Meanwhile, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results show that βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer has 1.254 m²/g surface areas and the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution result reveals that the polymer exhibits macropores with a pore size of 77.66 nm. Preliminary sorption experiments were carried out and the βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer shows enhanced sorption capacity and high removal towards phenols and As(V).     

Inhibition of Calcineurin and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β by Ricinoleic Acid Derived from Castor Oil

Ricinoleic acid (RA) is the main fatty acid component of castor oil and was found to inhibit Ca²⁺-signal transduction pathway-mediated cell cycle regulation in a yeast-based drug screening assay. RA is expected to have antidiabetic, antiallergy, and/or anticancer properties but its target molecule is unknown. To identify a novel pharmacological effect of RA, we investigated its target molecule in the Ca²⁺-signal transduction pathway. RA inhibition of calcineurin (CN) was examined in a yeast-based CN inhibitor screening assay using the rsp5^A401E mutant and in a phosphatase assay using recombinant human CN. RA showed growth-restoration activity at 5 μg/spot in the CN inhibitor screening assay with the rsp5^A401E yeast strain. Furthermore, it directly inhibited CN without immunophilins at K_i = 33.7 μM in a substrate-competitive manner. The effects of RA on CN in mammalian cells were further evaluated by measuring β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX) release in RBL-2H3 cells. RA at 50 μM suppressed the release of β-HEX from RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, this compound was found to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), as determined by a kinase assay using recombinant human GSK-3β. RA inhibited GSK-3β at K_i = 1.43 μM in a peptide substrate-competitive manner. The inhibition of GSK-3β by this molecule was further assessed in mammalian cells by measuring the inhibition of glucose production in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. RA at 25 μM suppressed glucose production in these cells. These findings indicate that RA and/or castor oil could be a useful functional fatty acid to treat allergy or type 2 diabetes.     

Selective Removal of Low-Density Lipoproteins from Blood by Induced Precipitation with AAS in Vitro(Ⅰ)

1 INTRODUCTION It's evident that high level of cholesterol in blood is associated with the formation and devel-opment of familial hypercholestrolemia(FH)and atherosclerosis(AS).In general,choles-terol in blood is mainly combined with low-density lipoproteins(LDL),very low-densitylipoproteins(VLDL)and high density lipoproteins(HDL).About 60%-80% cholesterolexists in LDL and VLDL.LDL and VLDL have been recognized as the principal pathologic