Swirling free surface flow in cylindrical containers

Free surface flow in a cylindrical container with steadily rotating bottom cap is investigated. A regular domain perturbation in terms of the angular velocity of the bottom is used. The flow field is made up of the superposition of azimuthal and meridional fields. The meridional field is solved both by biorthogonal series and a numerical algorithm. The free surface on the liquid is determined at the lowest significant order. The aspect ratio of the cylinder may generate a multiple cell structure in the meridional plane which in turn shapes the free surface.     

Calculation of impact loads for high energy drops of cylindrical containers

The regulatory criteria for containers that are used to transport radioactive materials require that the container maintain structural integrity for an accidental drop of up to 30 ft onto a non-yielding surface. Storage containers for radioactive materials are also designed for accidental drops, usually of lesser heights. The design of these containers generally requires a determination of the peak magnitude of the impact force acting on the container. This paper presents an analytical solution that can be used to estimate the primary impact forces for cylindrical containers. Equations are derived for essentially all drop orientations.     

Thermal convection between two coaxial horizontal square containers

Summary This paper is concerned with experiments on thermal convection between two coaxial square containers. It is found that there exists a critical Rayleigh number (Ra)_c of 1660 approximately for the onset of the thermal convection in top-test section. The vertical velocity distributions at the middle height of left side-test section agree with the classical theory well. The width of the present convection roll in top-test section is of the same order as the height. The reason why the convection rolls or fluid mass in top-test section are transported to the right- or left-direction is discussed and attributed to a new mechanism of mass transport, consisting of three-stages broadly, viz., (a) extension-stage, (b) splitting-stage, and (c) birth-stage.     

Estimation of steady state heat leak into cylindrical cryogenic containers

A steady state analysis of the heat leak into rigid foam insulated cylindrical cryogenic liquid containers is carried out. Expressions for the steady state surface temperature are obtained in terms of four dimensionless parameters. Test results obtained on polyurethane foam LN2 containers agree well with the values predicted from the analysis.     

Modelling of temperature fluctuations within frozen foods stored in cylindrical containers

A mathematical model is presented for the prediction of temperature response in cylindrically shaped frozen foods when exposed to a periodically varying environmental storage temperature. The one-dimensional conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates was solved including the effect of surface resistances. The prediction model was verified against experimental temperatures obtained from frozen ice-cream samples exposed to two different storage regimes. The experiments were conducted with and without commercial packaging cardboard. Experimental and predicted temperatures presented excellent agreement in both cases. Packaging materials and plastic overwraps of small cylindrical containers can provide an effective resistance against ambient temperature variations.     

A study of natural convection in horizontal cylindrical gaps

A study was made of natural convection in horizontal cylindrical gaps. For hot tubes of small diameters, the convection factor has been related not only to the Rayleigh number but also to the geometrical dimensions (diameter of the hot tube and relative gap width). The construction of experimental tubes is also described.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 676–680, October, 1973.     

Computer predictions of progressive induction hardening of cylindrical components

Abstract

In this paper progressive induction hardening is treated mainly on a theoretical basis. In contrast to stationary induction hardening, the progressive treatment makes it necessary to include a heat flow in the axial direction of the work piece; a single coil also leads to a magnetic field which changes in the axial direction. A model for heat generation (caused by the magnetic field) is derived based on the magnetic vector potential. The heat conduction equation, in two dimensions, is solved assuming steady–state conditions. The coordinate system is transformed to take the movement of the workpiece into consideration. After adopting steady–state conditions there will be no explicit time dependency in the heat conduction equation. Phase transformations are therefore calculated by following a node when it travels under the inductor and quenching ring. The actual speed gives temperature as a function of time. Stresses are evaluated in a similar way; it is assumed that a state of generalized plane strain exists, a one–dimensional model can then be used and a strip travelling under the inductor and quenching ring is studied. Some. theoretical results and comparisons with measurements are presented.

MST/20     

The potential for mechanical design compilation

Significant potential exists for engineering design research to produce viable approaches to automatic compilation of mechanical systems.     

Measurement of liquid entrainment from a horizontal cylindrical vessel by a flow of air

An empirical formula has been derived for the time needed for removal of a liquid from a horizontal cylindrical chamber by an air flow.     

金属包装容器微型卷边技术

1、微型卷边简介微型卷边结构是一项全新的成型工艺技术,目标在于使得金属罐的加工成本最佳化。根据这项技术,金属罐体强度更高和罐端尺寸更小的双重卷边使得传统的金属容器的结构尺寸显著降低了。由于降低了罐身沉头尺寸和修改卷曲结构后,罐盖切边尺寸明显降低。由于改进罐盖并缩短凸缘尺寸,三片罐的罐高可以降低5mm以上。此时,罐身只需要原来1/3的涂料。因