发酵法去除牛初乳中酪蛋白提高IgG含量的研究

利用乳酸菌发酵牛初乳从而降低pH达到酪蛋白等电点,通过离心去除酪蛋白,提高免疫球蛋白G(JgG)含量。结果表明,发酵法去除酪蛋白的最适pH为4.65,离心条件为1500×g,30min;随着pH的下降,酪蛋白被去除.初乳中的IgG含量上升,pH由4.70降低到4.65时,IgG含量有显著性变化(P<0.01)。2-7d原料初乳中IgG含量平均为20.09mg/g,经发酵后乳清IgG含量提高约1.5倍,平均达到52.07mg/g。     

牛初乳中免疫球蛋白的测定

以单向免疫扩散法测定了牛初乳中的IgG。结果表明,产犊后第1次挤乳,初乳gG平均为67.23mg/mL,之后随泌乳进行迅速下降,24h后降到小于5mg/mL,到第5天已降到常乳水平。     

羊初乳免疫球蛋白(IgG)稳定性的研究

研究了酸、碱、糖、加热对羊初乳中免疫球蛋白（IgG）稳定性的影响.结果表明,IgG在pH值为5.0～10.0范围内比较稳定,在pH值为低于5.0条件下,随pH值降低,变性率剧烈上升;在加热或pH2.0的环境下,糖醇化合物对IgG具有保护作用,随着糖类浓度的升高IgG的变性率降低,其中蔗糖、果糖、麦芽糖的效果较好,葡萄糖、乳糖的效果较差;羊初乳中IgG对加热比较敏感,随着加热温度的上升,其变性率增大.于55℃加热30 min,变性率为25.5%;于65℃加热30 min,变性率为38.1%;于75℃加热7 min时,变性率已达100%;于85℃加热2.0 min时变性率也已达100%.     

胎次及天数对牦牛初乳活性成分的影响

采用双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA),研究了五个胎次的天祝白牦牛初乳中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、乳铁蛋白(LF)以及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)在产后七天的浓度变化规律,为探讨白牦牛初乳的营养价值及其资源的合理开发和利用提供理论依据.结果表明:天祝白牦牛初乳中IgG、LF和IGF-Ⅰ在分娩后第1天且四胎浓度最高,分别为2404.41、2001.53和1206.48U/L,其后都随产后泌乳天数的增加急剧下降,5天以后下降速度趋于平缓.产后四天内牛初乳的IgG、LF和IGF-Ⅰ含量仍可达较高水平,营养价值丰富,具有一定的开发价值,因此在开发利用牦牛初乳产品时,为扩大牛初乳的利用率,可采集四天内初乳进行加工利用.     

驴初乳理化性质和主要成份的动态变化

对驴初乳物理性质和化学组成研究。结果表明,驴初乳的相对密度、折光度、电导率、酸度均高于常乳,而pH 值低于常乳;驴初乳中蛋白质、灰分、脂肪含量均随泌乳期延长呈下降趋势;分娩后第一次(6h)所挤初乳中乳糖含量最低,之后随泌乳期延长乳糖含量呈上升趋势;随泌乳期的延长,初乳中各项指标逐渐接近常乳。应用亲和色谱法测定驴初乳免疫球蛋白含量,结果表明,随泌乳期的延长驴初乳中IgG 含量呈下降趋势。     

HPLC法检测牛初乳中IgG含量

建立了牛初乳中IgG的高效液相色谱检测法,并测定了初乳中IgG的经时变化过程.结果显示,IgG浓度在0.2～15mg/mL的范围内峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,回收率实验平均大于98.5%.采用本法测定了六头幽门螺杆菌免疫牛初乳中IgG及两头正常牛初乳中IgG的经时变化过程.母牛分娩后24h内,初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG平均含量在40～70mg/mL之间;3d后,初乳中免疫球蛋白总量下降较快;至第7d,初乳中免疫球蛋白含量平均在1～5mg/mL之间.     

水牛初乳中免疫因子和生长因子质量浓度的研究

研究水牛初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG,IgA和类胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)质量浓度的变化特点。用ELISA方法检测水牛分娩后7d内初乳样品的IgG,IgA和IGF-I质量浓度,同时检测3种成分在水牛常乳中的质量浓度。结果表明:分娩后3h的水牛初乳IgG,IgA和IGF-I质量浓度最高,分别为78.22g/L,8.83g/L和1099.78μg/L,常乳中的质量浓度分别为1.87g/L,0.71g/L和358.30μg/L。IgG在泌乳的第1天内下降91.18%,IGF-I下降57.02%,IgA在头2d内下降85.84%,之后缓慢下降接近常乳。因此,水牛泌乳最初的1~2d内初乳含有丰富的IgG,IgA和IGF-I,具有很高的开发利用价值。     

HPLC法检测牛初乳中lgG含量

建立了牛初乳中IgG的高效液相色谱检测法,并测定了 初乳中IgG的经时变化过程。结果显示,IgG浓度在0.2～ 15mg/mL的范围内峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 回收率实验平均大于98.5％。采用本法测定了六头幽门螺 杆菌免疫牛初乳中IgG及两头正常牛初乳中IgG的经时 变化过程。母牛分娩后24h内,初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG平 均含量在40～70mg/mL之间;3d后,初乳中免疫球蛋白 总量下降较快;至第7d,初乳中免疫球蛋白含量平均在 1～5mg/mL之间。     

河南奶山羊乳酶活力和乳蛋白组分的研究

测定河南奶山羊乳的4种酶酶活力,并采用SDS-PAGE方法对乳中主要蛋白组分进行分析。结果表明：在初乳和常乳中4种酶酶活力分别为：γ-谷胺酰转肽酶(γ-GT)为322.46U/100mL和247.71U/100mL,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)为248.62U/100mL和200.14U/100mL,过氧化物酶(LP)为281.76U/mL和205.07U/mL,淀粉酶(AMY)为71.20U/100mL和22.15U/100mL。初乳中AKP活力显著高于常乳(0.01＜P＜0.05),γ-GT、LP、AMY的活力极显著高于常乳(P＜0.01)。主要乳蛋白按分子质量由小到大均依次显示出乳清蛋白(α-La)、β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)、IgG-L(轻链)、酪蛋白(CN)、IgG-H(重链)、血清白蛋白(SA)等区带。在初乳和常乳中的含量分别为：α-La为4.52%和4.51%,β-LG为18.78%和9.59%,IgG-L为7.52%和3.95%,CN为11.29%和11.49%,IgG-H为6.95%和4.07%,SA为5.48%和5.39%。乳中β-LG相对含量较高,达到20.96%,α-La含量较低。初乳中的免疫球蛋白IgG(IgG-L、IgG-H)相对含量显著高于常乳(P＜0.01或0.01＜P＜0.05),β-LG极显著高于常乳(P＜0.01)。乳球蛋白和免疫球蛋白随着泌乳天数的增加呈现明显的下降趋势,而其他蛋白变化不显著。乳蛋白组分的相对含量在山羊个体间存在差异。     

金属螯合色谱分离提取初乳免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白

对金属螯合色谱分离提取初乳免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白的新工艺进行了研究,并采用SDS-PAGE电泳分析法测定了分离得到的免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白的含量。试验结果表明,采用金属螯合色谱可较好地分离提取免疫球蛋白,其纯度可达89%。同时还可分离得到副产品乳铁蛋白,但含量较低,仅为33%。另外还对影响螯合色谱分离的因素进行了初步的探讨。     

Sheep and goats raised in mixed flocks have diverse immune status around parturition

Several physiological and metabolic changes take place in dairy ruminants around parturition (late pregnancy, parturition, and early lactation). Dairy species are genetically selected for their higher milk production compared with non-dairy species. This fact causes a constant stress that impairs the immune status of the animal, with consequences for its welfare and performance. In the present study, we assessed the immune status of high-yield dairy sheep and goats by quantifying IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as chitotriosidase (ChT) and complement system [total complement system (TC) and alternative complement pathway (AC)] activity in blood plasma around parturition. We also measured IgG and IgM concentrations and ChT activity in colostrum and milk during the first 40 d postpartum. The lowest blood IgG concentration was at parturition in both species. We detected no differences in blood IgG concentrations between species. Blood IgM concentrations were constant in both species throughout the study period. However, blood IgM concentrations were greater in sheep than in goats. Blood ChT activity was greater in goats than in sheep, and both species showed constant activity of this enzyme throughout the study period. We observed no differences in complement system (TC and AC) activity between sheep and goats. In addition, both TC and AC activity were constant in both species throughout the experiment. In general, IgG and IgM concentrations were greater in sheep colostrum than in goat colostrum, but these differences disappeared after d 4 (IgG) and d 3 (IgM) postpartum. In both species, the highest IgG and IgM concentrations were measured in colostrum, gradually decreasing during the first days postpartum. Chitotriosidase activity decreased in both species from colostrum to milk, although goats always showed greater ChT activity than sheep. Both sheep and goats seemed to be more susceptible to infectious diseases around parturition. As well, goats showed greater ChT activity in blood, colostrum, and milk than sheep. This fact may give these animals additional protection against parasite and fungal infections.     

Relationships between energy balance during early lactation and cow performance,blood metabolites,and fertility: A meta-analysis of individual cow data

This study was designed to contribute to the understanding of the relationships between energy balance (EB) in early lactation [4 to 21 d in milk (DIM)] and fertility traits [interval to start of luteal activity (SLA), interval to first observed heat (FOH), and conception to first artificial insemination (AI)], and their associated relationships with cow performance and blood metabolites between 4 to 150 DIM. Individual cow data (488 primiparous and 1,020 multiparous lactations) from 27 experiments was analyzed. Data on cow performance, EB (on a metabolizable energy basis), and fertility traits were available for all cows, whereas milk progesterone data (to determine SLA) and periodic blood metabolite data were available for 1,042 and 1,055 lactations, respectively. Data from primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed separately, with the data sets for the 2 parity groups divided into quartiles (Q1–Q4) according to the average EB during 4 to 21 DIM (EB range for Q1 to Q4: primiparous, ?120 to ?49, ?49 to ?24, ?24 to ?3, and ?3 to 92 MJ/d, respectively: multiparous, ?191 to ?79, ?79 to ?48, ?48 to ?22, and ?22 to 93 MJ/d, respectively). Differences between EB quartiles for production and fertility traits were compared. In early lactation (4 to 21 DIM), moving from Q1 to Q4 mean DMI and metabolizable energy intake increased whereas mean ECM decreased. During the same period, moving from Q1 to Q4 milk fat content, milk fat-to-protein ratio, and plasma nonesterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations decreased, whereas milk protein content and plasma glucose concentrations increased in both primiparous and multiparous cows. When examined over the entire experimental period (4 to 150 DIM), many of the trends in intakes and milk production remained, although the magnitude of the difference between quartiles was much reduced, whereas milk fat content did not differ between quartiles in primiparous cows. The percentage of cows with FOH before 42 DIM increased from Q1 to Q4 (from 46 to 72% in primiparous cows, and from 41 to 58% in multiparous cows). Interval from calving to SLA and to FOH decreased with increasing EB during 4 to 21 DIM, with these occurring 9.8 and 10.2 d earlier, respectively, in Q4 compared with Q1 (primiparous cows), and 7.4 and 5.9 d earlier, respectively, in Q4 compared with Q1 (multiparous cows). For each 10 MJ/d decrease in mean EB during 4 to 21 DIM, FOH was delayed by 1.2 and 0.8 d in primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. However, neither days to first AI nor the percentage of cows that conceived to first AI were affected by daily EB during 4 to 21 DIM in either primiparous or multiparous cows, and this is likely to reflect a return to a less metabolically stressed status at the time of AI. These results demonstrate that interval from calving to SLA and to FOH were reduced with increasing EB in early lactation, whereas early lactation EB had no effect on conception to the first service.     

Effect of amount and source of dietary nitrogen on milk fat depression in early lactation dairy cows

Twenty-four multiparous and 15 primiparous Holstein cows were fed a total mixed corn silage diet with one of three dietary treatments: 14% crude protein, 22% crude protein (all preformed), or 22% crude protein (preformed plus nonprotein N). Eight multiparous and 5 primiparous cows were randomly assigned to each treatment at calving. The diet contained 23% ADF during wk 1 to 4 postpartum and was lowered to 11% ADF for wk 5 to 12 postpartum. Treatment had no effect on the magnitude of depression in milk fat percentage or milk fat yield in multiparous cows. After fiber was lowered, changes in rumen acetate to propionate ratio, blood glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin were not influenced by treatment. Depression in milk fat percentage for primiparous cows was 19.7, 9.2, and 14.9% for low protein, high protein, and high protein with nonprotein N, respectively. When changed from high fiber to low fiber, the primiparous cows increased milk fat yield 9% for high preformed protein treatment but decreased fat yield for other treatments. Depression in acetate to propionate ratio and increase in blood glucose was least for the high preformed protein group.     

Effects of parity and body condition at parturition on endocrine and reproductive parameters of the cow

The effect of parity (multiparous vs primiparous) and body condition score (BCS; <3.0 or > or =3.0, lean vs fat) at parturition on metabolic and endocrine profiles from 1 month before to 2 months after parturition were studied in 42 Holstein cows grazing on improved pastures. BCS and milk production were determined every 2 weeks. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB), insulin, IGF-I, leptin, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-tri-iodothyroinine (T3) were determined in plasma every 10 days. Progesterone was determined three times per week after parturition. Primiparous cows had a lower BCS during the early postpartum period and produced less milk than multiparous animals. Primiparous cows had higher NEFA concentrations and they presented more samples with BHB concentrations of >1 mmol/l than multiparous cows. Multiparous cows had higher T3, T4 and IGF-I concentrations, while fat cows had higher leptin and IGF-I concentrations. All hormone concentrations were diminished in the first week postpartum. Primiparous cows and fat cows presented a steeper decay of IGF-I and leptin around parturition than multiparous cows and lean cows. While thyroid hormones and IGF-I showed increasing concentrations from approximately day 30, leptin concentrations remained low until the end of the experimental period. The initiation of ovarian cyclicity was delayed in primiparous cows and especially in primiparous lean cows, consistent with longer intervals from parturition to first service and to conception. The endocrine signals most likely to inform the reproductive axis regarding a negative energy balance were IGF-I and leptin.     

Monensin for lactating dairy cows grazing mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with partial mixed ration

The effect of monensin on milk production was evaluated in 58 lactating Holstein cows (48 multiparous; 10 primiparous) grazing a mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with a partial mixed ration in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements. Cows were paired by calving date, lactation number, previous lactation milk production, body weight, and body condition score and were assigned to one of 2 treatments: control or monensin. Cows on the monensin treatment received 2 monensin controlled-release capsules (335 mg/d for 90 d), one 30 d before the expecting calving date and the other 60 d after calving. Short-term (0 to 150 d in milk) and long-term (305-d adjusted lactation) effects of monensin were evaluated. Pasture (measured by difference between pre- and postgrazing pasture mass), supplements, and total dry matter intake did not differ between treatments and averaged 8.7, 14.1, and 22.9 kg/d, respectively. In the short-term, monensin increased milk production (27.7 vs. 26.6 kg/d) and milk protein yield (0.890 vs. 0.860 kg/d); milk fat yield was not affected (0.959 kg/d). Monensin decreased milk fat content (3.51 vs. 3.60%) with no changes in milk protein content (3.25%). In the long term, milk production and milk protein yield were also increased by monensin: 214 and 7 kg, respectively. Monensin reduced the loss of body condition score and increased percentage of pregnancy at first service (44.8 vs. 20.7%). Monensin improves production and reproduction performance of dairy cows grazing a mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with a partial mixed ration.     

Influence of environmental factors and parity on milk yield dynamics in barn-housed dairy cattle

We investigated the effects of environmental factors on average daily milk yield and day-to-day variation in milk yield of barn-housed Scottish dairy cows milked with an automated milking system. An incomplete Wood gamma function was fitted to derive parameters describing the milk yield curve including initial milk yield, inclining slope, declining slope, peak milk yield, time of peak, persistency (time in which the cow maintains high yield beyond the peak), and predicted total lactation milk yield (PTLMY). Lactation curves were fitted using generalized linear mixed models incorporating the above parameters (initial milk yield, inclining and declining slopes) and both the indoor and outdoor weather variables (temperature, humidity, and temperature-humidity index) as fixed effects. There was a higher initial milk yield and PTLMY in multiparous cows, but the incline slope parameter and persistency were greatest in primiparous cows. Primiparous cows took 54 d longer to attain a peak yield (mean ± standard error) of 34.25 ± 0.58 kg than multiparous (47.3 ± 0.45 kg); however, multiparous cows yielded 2,209 kg more PTLMY. The best models incorporated 2-d lagged minimum temperature. However, effect of temperature was minimal (primiparous decreased milk yield by 0.006 kg/d and multiparous by 0.001 kg/d for each degree increase in temperature). Both primiparous and multiparous cows significantly decreased in day-to-day variation in milk yield as temperature increased (primiparous cows decreased 0.05 kg/d for every degree increase in 2-d lagged minimum temperature indoors, which was greater than the effect in multiparous cows of 0.008 kg/d). Though the model estimates for both indoor and outdoor were different, a similar pattern of the average daily milk yield and day-to-day variation in milk yield and milk yield's dependence on environmental factors was observed for both primiparous and multiparous cows. In Scotland, primiparous cows were more greatly affected by the 2-d lagged minimum temperature compared with multiparous cows. After peak lactation had been reached, primiparous and multiparous cows decreased milk yield as indoor and outdoor minimum temperature increased.     

Milk production response to dietary forage:grain ratio

Forty-four multiparous and 49 primiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly at parturition to one of five diets differing in forage:grain ratio and studied for the entire lactation for effects of diet on milk production and milk composition, body condition, BW gain, health, and reproductive performance. Total mixed rations fed once daily consisted of alfalfa silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, vitamins, and minerals. Percentages of forage in the diet (dry basis) for treatments 1 to 5 were postpartum wk 1 to 12 (38.2, 48.2, 58.2, 68.2, and 98.2); wk 13 to 26 (48.2, 58.2, 68.2, 88.2, and 98.2); and wk 27 to 44 (68.2, 78.2, 88.2, 98.2, and 98.2). Milk production (3.5% FCM in 305 d) was 8295, 8659, 7563, 6849, and 6000 kg for multiparous cows in treatments 1 to 5, respectively, and 7334, 7177, 6976, 6014, and 4750 kg for primiparous cows. Primiparous cows had decreased milk protein, BW gain, DMI and gross feed efficiency as forage increased in the diet. Multiparous cows in treatment 1 had depressed milk fat and lower DMI and gross feed efficiency compared with other treatments. Body condition scores tended to be lower as forage increased in the diet with both age groups. Increased forage in the diet did not cause any adverse effects on health and reproductive performance in either age group.     

Effects of prepartum diets varying in dietary energy density and monensin on early-lactation performance in dairy cows

Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of prepartum monensin supplementation and dry-period nutritional strategy on the postpartum productive performance of cows fed monensin during lactation. A total of 102 Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment (32 primiparous and 70 multiparous). The study was a completely randomized design, with randomization restricted to balance for parity, body condition score, and expected calving date. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of prepartum treatments was used; the variables of interest were prepartum feeding strategy [controlled-energy diet throughout the dry period (CE) vs. controlled-energy diet from dry-off to 22 d before expected parturition, followed by a moderate-energy close-up diet from d 21 before expected parturition through parturition (CU)] and prepartum monensin supplementation [0 g/t (control, CON) or 24.2 g/t (MON); Rumensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN]. Lactation diets before and after the dry period contained monensin at 15.4 g/t. During the close-up period, cows fed CU had greater DM and NE_L intakes than cows fed CE. Calf BW at birth tended to be greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE but was not affected by MON supplementation. Diet did not affect calving difficulty score, but cows supplemented with MON had an increased calving difficulty score. We found a tendency for a MON × parity interaction for colostral IgG concentration, such that multiparous MON cows tended to have lower IgG concentration than CON cows, but colostral IgG concentration for primiparous MON and CON cows did not differ. Postpartum milk yield did not differ between diets but tended to be greater for cows supplemented with MON. Milk fat and lactose content were greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE, and lactose content and yield were increased for cows supplemented with MON. Solids-corrected and fat-corrected milk yields were increased by MON supplementation, but were not affected by diet. Overall means for postpartum DMI did not differ by diet or MON supplementation. The CU diet decreased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids during the close-up period but increased it postpartum. Neither diet nor monensin affected β-hydroxybutyrate or liver composition. Overall, postpartum productive performance differed little between prepartum dietary strategies, but cows fed MON had greater energy-corrected milk production. In herds fed monensin during lactation, monensin should also be fed during the dry period.     

Prepartum dietary management of energy intake affects postpartum intake and lactation performance by primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of plane of energy intake prepartum on postpartum performance. Primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) Holsteins were randomly assigned by expected date of parturition to 1 of 3 prepartum energy intakes. A moderate energy diet [1.63 Mcal of net energy for lactation (NE_L)/kg; 15% crude protein (CP)] was fed for either ad libitum intake (OVR) or restricted intake (RES) to supply 150 or 80% of National Research Council (2001) energy requirement, respectively, for dry cows in late gestation. To limit energy intake to 100% of NRC requirement at ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI), chopped wheat straw was included as 31.8% of dry matter (DM) in a control diet (CON; 1.21 Mcal of NE_L/kg of DM; 14% CP). Multiparous and primiparous cows assigned to OVR gained body condition during the dry period [initial body condition score (BCS) = 3.3], but were not overconditioned by parturition (BCS = 3.5). Multiparous cows in the OVR group lost more BCS postpartum than multiparous RES or CON cows. Primiparous cows lost similar amounts of BCS among dietary treatment groups postpartum. Addition of chopped wheat straw to CON diets prevented a large decrease in DMI prepartum in both primiparous and multiparous cows. During the first 3 wk postpartum, DMI as a percentage of BW was lower for multiparous OVR cows than for multiparous RES cows. Prepartum diet effects did not carry over through the entire 8-wk lactation period. Because of greater mobilization of body stores, OVR cows had greater milk fat percentage and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield during the first 3 wk postpartum. Multiparous cows assigned to OVR experienced a 55% decrease in energy balance and primiparous cows a 40% decrease in energy balance during the last 3 wk before parturition, compared with CON or RES cows that had little change. Multiparous cows fed OVR had a greater contribution of energy from body energy reserves to milk energy output than either CON or RES cows. Overfeeding energy prepartum resulted in large changes in periparturient energy balance. Even in the absence of overconditioning, a large change in DMI and energy balance prepartum influenced postpartum DMI and BCS loss, especially for multiparous cows. Chopped wheat straw was effective at controlling energy intake prepartum, although primiparous cows did not achieve predicted DMI. Even so, controlling or restricting energy intake in primiparous cows was not detrimental to lactational performance over the first 8 wk of lactation.