香港公屋本质,公屋设计和居住实态

文章分析了香港在不同时期的公屋政策，公屋设计及居住实态。     

香港旧公屋的重建与整合

文章在香港旧型公共房屋重建的背景下,从房委会和居民的角度探讨重建过程中存在的问题,诸如接收屋村问题、租金问题、政府与居民信息互递问题、老人问题等,并分析其成因,最后提出了一些针对性建议。     

Housing tenure, housing costs and poverty in Flanders (Belgium)

This article deals with the relation betweenhousing and poverty in Flanders (Belgium). Wedescribe how home tenure and housing costsdeveloped differently for different incomegroups. Furthermore, we assess the impact ofthese evolutions on poverty and welfaredistribution. Our analyses show that in theobserved period homeownership increasedstrongly among higher-income categories andremained stable or even decreased amonglow-income households. Average housing costsincreased more for low-income households thanfor high-income households, leading to a sharpincrease in problematic rent-to-income ratiosfor the former. It appears that especially theprivate rented sector is problematic. Thesocial rented sector is evaluated ratherpositively. Taking account of housing costsleads to higher poverty levels and higherwelfare inequality compared to the situationwhere only current income is used to calculatepoverty and welfare distribution.     

城市化背景下的公租房适应性设计探讨

城市化背景下,城市低收入者的住房保障问题日益凸显。该文列表分析了我国不同时期的典型保障性住房形式,指出公租房应该是现阶段保障性住房建设的重点。当前公租房建设量大、速度快,为了公租房发展的长效性,文章提出公租房应具有适应性、可持续性的规划与设计原则,并通过对一些国家和地区的保障性住房建设经验的借鉴,针对公租房的总体布局与交通配套、小区容量、配套设施、景观环境、套型设计等方面进行探讨,以期为其建设提供参考。     

探求上海“保障性住房涵盖之外”低收入阶层住房解决的可能性途径

通过对特大城市中保障性住房发展建设若干局限性的分析,指出解决特大城市低收入阶层住房不宜仅仅依靠大规模建设保障性住房,充分利用现有的住房租售市场、打破城乡二元分割的住房政策等也是解决低收入阶层的居住问题不可忽视的方面。以上海为例,分析上海市低收入阶层的构成及空间分布,探讨目前"保障性住房涵盖之外"的低收入群体解决住房的典型方式,并据此提出若干针对特大城市中未纳入保障性住房体系的大量低收入阶层解决基本住房需求的政策建议,以缓解社会压力,维护社会的稳定和谐。     

Divorce and the Housing Movements of Owner-Occupiers: A European Comparison

Divorce usually carries a range of economic consequences for both men and women, the housing situation of the ex-partners being among the most important ones. So far, however, the housing consequences of this life event, and in particular the way these are influenced by institutional arrangements, have been somewhat of a neglected topic. This paper focuses on one aspect of this process, more specifically the impact of divorce on tenure changes of homeowners, using comparative panel data for 12 European countries. It is concluded that although divorce significantly raises the odds of experiencing a tenure change for homeowners in all countries under consideration, this process is fairly similar across European welfare states. While institutional arrangements mitigating the economic consequences of divorce for women do not seem to explain much variation between countries, cross-national differences in tenure changes for homeowners are partly influenced by social housing policies and the extent of family support.     

日本公共租赁住宅的建设历程与经验教训

本文以日本住宅公团为代表的公共租赁住宅为例,分析建设历程中积累的很多经验教训,提出住宅不应只是一个空间,而必须成为普及新的生活方式和提高生活水平的道具;住宅建设也应该是包括维持管理、改造再生的长久和可持续的过程,同时普及产业化,促进生产力水平的提高,希望对我国现在进行的保障性住房的建设起到借鉴意义。     

香港公屋的可持续发展策略的启示

通过分析香港公屋重建计划的一个具体案例牛头角上郝,带来一些启示：通过设计前期的社会参与,设计过程的新技术介入,运行中的社会资源利用,来实现保障性住区的社会、环境和经济的可持续发展。     

Social Networks in Public and Community Housing: The Impact on Employment Outcomes

This article seeks to examine some of the ways in which social networks may contribute to employment outcomes for community and public housing tenants. There is a body of literature that explores the relationship between social networks and employment outcomes, and a separate literature on the relationship between housing and social networks (which is largely concerned with homeowners). However, there has been little research that links all three aspects, especially in relation to social housing. This provides a starting point for this research, which involved interviews with housing organisation staff and focus groups with tenants in two case study areas in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. This article reports on the findings through examining the way in which housing tenure may affect social network formation, and considering the ways that these networks can impact on job attainment. It is concluded that, overall, those in community housing appeared to fare better, in terms of employment-conducive networks, than those in public housing. This finding is related not just to the management of the housing, but also to the broader issues of stigma, area-level deprivation and intergenerational unemployment.     

美国混合居住政策及其效应的研究述评——兼论对我国经济适用房和廉租房规划建设的启示

在总结美国公共住房政策发展历程的基础上,评述了美国三大混合居住政策的提出、内容、带来的影响以及展趋势.政策的提出很大程度上是应Ζ对大规模公共住房建设所引起的贫困集中问题.混居政策的实施分散了贫困集中,提高了邻里安全感和满意度,为邻里社交网络多样化提供了机会,尤其是给低收入家庭的孩子带来了明显的积极影响:但混居政策对低收入家庭成人的就业、收入和福利依赖是否具有影响却存在争议.美国混居政策的推行为我国城市和谐发展提供了有价值的思路,对我国当前正大规模启动的经济适用房和廉租房的规划建设有重要的借鉴与启示.     

Housing Policy Towards the Rental Sector in Italy: A Distributive Assessment

We study the distributive effects on Italian households of the three most relevant housing subsidies targeted to renters: a national rent supplement scheme introduced in the context of the reform that liberalised the rental market in the late 1990s, a tax credit for renters that has been recently strengthened and the implicit economic support given to tenants in the social housing sector, through below-market rents. The analysis is performed on data from the Eu-Silc survey for Italy and, in the case of the housing allowances, also on register data from 9 out of the 13 largest Italian towns. We consider, in particular, the ability of these schemes to target low-income households and their effects on the overall levels of poverty and inequality. Results from our analysis show a good targeting but very limited effect on social protection, with the partial exception of social housing.     

Hidden from History? Housing Studies,the Perpetual Present and the Case of Social Housing in Britain

This paper examines the use and abuse of historical method in the field of housing studies, with specific reference to predictions about the future shape of social housing in Britain. It reflects on the debates about council housing in the early 1990s and sets these against subsequent policy developments. The paper suggests that this exercise reveals some shortcomings in dominant paradigms within housing studies, such as the misreading and misrepresentation of tenants' responses and reactions; the over-emphasis on consumption in assessing processes of housing sector change; the neglect of increasing spatial differentiation in housing markets across Britain; and the failure to appreciate the causes behind increasing volatility in some local housing markets. The paper argues for a more nuanced historical sensibility and a more adventurous methodology when forecasting the future direction of housing policies and the future characteristics of housing systems.     

从公共住房到租金优惠券——美国低收入阶层住房政策演化解析

本文对美国低收入阶层住房政策的演化过程作了介绍 ,分析了其中三种典型住房政策的实施效果。在把握我国国情的基础上 ,借鉴美国住房政策演化过程的经验教训 ,为建立我国弱势人群住房政策提出了建议。     

大城市住房保障政策的效用分析

目前,中国的大城市及特大城市正面临着巨大的保障性住房供给压力,促使各级政府不断地在住房保障政策上进行尝试与革新。然而,并非所有的政策都行之有效。基于这样的现实问题,本文以福利经济学的视角,分析并评价了在不同供给模式以及区位条件组合下,住房保障政策的市场供需绩效及利益分配绩效。提出只有将保障性住房政策纳入一个空间资源配置政策体系中,才有可能实现住房保障政策的效应最大化。     

Aging and Disability: Implications for the Housing Industry and Housing Policy in the United States

Problem: The elderly population of the United States is large and growing rapidly. Since disability rates increase with age, population aging will bring substantial increases in the number of disabled persons and have a significant impact on the nation's housing needs.

Purpose: We demonstrate the impact of population growth and aging on the projected number of households with at least one disabled resident and estimate the probability that a newly built single-family detached unit will have at least one disabled resident during its expected lifetime.

Methods: We calculate disability rates using two alternative measures of disability and construct projections of the number of households with at least one disabled resident. We develop and apply a technique for estimating the probability that a newly built single-family detached unit will house at least one disabled resident using data on the average lifespan of those units, the average length of residence for households occupying those units, and the projected proportion of households with at least one disabled resident.

Results and conclusions: Under our medium assumptions, we project that 21% of households will have at least one disabled resident in 2050 using our first disability measure (physical limitation) and 7% using our second (self-care limitation). We estimate that there is a 60% probability that a newly built single-family detached unit will house at least one disabled resident during its expected lifetime using our first measure, and a 25% probability using our second measure. When disabled visitors are accounted for, the probabilities rise to 91% and 53%, respectively. Given the desire of most people to live independently for as long as possible, these numbers reflect a large and growing need for housing units with features that make them accessible to disabled persons.

Takeaway for practice: The lack of accessible housing provides an opportunity for homebuilders to develop and market products that meet the needs of an aging population. In light of concerns about the civil rights of people with disabilities and the high public cost of nursing home care, housing accessibility is a critical issue for planners and policymakers as well. We believe planners should broaden their vision of the built environment to include the accessibility of the housing stock.

Research support: None.     

Capturing the Castle: Tenant Governance in Social Housing Companies

In the contemporary landscape of social housing in Britain, the role of tenants on the governing boards of housing companies continues to be seen as deeply problematic. While tenant directors are recruited to bring a market-like influence to social housing governance, they appear to be approaching their positions as directors in a way that is contrary to the drive towards management efficiency. This paper adopts a social constructionist approach in order to recast the institutions of housing governance as contested articulations of ideology and the ‘problem’ of tenant board members as a hegemonic clash between discourses of governance. It concludes that tenant directors act as a significant dynamic in the political construction of social housing today.     

大漠绿洲住宅设计拾贝

根据石河子的地理位置,自然环境以及历史、政治、经济、文化的发展情况,提出建筑住宅设计应顺应人的需要。并对大漠生态住宅、城市住宅色彩、住宅设地下室等问题从人与社会、人与环境的角度进行了探讨。     

European Competition Policy and National Housing Policies: International Implications of the Dutch Case

This contribution explores the relationship between housing policy, which is the responsibility of national governments, and competition policy, including the decision on the legitimacy of state support, which is the responsibility of the European Commission (EC). The paper paints a general picture of EU policy on competition and state support and describes the Dutch social housing system. Attention then turns to the recent intervention by the European Commission in the governance of Dutch social housing and it is asked whether the factors that prompted the intervention exist in other EU member states as well. The analysis shows that this is indeed the case. It is concluded that the intervention of the EC in the Netherlands could become a precedent for other European countries, particularly for those countries that opt against a residualised social rented sector and for a competitive role of social housing providers on the housing market.     

Involving the Private Sector in Affordable Housing Provision: Can Australia Learn from the United Kingdom?

The focus of this article is to clarify the preconditions for the successful leverage of private investment to help both maintain and expand the affordable housing stock in Australia. To do this we examine a range of initiatives that have enabled such leverage in the UK and explore the lessons that can be drawn for Australia from this experience. The article provides an overview of UK experience since the 1980s and, from this, identifies the key factors that have both contributed to and constrained the expansion of affordable housing in the UK. It signals the key barriers and emerging challenges for the continued operation of this system of affordable housing provision in the UK and draws out the lessons, both positive and negative, that might help determine what is needed in Australia in order to fulfil the stated objective of the current Commonwealth State Housing Agreement—namely, to attract significant private investment into the provision of affordable housing. The concluding section addressing what might be done to increase the potential for leverage in the Australian situation, in the context of this policy goal.     

公租房适宜套型设计策略浅析

公租房作为政府保障性住房正在全国范围内大规模的规划与建设,如何把握设计尺度成为广大建筑设计者研究的课题。本文旨通过公租房使用对象的特点及其对住房需求的分析,结合公租房所面临的设计及建造的特点,浅析能够满足功能适应性原则并且适宜在标准化体系下设计建造的公租房套型设计策略。