Second Home Ownership in Transitional Urban China

China has recently experienced a massive growth in second home ownership. This paper argues that second home ownership in Chinese cities is not only a result of an increasingly mature housing market but, more importantly, an unintended consequence of socialist housing policies and institutions, such as the subsidized sale of public rental housing and associated partial property rights, the continued provision of subsidized housing by work units, the continuing household registration system and the lack of property tax. Using the 2005 China General Social Survey, this paper empirically studies the patterns and dynamics of second home ownership in urban China. While households' socio-economic status contributes to conventional second home ownership, the persisting socialist housing policies and institutions have led to the unique phenomena of owing one home with partial property rights and owning a second home, and renting the primary home even in the public sector and owning a second home.     

Beyond Home Ownership. Housing,Welfare and Society

This article explores the new directions that have emerged in New Zealand's urban planning and policy since 1999. In particular it looks at some consequences of the move from sustainable management to sustainable development for urban areas. It also identifies and explores constraints that may limit the production of sound research on which to base those new urban planning and policy directions.     

Home Ownership and Access to Opportunity

Home ownership and access to opportunity are foundations of the American ethos. While little research has explicitly examined a relationship between home ownership and opportunity, considerable empirical work has examined how home ownership impacts important elements of local opportunity structures as well as individual subjective perceptions of those structures. Available evidence suggests that home ownership may affect the opportunity structure by enhancing neighbourhood stability and civic involvement in local voluntary and political affairs. Home ownership may also impact perceptions of opportunity by increasing financial resources, enhancing psychological and physical health, and influencing the behaviour of youth. There is a great need for additional research that directly assesses the impacts of home ownership on local objective opportunity structures and the perception of those structures.     

Gender,Class and Home Ownership: Placing the Connections

This paper contributes to understandings of how gender interacts with the social class implications of home ownership. It is argued that the connections between gender, class and home ownership have only been partially elaborated, and suggested that a more specific focus on identity and the socio-spatial context facilitates a more complex portrayal of these connections. Using material from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 60 men and women in two neighbourhoods in Vancouver, British Columbia, it will be demonstrated that, contrary to common expectations, home ownership is an important component of both middle-class masculinity and middle-class femininity. However, there is no singular or linear connection between gender, class and home. Instead, there is conflict between familial and status expressions of home, conflict that varies for men and women and according to geographical location.     

Moving House,Creating Home: Exploring Residential Mobility

This paper begins with a review of the residential mobility literature that arose out of housing and planning policy aimed at decreasing the negative effects of urban transience. The literature identified the range of factors influencing residential mobility, but Rossi's (1955) claim that mobility was a 'natural' outcome of life stage changes became the basis for the majority of this work. Most of this literature arose out of quantitative research approaches but writers drew attention to the inability of these approaches to capture the increasing complexity of family life and residential mobility. Drawing on data from the Christchurch, New Zealand, house and home study, this study argues that the qualitative ethnographic method used provides a more holistic approach to, and understanding of, the events and issues which influence household mobility over time. Within this context, the paper presents excerpts from interview data framed as ontological narratives and related stories embedded in social and economic contexts. Some of the themes identified are those of identity, home and place attachment, change and social differentiation, and the impact of gender relations on mobility decisions and experiences. These findings, like those in previous literature, are relevant to housing and planning policy making given the increasing diversity of residential developments and issues of access to social, financial and environmental resources. Understanding how individuals and families establish relationships between themselves and the places in which they live is important given increasingly divided and differentiated experiences of contemporary urban life.     

Home Ownership and Economic Change in Japan

The state of the residential property market is an important issue for both the macro economy and for individual households in Japan. Home ownership is the main pillar of housing policy and as a very expensive commodity it has been deeply implicated in the economic problems of the 1990s. This paper considers the role of home ownership within the broader context of the post-war Japanese social structure. The core of the paper is an assessment of the impact of the recent period of financial turbulence on the home ownership sector. This discussion is set within the broader context of the new pressures emerging around the institutional arrangements which have sustained the Japanese social system.     

Female-Headed Households and Achieving Home Ownership in Australia

This paper begins by identifying the growth in female-headed households in Australia. Despite this increase, it is argued that females still lag males in terms of home ownership rates (HORs) with women in Australia facing similar ownership challenges as those experienced in the UK and the USA. In seeking to establish any dynamic change, the study analyses female home ownership rates in Australia for two points in time, 1998 and 2008. Logit models are used to predict HORs. The results indicate that factors such as household type, income and source of income have an impact on rates of ownership. The paper concludes that female-headed households in Australia show an increasing propensity to purchase which match, or even exceed, those of male-headed households.     

村镇建设 小康基石--全国村镇建设工作会议侧记

当前和今后村镇建设的指导思想：按照国务院领导的要求,贯彻好中央宏观调控的政策措施,加强对村镇建设工作的规划指导和实施管理,集约使用土地,保证建设质量,为统筹城乡发展,解决“三农”问题,推进全面建设小康社会做出新的贡献。     

Low Cost Home Ownership Initiatives in the UK

In common with many other countries, the UK has treated owner occupation favourably in comparison with other tenures in terms of tax and subsidy. However, the UK is distinctive in having encouraged the large-scale transfer of dwellings from the public rented sector to home ownership and in having developed a variety of low cost home ownership (LCHO) mechanisms to assist people at the margins into owner occupation. This paper evaluates these LCHO initiatives, considering value for money, sustainability and potential demand. Looking to the future, we see government policy and the level of demand as the most important determinants of the role of LCHO and discuss influences on demand and pointers to government policy.     

Motives for Home Ownership: Before and After the Transition

Regarding the dramatic shift towards home ownership in transition countries, the changing macro policy frameworks have been widely discussed, whereas the meaning of home ownership remains an under-researched issue. This paper examines the motives for home ownership and aims to identify any change in them parallel to the contextual transformations. An exploratory qualitative analysis of 25 interviews indicates a change in argumentation from a mostly detailed circumstantial consideration among pre-transitional entrants to mainly modest argumentation among post-transitional entrants, which took home ownership as a “normal tenure” and “the market” as a self-referential, self-justifying interpretative framework, as is typical of the neoliberal transitional discourse. Our specific data-driven categorization of the motives demonstrates the impact of contextual change on the meanings of tenures and the relative rise in attractiveness of home ownership. In contrast, public renting shared the destiny of many other public welfare institutions that had previously served as a hedge against individual risks, but were retrenched and restructured during transition. Public renting proved to be specifically exposed and highly vulnerable to political pressures.     

Owner Occupation,Employment and Welfare: The Impact of Changing Relationshipson Sustainable Home Ownership

This paper is concerned with the changing relationships between owner occupation,employmentand welfare that increasingly present a challenge to sustainable home ownership. While the discussion centres on the emerging position in Britain, the potential significance of the issues for a number of other countries is noted. The paper first identifies the conditions for sustainable owner occupation and then traces out the impact of three illustrative aspects of labour market change on sustainability. The three issues discussed are the growth of job instabilities,the rising incidence of unemployment and the growth of low paid employment.The extent to which the impact of the changing relationship between the housing and the labour market is already visible will be discussed-potentialindicators include deterioratingphysical conditions, changing attitudes to home ownership and financial difficulties, mortgage arrears and possessions. The latter form the focus for the discussion. This is set in the context of the changing pattern of safety net provision and the limiting of state welfare provision. Recent evidence questioning the likely success of the proposal to ensure the sustainability of owner occupation via the development of a private safety net will be presented.     

Maintaining Housing Values under the Condition of Universal Home Ownership

Singapore provides analysts with the opportunity to examine possible systemic consequences of universal home ownership, which it has achieved through the sale of public housing. One important systemic problem is the need to preserve and/or enhance prices of older existing flats. This article examines the various strategies used by the Singapore government to solve the problem, especially when resale used flats are more expensive than the new, subsidized flats purchased directly from the state provider. It further examines the limits of each of the strategies in view of changing social and economic circumstances as Singapore enters the state of a mature capitalist economy and society burdened with structural unemployment and declining birth rates. The effectiveness of managing these issues will affect the legitimacy of the ruling government.     

Indigenous Home Ownership and Community Title Land: A Preliminary Household Survey

Home ownership is currently not an option for Indigenous people living outside of urban centres. This article presents the results of a household survey conducted in four community settlements in Queensland revealing diverse understandings, aspirations and concerns for Indigenous home ownership. Discussion concludes that the development of a home ownership scheme will require rigorous policy analysis and innovative economic and cultural solutions.     

Indigenous Home Ownership and Community Title Land: A Preliminary Household Survey

Home ownership is currently not an option for Indigenous people living outside of urban centres. This article presents the results of a household survey conducted in four community settlements in Queensland revealing diverse understandings, aspirations and concerns for Indigenous home ownership. Discussion concludes that the development of a home ownership scheme will require rigorous policy analysis and innovative economic and cultural solutions.     

Spatial Segregation in Seven Cities: A Longitudinal Study of Home Ownership, 1971-91

Globalisation has been associated with the development of 'command node' cities in the global economy (Friedman, 1986; Sassen, 1991). Some scholars have argued that the social and spatial structure of such cities has been polarised, because of changing demand for labour and land. A number of debates have developed around this hypothesis, challenging the general applicability of these socio-economic trends to all global cities (e.g. Bruegel, 1996; Hamnett, 1996), while the spatial changes in the housing markets of global cities have been shown to be varied (Marcuse & van Kempen, 2000). They are heavily dependent on local context, but always associated with increased segregation of rich and poor, whether through displacement of the poor from the urban core (Smith, 1989) or through their displacement within it (Lyons, 1996). The present paper suggests that much can be learnt about urban change in an era of globalisation, from analysis of the differences between global and other cities. The hypothesis is that spatial restructuring of housing markets in London, a global city, is likely to have important similarities with those of other cities in England, which occupy lower positions in a global urban hierarchy. A comparison of the extent of socio-spatial clustering of home ownership in London, with six English cities at various levels of the urban hierarchy is presented, which partly supports the hypothesis, comparing change over a 20-year period, based on cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of ONS Longitudinal Study data for the years 1971, 1981 and 1991. Findings were that, despite its more socially polarised labour market, London's home ownership market was less spatially segregated than that of other cities in the sample. Implications for global city theory, and for the interpretation of the dynamics of other urban markets, are discussed.     

机动性:梦想、手段、问题——1960——2008年法国的机动性、机动性政策及研究简史

1960年以来,法国机动性发生了巨大变化。每人出行里程的增加值数倍于1950年之前所观测的增长数。这些变化聚焦于人们的出行行为,并通过调查可以观察得到,同时,这些变化也致力阐明演变机制中的个人意愿和责任。另一方面,聚焦于个人行为并不意味着人们是这一变化的主要决定者。政治立场、社会代表性、与城市化节奏相关的需求、投资政策等等,对形成今天的机动性都起到了关键作用。本文将所谓的"需求方"和"供给方"整合于同一视角,我们将首先描述1960年和2000年机动性系统的统计特征,然后将其划分为三个时期。针对每一个时期,集中讨论三个问题:居民的观念和需求、决策者对形势的理解、机动性领域向研究者提出的问题。然后我们聚焦于法兰西岛地区,一个拥有1200万人口的大都市区域。     

Social Belonging,Social Capital and the Promotion of Home Ownership: A Case Study of Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Government is vigorously promoting home ownership, a major rationale being to increase the community's sense of belonging and reduce the rate of emigration. This paper evaluates whether home owners in Hong Kong have a higher sense of social belonging than renters and finds that tenure status is a spurious independent variable in assessing respondents' sense of belonging to Hong Kong. Logistic regression analysis suggests that the significance of tenure is greatly reduced when other variables, namely age, identity, income and foreign abode right are controlled. The analysis also shows that those possessing a comparatively high sense of social belonging tend to bear the identification of Hong Kong Chinese, be older, have high incomes, and hold no foreign right of abode. Of the control variables, the factor of 'identity' appears most influential. Hong Kong's relationship with China, the uncertain nature of a Hong Kong identity and the territory's economic trajectory as a higher order services economy has meant that housing policy, specifically the promotion of home ownership, is perceived by the government as influencing values and behaviour very narrowly defined as promoting social belonging primarily in a territorial or geographical sense, with wider implications of neighbourhood stability unconsidered.