and the problems

in application of the distributed optical fiber sensors based on optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR,BOTDR,ROTDR) are summerized.At the same time,the measuring precision and measuring range of th     

and the receiving audience's expectati

eve effectively the translation purpose,the pragmatic translation should focus on the communicative interaction to arrange the target-text f     

Planning and Design of the Shenyang Round-the-City Water System and the Green Zone Project

The Shenyang round-the-city watersystem and the green zone project was plan-ned and implemented under the guidance ofthe master plan of the city.The project in-cludes the three artificial rivers(Nanyun Riv-er,Xinkai River and Wei Gong MingCanal)and the green strips on their banks,     

Relations Between the Man and Environment

Urban environment encompasses ecological andcultural environments.Any change in the first will invite corre-sponding change in the latter.Urban environment commands thedual impact—biology and sociology.In building up urbanecosystem,priority should be given to development of human re-sources.     

An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Education Attainment and Economic Status of the Elderly Population in the Towns and Cities of China

Viewed from a macro scope,the cultureof a community is closely related to its econ-omy.Economy being the basis,the level ofeconomic growth determines the level ofcultural development.Conversely,culturecan act as the precursor and cultural devel-opment enhances economic growth.Likewise,the education attainment of an in-dividual reflects the same sort of     

Research and Discussion Held on the Relationship between Reconstruction of Dangerous and Dilapidated Buildings in Beijing and Preservation of the Style of the Ancient Capital

Form Sept.10 to Sept.12,1990,the of-fice of Beijing planning committee invitedover 50 people to hold discussion on the     

Review and Exploration of the Development of Planning for the Conservation of the Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China

To comprehend the development of the famous histori-cal and cultural cities in China and their conservation plan-ning, it is necessary to understand, first of all, the back-ground of their history and present condition. This back-ground has taken shape in the historic development of thecities and is influenced by many complicated factors of thepresent time. To discuss these factors in simple way, theycan be summarized as follows:The impact of the historical and cultural ideas;The impact of the physical and environmental condi-tion;The impact of the present socialand economicsituation.The impact of the historical and cultural ideasChina is a country with ancient civilization. TheChinese cultural has been shaped through development, in-heritance and harmony in a history of 5000 years on the ba-sis of the ancient Huaxia Culture with the Yellow River andthe Yangtse River as the main arteries.The rising of ancient cities in China can be traced backto over 3500 years ago. China is a multinational country. Int     

Population Migration and Urbanization——Notes on the seminar on the Chinese population migration and urbanization

The academic seminar on China's pop-ulation migration and urbanization was heldin Beijing from December 14 to 17,1987.More than 100 population and economicworkers and workers in related fields fromdifferent scientific research and educationalinstitutions and executive departments allover the country took part in the seminar.Over 70 papers were presented at the semi-nar.     

Digital Solipsisim and the Paradox of the Great ‘Forgetting’

Neil Spiller counters the main theme of this issue by questioning the dominant focus on production and new technologies in architectural culture, which places a premium on the generation of ‘ever more gratuitous complex surfaces and structures’. Could this inward-looking emphasis on process and obsessive love of new technologies be at the expense of the final product? Are we in danger of producing artefacts that lose sight of human expression and poetics in the competitive drive for greater complexity? Are we, in fact, heading towards a great ‘forgetting’ in which humanity is subtracted from the architectural product?     

Eric de Maré: between the functional and the beautiful

Eric de Maré’s photographs were very widely published in post-war Britain and his images may be seen to have influenced a generation of architects. Perhaps more than any polemic or lengthy rationale they expanded the possibilities of architectural design; his pioneering work on the photography of early industrial buildings seen in ‘The Functional Tradition’, published as an article in The Architectural Review in 1957 and subsequently as a book, helped to create a new language at a time ready for such change.

De Maré was part of the wider architectural culture of the Architectural Press and The Architectural Review, and acknowledged the influence of the long-time proprietor de Cronin Hastings as well as other contributors such as John Piper, Gordon Cullen and J.M. Richards. There are clear links with another major position in British architectural work of that period, the ‘New Brutalism': the Smithsons’ ideas of honesty of form and materials are very close to the lessons which were drawn from de Maré's photographic evidence, whilst drawing attention to the ordinary and unvalued was the common ground basic to both positions. More than this, his images of worn surfaces and ageing structures are informed by an acute architectural sensibility. De Maré's work represents a repudiation of the utopianism of Modernist practice and theory, in favour of a new kind of beauty, redemptive in the harshly utilitarian modern world.     

On Small Cities and Towns and the Coordinated Development Between Urban and Rural Areas

I. Inexorable Phenomena ofthe Development of a Society With the implementation of the policiesof reform and opening to the outside world,which were mapped out at the Third PlenarySession of the 11th Party Central Committee,the Chinese society has entered a new era inhistory. Rural reform as the pioneer of thewhole social reform has made universally     

Retrospect and Prospect of the Protection and Reconstruction of Old Beijing

Beijing is a famous,cultural and ancient capital inour country and one of the first group of famous,histori-cal and cultural cities proclaimed by the State Council.The Imperial Palace,the Great Wall and the Ape—manCave are listed as the” world cultural heritage”,whichhas further confirmed Beijing’s historical position in theworld.It has always been an important task in the field ofBeijing’s overall planning to protect this historical citywell while carrying out its modernization.At present,itbecome more important to do so for Beijing when the re-form and opennng policy is accelerated,the socialist mar-ket economy is being set up and the development of thecity is speeded up.To protect and reform the old Beijing,a great dealof valuable exploration has been put into practice overthe past more than 40 years.The work is now heing putinto a more scientific course.A few points of view are asfollows:     

Images of the Future from the Past： The Metabolists and the Utopian Planning of the 1960s

During the 1960s, many changes reshaped the economy, the society and the arts. The Cold War, the Space Race, the construction of a new middle class in most western societies led by the postwar economic prosperity with unprecedented urban growth followed by severe environmental problems fostered the design of spectacular urban utopian cities and mega-architectures. In those years, Japan was the source of highly influential bold and visionary urban and architectural ideas which relied on advanced technology. These ideas were conceived on the thought that cities could be seen as gigantic but impermanent entities able to transform itself according to an organic process of adaptation of its elementary components. This paper briefly revisits and critically discusses the legacy of the iconic mega-strnctural projects of Japanese Metabolist Movement and other visionary architects and planners of the 1960s, such as Paolo Soleri, Buckminster Fuller, Archigram. It attempts to enlighten the continuity with contemporary innovative and experimental urban models and ideas for the society and the city of the future, such as the Smart Cities, Eco-Cities, Green Urbanism, whose design is led by concerns related to climate change, the necessity of energy efficiency, the improvement of urban landscape and the valorization of depleted natural resources.     

Greyness and colour desires: the chromatic politics of the panelák in late-socialist and post-socialist Czechoslovakia

The article investigates the function of colour and greyness in relation to housing estates and panel buildings [paneláks] in Czechoslovakia. While the significance of chromatic symbolism to architectural discourse and practice has persisted between the 1970s and today, three different moments of relating colour to the panelák are identified. In late socialism, the discourse of grey registered the critique of the panelák voiced by architects and the nomenklatura. Simultaneously, future socialist alternatives were imagined in colour. Late-socialist desire for colour is interpreted in the context of a wider struggle to reform architectural industrialisation, revive the ideological function of architecture and rehabilitate the living environment of housing estates. In the 1990s the desire for colour surged, but it was geared to leaving socialism behind. The trope of greyness converged with a blanket dismissal of socialism. The article documents that in post-socialism architects gave up on the question, and the reality of housing estates and the process of applying colour to panelák façades moved into the hands of home owners. Their vernacular use of colour had a double rationale: to differentiate one panelák from another and to dissimulate its form and tectonics. In the wake of the recent housing crisis architects took issue with these vernacular patterns. They denounced them as garish chaos and assumed the role of experts who would put this chaos in order. This is interpreted as the beginning of a new moment, in which the panelák is rediscovered as an object of cultural heritage while its social and political determinations are disregarded.     

Cultural Heritage and the Three-Position Theory——Respect for Tradition and the Future of Landscape Design Methodology

In the era of globalization, the inheritance issue of regional culture should by prudentially faced by each type of cultures, especially the non-mainstream ones. As to the development of modern Chinese landscape architecture cause, a lot of unavoidable century tasks are in the face of the landscape architecture designers in China, such as: how to inherit and develop Chinese outstanding garden     

Relations Between the Industrial Output and the Size of Cities in China

Currently, there are controversies onthe development policy for large, mediumand small sized cities. To appraise the ad-vantages and disadvantages of cities of vari-ous sizes from different angles, conclusionscan vary tremendously. Starting from devel-opment productivity, cities in China shouldaim at achieving good output returns. This article tries to discuss the outputreturns of cities of different size from two