Follistatin-like immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and nucleus of spermatogenic cells in the rat

Incidence of Kawasaki disease in Japan is 10 times higher than in the United States. Approximately 10% of patients have atypical clinical presentations. Because echocardiographic or angiographic evidence of coronary artery complications is needed for diagnosis, such atypical cases often result in either delay or omission of intravenous gamma globulin therapy and higher incidence of coronary artery aneurysms than those patients with classical presentations. Despite ongoing research, no universally accepted etiologic theory exists today. Intravenous gamma globulin remains the mainstay of the acute phase treatment of Kawasaki disease. However, reported transmission of hepatitis C virus via a brand of intravenous gamm globulin leaves us with a lingering concern about the safety of this treatment. In terms of long-term follow-up, emergencence of a number of newer diagnostic modalities is promising and warrants careful evaluation. Surgical therapy for coronary artery disease needs to be approached cautiously.     

Proteasome is a carrier to translocate doxorubicin from cytoplasm into nucleus

When an effective concentration of doxorubicin (DXR) was added into L1210 of a mouse leukemia cell line, DXR was rapidly distributed much more in the nuclei than in the other organelle within a few minutes. A [14C]DXR-binding fraction was obtained from the cytosol prepared from L1210 cells. The fraction was adsorbed to hydroxylapatite matrix and eluted from the matrix by 50-150 mM potassium phosphate buffer. The fraction showed high DXR-binding and Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-MCA-degrading activity. The binding of [14C]DXR was inhibited by unlabeled DXR. Gel chromatography of the fraction with Sephacryl S-300 separated two fractions of high molecular weight (Peak I, approx. 750 kDa) and low molecular weight (Peak II). Peak I showed proteolytic activity. [14C]DXR-binding Peak I had much higher affinity to DNA-cellulose than [14C]DXR-binding Peak II. [14C]DXR-Peak I complex also was retained into the nuclei isolated from L1210 cells, temperature-dependently. These results suggest that a specific carrier to translocate DXR from cytoplasm into nucleus exists in L1210 cell and the carrier is proteasome.     

Shuttling of glucokinase between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: possible involvement in the regulation of the glucose metabolism

Kin selection coefficients are used in two distinct ways. First, these coefficients measure phenotypic correlations that affect the marginal costs and benefits of behaviors. For example, the phenotypic correlation in sex ratio produced by two females in an isolated patch influences the favoured sex ratio. Second, kin selection coefficients describe genotypic correlations that measure fidelity of transmission. For example, a female values daughters vs. nieces according to genotypic correlations. It is widely known that kin selection coefficients may be interpreted as phenotypic or genotypic correlations in different contexts. However, these different interpretations have never been fully separated, and their different role have not been clearly explained. I provide proofs of a generic analytical approach. The technique automatically separates phenotypic correlations among social partners from genotypic components of transmission. The result is a general method that can be derived from first principles and applied to multivariate problems in social evolution. I emphasize a simple, practical maximization method that can be used to calculate equilibrium conditions for complex social interactions.     

Phenol extraction of 28 S ribosomal RNA from rat liver cytoplasm

Neurofibrillary degeneration was induced in brain of rabbits by repeated, subcutaneous administration of soluble aluminum salts. Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed brain aluminum levels to increase from 1.1+/0.3mug/g (dry weight) in uninjected animals to concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 47.9 mug/g (dry weight). The Bielschowski silver stain revealed intracellular, argentophilic deposits, which were birefringent when stained with Congo red and viewed in polarized light. The histochemical stain morin revealed aluminum to be concentrated on nuclear chromatin. Analysis by electron microscopy showed the intra-neuronal deposits to be composed of accumulations of 100 A diameter filaments. These observations indicate that systemic aluminum crosses an apparently intact blood-brain barrier and induces neurofibrillary degeneration identical to that following direct brain injection.     

Genetic and phenotypic overlap between autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway

We have explored the phenotypic and genetic overlap between autophagocytosis and cytoplasm to vacuole targeting in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Complementation analysis was performed with mutants in each of these groups (aut and cvt, respectively), and three complementation groups were found to overlap. Also, most of the unique aut mutants accumulated precursor aminopeptidase I in the cytoplasm, while maintaining wild type kinetics and maturation of proteins targeted to the vacuole via the secretory pathway. The majority of the non-overlapping cvt mutants were found to be at least partially defective in autophagy. Some mutants in each group, however, appear to be only marginally affected in the other phenotype, implying that these pathways only partially overlap. We propose that import of aminopeptidase I into the vacuole shares a number of components required for bulk autophagocytosis, but is made specific, saturable, and constitutive by the presence of a receptor or other interacting protein(s).     

The interaction between movement and imagery in experiential movement psychotherapy.

Nonverbal inner experience is composed of sensations and images. In order for a client to experience and obtain meaning from these experiential modalities, he/she needs to adopt a receptive mode toward the environment. The author demonstrates how bodily felt experiencing interacts with hypnogogic imagery to provide significant personal knowledge and promote conflict resolution. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eye movement evoked by stimulation of lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar in the alert cat

The carcinogenic effects of diisopropanolinitrosamine (DIPN) were tested in Sprague-Dawley rats and were then compared with results produced earlier by the same substance in Syrian hamsters. In addition to the similarities, several differences were noted; for example, DIPN caused pancreatic tumors in all the hamsters, but only 1 pancreatic tumor was observed among the 150 rats. Administration of DIPN to rats led to the development of neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal cavities, lungs, thyroid gland, esophagus, liver, and kidneys. The highest tumor incidence in rats was in the nasal cavities. Almost all the pulmonary neoplasms were malignant and were usually squamous cell carcinomas. We found a 15.4-50% incidence of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland; we also noted that thyroid neoplasms occurred at almost the same rate (36.4-50%) in the groups given 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 the median lethal dose.     

Human cyclin B1 is targeted to the nucleus in G1 phase prior to its accumulation in the cytoplasm

The immunolocalisation patterns of cyclin B1 have been investigated in various tumour-derived and untransformed human cells, using one polyclonal (B7/B8) and two different monoclonal anti-human cyclin B1 antibodies, GNS1 and GNS11. In actively dividing cell populations, GNS11 reveals uniquely a cytoplasmic pool of cyclin B1 that rapidly increases after the onset of S phase; yet, B7/B8 and GNS1 detect, besides this cytoplasmic cyclin B1 population, a moderate but clear nuclear concentration of the protein in cells that have not yet entered S phase. As for confluent populations of untransformed and tumour cells, they become enriched in G1- and G2-arrested cells that characteristically display a discrete nuclear or an intense cytoplasmic GNS1 immunostaining respectively. Altogether, our immunofluorescence data conjugated with the results of a detailed biochemical analysis suggest that human cyclin B1 would exist in situ as two distinguishable molecular entities differentially susceptible to in vitro degradation and exhibiting different timing, kinetics and site of accumulation during the cell cycle: one form (recognized by the polyclonal and GNS1 antibodies but apparently not by GNS 11) starts to build up inside the nucleus prior to entry in S phase and the other (in which both the GNS11 and GNS1 epitopes are readily accessible) emerges and accumulates in the cytoplasm beyond the G1/S boundary.     

Translocation of Ki-ras p21 between membrane and cytoplasm by smg GDS

We have previously shown that smg GDS forms a complex with Ki-ras 4B p21 and thereby stimulates its GDP/GTP exchange reaction. We have shown here that smg GDS inhibits the binding of Ki-ras 4B p21 to membranes and induces the dissociation of prebound Ki-ras 4B p21 from membranes. Moreover, we have found that cotransfection of the smg GDS and Ki-ras 4B p21 cDNAs into COS7 cells increases the ratio of the cytosolic form of ras p21 to the membrane-bound form and the ratio of the GTP-bound form of ras p21 to the GDP-bound form. These results indicate that smg GDS regulates not only the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of Ki-ras 4B p21 but also its translocation between membrane and cytoplasm.     

The DNA/RNA-binding protein, TB-RBP, moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and through intercellular bridges in male germ cells

In male infants, traumatic ablation of the penis, with or without loss of the testicles may occur as a sequel to mutilatory violence, accidental injury, or circumcision error. Post-traumatically, one program of case management is surgical sex reassignment to live as a girl, with female hormonal therapy at the age of puberty. The other program is genital reconstructive surgery to live as a boy, with male hormonal therapy at puberty if the testicles are missing. In both programs, the long term outcome is less than perfect and is contingent on intervening variables that include societal ideology; surgical technology; juvenile and adolescent timing and frequency of hospital admissions construed by the child as nosocomial abuse; development of body image; health and sex education; fertility versus sterility; coitus and orgasm; possible lesbian orientation if living as a girl; and long-term cost accounting, including the psychic cost of being a pawn in possible malpractice litigation on whose disability a very large fortune in compensation may devolve. There is, as yet, no unanimously endorsed set of guidelines for the treatment of genital trauma and mutilation in infancy, and no provision for a statistical depository for outcome data.     

Changes in the impulse activity of neurons of the human thalamic ventrolateral nucleus during voluntary movement

Functional differences were revealed in evoked activity of two types (A and B) of units of the human thalamic ventro-lateral nucleus (VL). Collective activities of these polyfunctional neurons were selectively related to triggering and execution phases of movement. Common character of dynamics of the responses seems to be due to similar polyfunctional nature as well as to the functional role of these two complementary elements in the motor signal transmission. The collective activities reflect in the VL the integrative processes related to processing and programming of generalised parameters of motor signals, but unrelated to performance of a concrete motor act.     

Interactions between the structural domains of the RNA replication proteins of plant-infecting RNA viruses

Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a positive-strand RNA virus, encodes two replication proteins: the 2a protein, which contains polymerase-like sequences, and the 1a protein, with N-terminal putative capping and C-terminal helicase-like sequences. These two proteins are part of a multisubunit complex which is necessary for viral RNA replication. We have previously shown that the yeast two-hybrid assay consistently duplicated results obtained from in vivo RNA replication assays and biochemical assays of protein-protein interaction, thus permitting the identification of additional interacting domains. We now map an interaction found to take place between two 1a proteins. Using previously characterized 1a mutants, a perfect correlation was found between the in vivo phenotypes of these mutants and their abilities to interact with wild-type 1a (wt1a) and each other. Western blot analysis revealed that the stabilities of many of the noninteracting mutant proteins were similar to that of wt1a. Deletion analysis of 1a revealed that the N-terminal 515 residues of the 1a protein are required and sufficient for 1a-1a interaction. This intermolecular interaction between the putative capping domain and itself was detected in another tripartite RNA virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), suggesting that the 1a-1a interaction is a feature necessary for the replication of tripartite RNA viruses. The boundaries for various activities are placed in the context of the predicted secondary structures of several 1a-like proteins of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily. Additionally, we found a novel interaction between the putative capping and helicase-like portions of the BMV and CMV 1a proteins. Our cumulative data suggest a working model for the assembly of the BMV RNA replicase.