Physico-Chemical Properties of the Flour, Protein Concentrate, and Protein Isolate of the Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum) Seed

ABSTRACT:  Defatted flour, protein concentrate, and protein isolate obtained from Amazonian cupuassu seeds were evaluated for their solubility properties, water and oil retention capacity, foam formation and stability, gelling properties, emulsifying ability, and emulsion stability. The protein contents of defatted flour, the concentrate, and the isolate were 27.65%, 31.18%, and 64.29%, respectively. As expected, the protein isolate exhibited higher solubility than the protein concentrate, achieving more than 90% solubility at pH 8.0. The flour and the protein concentrate, however, showed excellent water and oil retention capacities. High emulsifying capacity at pH 7.0 was also observed for all 3 products: 987 mL oil/g, 977 mL oil/g, and 1380 mL oil/g for the flour, protein concentrate, and protein isolate, respectively. Gelling properties were not exhibited by any of the products, but all of them exhibited good utilization potential, not only to enrich other foods but also to enhance relevant functional properties.     

蛋白组分对米蛋白功能性质影响的研究

以不同配比米蛋白组分的样品为试材,比较各样品的功能性质变化,明确各蛋白组分对蛋白产品品质影响的差异,为今后进行分子设计和重组生产米蛋白产品提供理论支撑。通过各蛋白样品的溶解性,乳化特性,起泡特性,持水性/持油性等功能性质研究,结果表明,米糠浓缩蛋白的溶解性比大米浓缩蛋白高200%左右;米糠蛋白各功能性质显著优于大米蛋白,但大米蛋白的起泡稳定性比米糠蛋白提高近20%。米蛋白中的清蛋白提高产品的溶解性、持水性/持油性,降低起泡稳定性;醇溶蛋白提高产品的乳化特性;谷蛋白提高产品的起泡稳定性。蛋白产品的功能性质与蛋白组分的组成密切相关。     

亚硫酸钠对花生浓缩蛋白功能性质的影响

研究了亚硫酸钠浓度和处理时间对花生浓缩蛋白各项功能性质(溶解性、乳化活性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、吸水性、持油性和凝胶性质)的影响。结果表明:经过亚硫酸钠的处理,花生浓缩蛋白各项功能性质显著改善;亚硫酸钠改性的最优条件为亚硫酸钠浓度0.75mmol/L,处理时间120min。亚硫酸钠处理能够有效改善花生浓缩蛋白的功能性质,是可行的花生浓缩蛋白改性办法。      

黑木耳蛋白提取工艺优化及其功能特性研究

为了提高黑木耳蛋白提取率,采用超声波-酶法提取黑木耳蛋白并对其在不同pH下的功能特性进行研究。通过单因素实验,结合Plackett-Burman试验设计和Box-Behnken试验设计,确定超声波-酶法提取黑木耳蛋白最适提取工艺,并在不同pH下对所得蛋白功能特性进行测定。结果表明,黑木耳蛋白的最适提取工艺参数为:料液比1:88（g/mL）、超声时间30.5 min、酶解pH8.5、酶解温度65.8 ℃,在该条件下,蛋白提取率为57.11%±0.12%。pH对黑木耳蛋白功能特性的影响显著。pH3.5时蛋白泡沫稳定性最好,达到74.90%;随pH增大（3.5~9.5）,溶解性、起泡性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、持水性和吸油性显著提高（P<0.05）,泡沫稳定性显著（P<0.05）下降。本研究结果为黑木耳蛋白的提取利用和综合开发提供理论依据。     

Functional properties of plant proteins Part 6. Some functional properties of succinylated protein isolates from sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus L.)

The reaction of raw globulin preparations from sunflower seed with a 10-30-fold excess of succinic anhydride results in a maximum blockage of 85-92% of the protein amino groups. The water absorption of the protein increases 2-fold after a 26 % succinylation and nearly 6-fold after an exhaustive modification. The oil absorption decreases after a moderate (42 %) succinylation of the protein and reaches the value of unmodified protein after being exhaustively modified. The emulsifying capacity (EC) is highest in the native unmodified protein. Treatment with acidic aqueous butanol for removing phenolic compounds results in a decrease of EC. The latter increases again after an exhaustive succinylation of butanol-treated protein. A high level of modification (≥67%) improves the emulsifying activity and the emulsion stability of the protein. Succinylation increases the foam capacity but does not influence the high foam stability of the protein. A broadening of the solubility minimum and a shift of its position from pH 4.5-5.5 to pH 2.5-4.8 takes place at high levels of chemical modification. Relations are discussed between the dissociation of the protein into the summits at a high level of substitution (≥80%) determined by gel electrophoresis and the functional properties.     

Functional properties of 8S globulin fractions from 15 mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars

The functional properties including solubility, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of 8S globulin fractions from 15 mung bean cultivars were investigated in this study. In addition, the effects of pH on solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties were studied. The functional properties of the 8S globulin fractions varied significantly among the different mung bean varieties and exhibited better performance in solubility and emulsion stability compared with soya bean 7S protein. A negative correlation was found between water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity. Remarkable differences in polypeptides constituents were observed in 8S globulin fractions, and the ratio of 11S/8S globulins has a positive effect on water absorption capacity while a negative effect on oil absorption capacity. As a function of pH, the emulsifying activity indexes of the 8S globulin fractions were found to be distinctly dependent on the solubility, while no significant correlation was found between the emulsifying stability and solubility, nor between the foaming properties and solubility. The foaming capacity showed a strong correlation with foam stability.     

胡麻籽分离蛋白的乳化及凝胶特性研究

为促进胡麻籽分离蛋白在食品工业中的应用,研究了pH、盐浓度、蛋白质浓度等因素对其乳化特性的影响,并利用TA-XT2i质构仪研究的胡麻籽分离蛋白的凝胶特性.结果发现在0.1%～0.7%范围内,随着蛋白质浓度的增加,乳化活力和乳化稳定性快速提升;当蛋白质浓度高于0.7%以后,乳化特性指标变化趋于平缓;在pH 4.0时,胡麻籽分离蛋白的乳化活力和乳化稳定性最差,降低或升高pH均有利于乳化活性逐渐增强;低浓度的NaCl(0.1 mol/L)能提高胡麻籽分离蛋白的乳化活力;但NaCl的添加对胡麻籽分离蛋白乳化稳定性有明显的损伤作用.质构分析表明10%的胡麻分离蛋白凝胶比较柔软,具有良好的弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性.     

酶法改性玉米蛋白功能特性的研究

利用胰蛋白酶对玉米蛋白进行水解,得到了不同水解度的玉米蛋白水解液,并对酶解蛋白液的溶解性、起泡性和乳化性等功能特性进行了测定。结果表明,对原料进行加热、加碱或添加０．１％的亚硫酸钠的预处理,可以大大提高酶解的效果,水解度可由７．１％分别提高到１７．２％、１７．６％和２３．６％;酶改性可显著提高玉米蛋白的水溶性、起泡性和乳化性,在一定的水解度范围内,这些功能特性随着水解度的增大而增大,但继续增加水解     

EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS ON SOME FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WHEY PROTEIN

A study was undertaken to further elucidate the functional properties of whey protein with respect to foaming and emulsifying capacities and to observe the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on these properties. Emulsion capacity decreased as proteolysis continued suggesting there is an optimum mean molecular size of the proteins involved which is lower than that of casein. Heat treatment of the reconstituted protein concentrate was necessary for foam stability; specific volume and foam stability increased directly with temperature of heating. Re effect of pH on whippability, data indicate that the greater the net charge the greater the tendency to foam. A limited amount of hydrolysis appears desirable to increase foaming but greatly decreases foam stability.     

不同提取方法及因素对亚麻蛋白功能性质的影响

通过单因素和正交试验优化高速剪切、超声酶解两步水解黄精工艺,并用黄精水解液和糯米混合发酵酿制新型黄精黄酒。结果表明,黄精原料高速剪切工艺参数为剪切时间50 min、剪切pH 2、剪切速率14 000 r/min、料液比1∶50（g∶mL）;黄精滤渣水解工艺参数为纤维素酶添加量2%、超声功率200 W、料液比1∶20（g∶mL）、超声时间60 min。在此优化条件下,黄精多糖溶出率达52.5%,水解率为81.3%。黄精水解液与糯米结合发酵的新型黄精黄酒呈淡黄色、清亮透明、酸甜适中,具有黄精中药原有的特殊香味;其中,经检测新型黄精黄酒多糖含量为5.01 mg/mL,远高于传统黄精黄酒、传统黄酒。     

Omega‐3 fatty acid‐fortified butter: Preparation and characterisation of textural,sensory, thermal and physico‐chemical properties

The influence of adding flaxseed oil (2.9–5.1%) and flaxseed–whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsion (4.8–8.6%) to cream as an omega‐3 fatty acid source was evaluated on the thermal, sensory and physico‐chemical properties of the developed butter. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed lower saturated fat content in the fortified butter than control butter. Differential scanning calorimetry exotherms and endotherms also corroborated these findings. Fortified butter prepared with 6.8% flaxseed oil–WPC emulsion had 3.7 times more alpha‐linolenic acid content than control and provided nearly 25% of the recommended dietary allowance in one serving. The developed butter exhibited improved spreadability.     

Emulsifying and foaming capacity and emulsion and foam stability of sesame protein concentrates

This study examined the effects of oil concentration and pH on the emulsifying and foaming characteristics of sesame protein concentrate (SESPC). SESPC was obtained through a simplified process, and its properties were compared with those of a commercial soybean concentrate (SOYPC). The simplified process did not affect the functional characteristics of SESPC, which were often similar or superior to those of the SOYPC. The maximum emulsifying capacity of SESPC was 38% at an acidic and alkaline pH, while the maximum emulsifying capacity of SOYPC was 44% at the same pH. Emulsifying capacity increased significantly as oil concentration increased; in SESPC, this capacity increased from 7.8 to 60.0%, while in SOYPC it increased from 7.6 to 68.2%. The emulsion stability of SESPC was greater at an acidic pH (51%) than at an alkaline pH (45%); it was also higher than the emulsion stability of SOYPC. The maximum emulsion stability of SESPC (96%) was obtained at a sample concentration greater than 55 g L^− 1 and oil concentration lees than 550 g L^− 1 oil. Minimum (118.3%) and maximum (240%) levels of SESPC foaming capacity were higher than those obtained for SOYPC (92% as maximum). These findings show that SESPC may have potential use as raw matter in the food industry. At an extreme pH, SESPC continued to have important functional characteristics like emulsion stability, oil absorption and foaming capacity.     

Solubility and functional properties of sesame seed proteins as influenced by pH and/or salt concentration

The protein content, solubility and functional properties of a total protein isolate prepared from sesame seeds (Kenana 1 cultivar) as a function of pH and/or NaCl concentration were investigated. The protein content of the seed was found to be 47.70%. The minimum protein solubility was at pH 5 and the maximum was at pH 3. The emulsifying capacity, activity and emulsion stability as well as foaming capacity and foam stability were greatly affected by pH levels and salt concentrations. Lower values were observed at acidic pH and high salt concentration. The protein isolate was highly viscous and dispersable at pH 9 with water holding capacity of 2.10 ml H₂O/g protein, oil holding capacity of 1.50 ml oil/g protein and bulk density of 0.71 gm/ml.     

Functional properties of raw and heat processed cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) kernel protein isolates

The functional properties viz. solubility, water and oil absorption, emulsifying and foaming capacities of the protein isolates prepared from raw and heat processed cashew nut kernels were evaluated. Protein solubility vs. pH profile showed the isoelectric point at pH 5 for both isolates. The isolate prepared from raw cashew nuts showed superior solubility at and above isoelectric point pH. The water and oil absorption capacities of the proteins were slightly improved by heat treatment of cashew nut kernels. The emulsifying capacity of the isolates showed solubility dependent behavior and was better for raw cashew nut protein isolate at pH 5 and above. However, heat treated cashew nut protein isolate presented better foaming capacity at pH 7 and 8 but both isolates showed extremely low foam stability as compared to that of egg albumin.     

Ultrasonic assisted alkali extraction of protein from defatted rice bran and properties of the protein concentrates

Alkaline extraction for the preparation of protein concentrate from rice bran was compared with a range of ultrasonic treatments. Results revealed that the extraction time decreased, and the reaction rate constant increased, with increasing ultrasonic power. The reaction rate constants were 0.0065, 0.0130, 0.0237 and 0.0924 at 40, 60, 80 and 100 W respectively. The defatted rice bran protein concentrate (DRBPC) using ultrasonication (100 W for 5 min) and conventional methods showed no significant difference in bulk densities ( P  > 0.05) but it had higher yield (%) and was lighter brown using ultrasonication ( P  ≤ 0.05). The SEM showed that the residual rice bran after extracting protein using ultrasonication exhibited more damage than the conventional method. The functional properties of both samples were not significantly different ( P  > 0.05) in terms of foam and emulsifying stability. However, the water and oil absorption, foam capacity and emulsion activity were significantly different ( P  ≤ 0.05). The nitrogen solubility index of both DRBPC samples gave similar profiles with the lowest solubility at pH 4–6.     

蛋白含量对牦牛乳清蛋白浓缩物功能特性的影响

通过不同截留分子质量的再生纤维素膜过滤纯化牦牛原乳清液和牦牛甜乳清液,分别制取牦牛原乳清蛋白浓缩物（native whey protein concentrate,NWPC）和牦牛甜乳清蛋白浓缩物（sweet whey protein concentrate,SWPC）,研究蛋白含量不同的乳清蛋白浓缩物（whey protein concentrate,WPC）主要成分（乳糖含量、pH值和总蛋白质含量）和功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）的特征。结果表明：10 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得到的牦牛WPC中总蛋白含量达到80%以上,不含乳糖,功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）均显著高于经3 500 Da卷式膜、5 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得牦牛WPC,WPC蛋白含量越高,其功能特性越好;不同蛋白含量的牦牛SWPC起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均显著（P＜0.05）高于牦牛NWPC。牦牛乳WPC最不稳定温度为85 ℃,高于荷斯坦牛乳WPC的80 ℃,热处理会适当改善牦牛WPC的起泡性能、乳化性能和热稳定性。通过膜牦牛处理获取的高蛋白含量的WPC,功能特性较好,应用广泛,对解决牦牛乳清资源的利用问题、保护环境、提高企业的经济效益起到关键性作用。     

菜籽粕贮藏蛋白制备及功能性质研究

本实验主要对双低菜籽种子贮藏蛋白的营养价值和功能特性进行研究。以脱皮脱脂冷榨双低菜籽粕为原料,分离提取得到种子贮藏蛋白清蛋白及球蛋白,清蛋白及球蛋白含量分别占菜籽粕蛋白的20.8%和60.2%,且抗营养因子含量均大幅度降低;氨基酸测定结果表明贮藏蛋白氨基酸组成平衡,必需氨基酸组成模式符合FAO/WHO标准;对种子贮藏蛋白的溶解性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性等功能特性进行测定,结果表明其功能特性良好。     

EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ON JUMBO SQUID PROTEINS

Evaluation of the effect of pH (2 to 13) and temperature (0 to 50C) on functional properties of jumbo squid proteins was performed, followed by a 2  ×  3 factorial design for producing squid protein hydrolysates bearing useful functional properties. In particular, the effects of pH (8, 9 and 10) and temperature (30, 35, 40C) were evaluated. Alcalase and papain were tested on each treatment. The protein recovery, whippability and emulsifying capacity of the hydrolysates were evaluated. Almost 80% of the proteins were recovered in water-soluble form after hydrolysis with papain at pH 10 at the three temperatures. The highest values of whippability (245  ±  17.7%), foam stability (100%), emulsion-forming capacity (27  ±  0.97%) and stability (99.99  ±  8.8%) occurred with papain-produced hydrolysates. When squid protein was treated at 50C and pH 8, the highest whippability value (390.0  ±  0.1%) and foam stability (100%) were obtained when no enzyme was added.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This paper assesses how process variables, particularly temperature and pH, affect the functional properties of squid proteins. Making use of such process variables will produce more useful and efficient processes, as the application of a hydrolysis system. The processing of jumbo squid protein to obtain proteins bearing adequate functional properties would be an inexpensive way to provide added value to this marine resource and the production of a high-quality protein ingredient. These results hold promise for jumbo squid proteins as useful food ingredient because of their functional properties.     

Physicochemical and functional properties of a protein isolate produced from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) meal by ultrafiltration

BACKGROUND: The protein isolate obtained from safflower meal by aqueous extraction and ultrafiltration was evaluated for its physicochemical and functional properties. RESULTS: Protein, ash and moisture contents of the safflower protein isolate were 901, 51 and 45 g kg^?1 respectively. Its water and oil absorption capacities were 2.22 mL H₂O g^?1 protein and 2.77 mL oil g^?1 protein respectively. Least gelation concentration was 20 g kg^?1 at pH 2, 6, 8 and 10 but 100 g kg^?1 at pH 4. Emulsifying properties were also affected by the pH: emulsifying activity and emulsion stability at pH 6 were 82.5 and 100% respectively. The highest foaming capacity (126%) occurred at pH 2; however, it increased by 104% with the addition of 0.25 g glucose g^?1 protein to the foam system. CONCLUSION: In the light of its functional properties found in this study, safflower protein isolate produced by ultrafiltration is recommended for use as an ingredient in food products such as salad dressing, meat products, mayonnaise, cakes, ice cream and desserts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Peanut protein concentrate: Production and functional properties as affected by processing

Peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was isolated from fermented and unfermented defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation and physical separation procedures. PPC was dried by spray or vacuum drying. PPC powders from each drying technique were evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties (protein solubility, water/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and viscosity) along with defatted peanut flour and soy protein isolate as references. PPC contained over 85% protein versus 50% protein in the defatted peanut flour used as raw material for PPC production. PPC had a solubility profile similar to that of peanut flour, with minimum solubility observed at pH 3.5–4.5 and maximum solubility at pH 10 and higher. Roasting of peanut reduced all functional properties of defatted peanut flour while fermentation had the reverse effect. The type of drying significantly affected the functional properties of PPC. Spray dried PPCs exhibited better functional properties, particularly emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity, than vacuum oven dried PPC. Spray dried PPCs also showed comparable oil binding and foaming capacity to commercially available soy protein isolate (SPC). At equivalent concentrations and room temperature, PPC suspension exhibited lower viscosity than soy protein isolate (SPI) suspensions. However, upon heating to 90 °C for 30 min, the viscosity of PPC suspension increased sharply. Results obtained from this study suggest that the PPC could be used in food formulations requiring high emulsifying capacity, but would not be suitable for applications requiring high water retention and foaming capacity. PPC could be a good source of protein fortification for a variety of food products for protein deficient consumers in developing countries as well as a functional ingredient for the peanut industry. The production of PPC could also add value to defatted peanut flour, a low value by-product of peanut oil production.