计量型原子力显微镜的位移测量系统(英文)

针对纳米结构表征和纳米制造的质量控制需要,中国计量科学研究院设计并搭建了一台计量型原子力显微镜用于纳米几何结构的测量.为了将位移精确溯源到国际单位米,研制了单频8倍程干涉仪测量位移,样品表面形貌则由接触式原子力显微镜测量.一个立方体反射镜与原子力显微镜的测头固定,作为干涉仪的参考镜.两个互相垂直的干涉仪用于测量样品与探针在x-y方向的相对位置.样品台置于具有三面反射镜的零膨胀玻璃块上,由压电陶瓷位移台驱动.另外两台干涉仪测量样品与探针在z方向的位移,探针针尖位于干涉仪光束的交点以减小Abbe误差.由于光学器件的缺陷产生的相位混合会引起非线性误差,采用谐波分离法拟合干涉信号来修正误差,修正后干涉仪测量误差减小为0.7 nm.     

1.23m SiC主镜的本征模式主动光学校正

采用直接最小二乘法和自由谐振法对大口径高刚度SiC主镜进行主动校正易引入较多解算误差,故本文提出以主镜的本征模式进行主镜面型校正来优化解算校正力幅值,以改进系统校正效果。该方法首先对主镜的响应矩阵进行一系列数学转换,得到一组相互正交的主镜本征模式,然后以各模式面形拟合校正目标,解算校正力。对1.23m SiC主镜和主动支撑系统进行了有限元建模,通过仿真验证了提出方法的正确性。在此基础上,在搭建的1.23m SiC主镜主动光学实验系统上进行了主动光学校正实验,并针对实验系统进一步优化了提出的方法。实验结果显示:利用该方法可将实验系统主镜面形误差由0.23λRMS校正至0.048λRMS,表明以主镜本征模式进行主动校正,可有效抑制解算校正力幅值,提高系统校正能力。该方法适用于大口径、高刚度SiC主镜的主动校正。     

大型X射线光学仪器:单层镜和多层镜的制造与表征

150~500 mm长度的各种X射线光学元件可用于光束导引,光束调整,以及单色化。本文介绍了两种不同的大型X射线反射镜。第一种为单层反射镜,这种反射镜以2°掠入射角在软X射线区(50~200 eV)起全反射镜作用,可用于自由电子激光器,如德国汉堡的FLASH。第二种是多层镜,由于它的布喇格反射特性,适于作为反射镜以0.4~1°的入射角用于硬X射线区(20~50 keV),如层析光束线的同步辐射存储环中。两种反射镜都用最新物理汽相淀积法制备,并用磁控溅射来实现X射线光学应用所需要的优良光学品质。这一淀积工艺使不同批次的镀膜稳定性良好,有利于实际反射镜在优质衬底上的最后淀积。单层镜和多层镜在它们的相关能量范围内都有很高的反射率,表面粗糙度也很低,且在整个光学波长区这些特性表现均匀。文中所叙相关研究都是借助X射线反射计量(XRR)法,透射电子显微镜(TEM)、光学轮廓仪(OP),以及原子力显微镜(AFM)完成的。     

大口径非球面系统的共基准加工与检验

针对大口径离轴非球面系统加工与装调的难点,提出了非球面光学系统共基准加工与检测的方法,对该方法的基本原理和实现过程进行了分析和研究。当光学系统的主镜和第三镜面形的RMS值优于λ/10(λ=632.8nm)时,对主镜和第三镜进行共基准装调和测试,并进行背板一体化装嵌,然后利用离子束对其进行一体化共基准加工。结合工程实例,对一大口径非球面系统口径为724mm×247mm的非球面主镜和口径为632mm×205mm的第三镜进行了共基准加工与检测,最终利用离子束共基准一体化精抛光得到主镜和第三镜面形的RMS值分别为0.019λ和0.017λ,满足光学成像。     

大口径望远镜主镜能动支撑驱动器的个体设计和性能测试

大口径望远镜主镜由于体积和质量过大,产生镜面面形变化而影响观测质量。为即时修正面形,现提出了一套力驱动器系统,利用多个该系统组成的能动支撑系统可以对镜体作用达到修正目的。采用了电机、减速器、滚珠丝杠、弹簧组为主要部件,配合传感器和控制器构成了力驱动器系统,并进行了性能实验。实验结果表明,驱动器能够达到设计要求。     

应用SiC反射镜表面改性技术提高TMC光学系统信噪比

为了消除SiC反射镜的固有缺陷,提高反射式光学系统的信噪比,使用SiC表面改性技术对同轴三反射(TMC)光学系统的SiC反射镜进行了处理.首先,应用等离子体辅助沉积(PIAD)技术沉积了一层Si改性层,接着对改性层进行精密抛光,然后在反射镜表面镀制Ag膜和增强膜,最后获得了表面改性对TMC光学系统信噪比的影响.Wyko轮廓仪测试表明,SiC反射镜的粗糙度R_a由10.42 nm降低到了0.95 nm;镀制高反射膜后,主镜、次镜、三镜及折叠镜在0.5～0.8 μm可见光波段的反射率＞98%.计算结果表明,应用了表面改性技术后TMC反射式光学系统的信噪比提高了5%以上,说明SiC表面改性技术是一种提高TMC光学系统信噪比的有效方法.     

X射线聚焦望远镜镜片黏接装配的数值模拟和分析

对采用圆锥嵌套Wolter-I型结构的X射线聚焦望远镜在装配过程中产生的面形偏差进行了模拟和分析。首先,利用ANSYS有限元软件建立二维模型。然后,以实际装配步骤和夹具为加载和边界条件,通过分析不同半径镜片的装配过程,得到了面形偏差与三根压条的载荷关系曲线,由此优选出了不同半径镜片对应的最佳装配载荷。分析显示:除对应的最大面形偏差外,优选出的装配载荷均可控制在0.1μm以内,满足装配精度要求,而且对应装配载荷下玻璃镜片的最大Mises应力也均小于玻璃的强度极限,不会在装配过程中失效。此外,建立了三维分析模型并与二维简化模型分析结果进行了比较。结果显示:计算偏差主要集中在镜片的前、后两端约5mm范围内,最大偏差为2.3μm;镜片中段两种模型的计算偏差小于0.03μm,表明提出的二维简化模型可以用于玻璃镜片装配的快速面形偏差分析和载荷确定。文中对镜片装配过程的分析可为提高装配精度提供理论依据。     

空间相机反射镜镜面面形处理

镜面面形误差是空间相机反射镜的重要指标之一,对空间相机反射镜结构的设计及优化具有重要的指导意义。为分析空间相机反射镜在各种工况下的面形误差情况,以球面镜为例,对镜面面形误差的计算方法进行了研究。采用三种不同的球面拟合方法对变形后的反射镜镜面进行球面拟合,并计算得变形后反射镜镜面面形误差的RMS值和PV值。最后,通过计算实例对三种面形误差计算方法进行了比较,结果表明三种计算方法精度均满足空间相机反射镜镜面面形误差计算精度要求(优于1nm),综合考虑计算精度及效率,高斯-牛顿法为最佳计算方法。     

纳米精度二维工作台测量镜的面形误差在线检测

针对二维工作台测量镜本身的面形误差以及装调等因素引起面形变化对二维工作台定位精度的影响,提出了一种用于纳米精度二维工作台测量镜面形误差的在线检测方法。利用两路激光干涉仪检测面形微分数据的基本原理,分析了零点误差和积分累计误差对测量镜面形误差检测的影响并提出了改进方法。利用三路激光干涉仪组成两组不等跨度的检测机构,得到两组工作台测量镜面形的原始数据,通过这两组数据之间的关系修正跨度间的面形细节误差,得到了精确的测量镜面形误差量。对此方法进行了理论推导、仿真计算和实验验证,并将结果与Zygo干涉仪测量得到的离线检测结果进行了对比,结果显示其差异在±10nm之间,且趋势有较好的一致性。得到的结果验证了提出的方法可正确测量和真实地还原测量镜的面形误差。     

用于光学相干层析系统的三反射镜光束整形扫描机构的光学设计

为了实现高斯圆斑向平顶线斑的转化,提出了一种用于高斯光束整形的三反射镜光学系统。利用环形面对两个相互垂直方向的光线会聚、发散作用不同,标准球面具有旋转对称性质,以及二次曲面系数、非球面系数可以实现高斯分布转化为平顶分布的原理,采用ZPL语言与自动优化结合的方法完成了系统设计。设计得到了一个方向平顶的矩形光斑以及平顶线斑,整形效果良好,并结合在光学相干层析(OCT)系统中对样品照明或扫描的实际要求,通过小角度(±2°)旋转系统第一个反射镜对所得线斑进行扫描,在扫描角度内可以实现线性扫描(扫描范围约为10mm×11mm)。结果表明,该三反射镜系统满足轻量化、结构紧凑、不受工作波长影响的要求,是一种可行、有效的方案。     

Manufacturing and testing of X-ray imaging components with high precision

1Introduction X rayimagingtechnologyhasbeenoneof themostimportantresearchcontentssince RoentgendiscoveredX rayin1895.Initially,X raywasusedtostudytheinternalstructureof substancesbycontactradiography.Thespeci menisplacedincontactwithaphotographicfilm duringtheX rayexposure.Theimageofthe specimenisdisplayedafterdeveloping.The methodhasbeenuseduntilnow,anditiswidely appliedinmedicaltreatmentandinnerflawsde tectionofindustrialmaterials.Sincetherefractiveindicesofmaterialsin X rayrangearelowert…     

真空紫外Al/MgF_2反射镜

采用三步热舟蒸发制作法研制了真空紫外Al/MgF2反射镜,研究了改善制备工艺有效提升反射率的方法。在两层Al/MgF2反射镜制备过程中,第一步在室温石英基板上快速蒸发厚约70nm的铝膜;第二步在铝膜表面迅速蒸发厚约10nm的MgF2;第三步先对基板加热到一定温度后,再在Al+MgF2的表面上蒸发15~20nm厚的MgF2。通过调整基板温度(室温、100℃、200℃和300℃),研究了基板温度对Al/MgF2反射率的影响。真空紫外反射率计测试结果表明:第二步蒸镀MgF2之后增加基板温度有利于提高反射镜的反射率;MgF2薄膜的厚度对反射镜的反射率起到一定的调制作用,MgF2厚为26.7nm的反射镜在122nm处的反射率达85%。在实验室环境下存放1个月和5个月后,反射镜的反射率没有变化。研究结果为真空紫外光学系统需求的高性能光学元件的研制提供了技术基础。     

A stereovision model applied in bio‐micromanipulation system based on stereo light microscope

A bio‐micromanipulation system is designed for manipulating micro‐objects with a length scale of tens or hundreds of microns based on stereo light microscope. The world coordinate reconstruction of points on the surface of micro‐objects is an important goal for the micromanipulation. Traditional pinhole camera model is applied widely in macrocomputer vision. However, this model will output bad data with remarkable error if it is directly used to reconstruct three‐dimensional world coordinates for stereo light microscope. Therefore, a novel and improved pinhole camera model applied in bio‐micromanipulation system is proposed in this article. The new model is composed of binocular‐pinhole model and error‐correction model. The binocular‐pinhole model is used to output the basic world coordinates. The error‐correction model is used to correct the errors from the basic world coordinates and outputs the final high‐precision world coordinates. The results show that the new model achieves a precision of 0.01 mm in the X direction, 0.01 mm in the Y direction, and 0.015 mm in the Z direction within a maximum reconstruction distance of 4.1 mm in the X direction, 2.9 mm in the Y direction, and 2.25 mm in the Z direction, and that traditional pinhole camera model achieves a lower and unsatisfactory precision of about 0.1 mm.     

Development of nanopositioning mechanism with real-time compensation algorithm to improve the positional accuracy of a linear stage

A compensation mechanism with six degrees of freedom (DOF) was developed to enable precise control of a linear stage. Geometric, thermally induced, and dynamic errors in the linear stage were compensated for in real time by the nanopositioning stage. A stage-based hinge with high structural stiffness and rapid response characteristics was modified for parallel operation. The stage’s full range of motion was measured and kinematics was used to calculate the displacement required by each actuator to compensate for the errors. Except for the displacement error of the linear stage, the contribution of each error source was measured by a reference mirror and five capacitive sensors. A compensation algorithm, based on a recursive method, was used to improve the positioning accuracy of the system. The performance of the stage presented here was investigated by measuring, and compensating for, the five-DOF linear stage errors in real time. In practice, the peak-to-valley errors of the translational and rotational errors were reduced by 89% and 93%, respectively.     

Zone-plate inteferometer to measure the positioning error of a cutting tool

A simple type of zone-plate interferometer has been developed to measure precisely the positioning error of a cutting tool. Interference fringes obtained by the interferometer are little affected by air turbulence in the optical paths and by machine vibrations. The shape of the mirrors surface being tested is spherical and is manufactured with an ultraprecision lathe. A zone plate is set at the midposition between the vertex of the spherical mirror being tested and the center of curvature of the mirror. The error in the shape of the mirror and the positioning error of the tool can be determined by analyzing the interference fringes. Two spherical concave mirrors were measured. One mirror was manufactured with a tool that had same positioning error. The positioning error was observed as distortion of the interference fringes. The images obtained by the zone-plane interferometer agree well with the images obtained by a Fizeau interferometer and a computer simulation based on the experimental results. The other mirror was manufactured with the tool after the positioning error had been eliminated, based upon the results of the above experiments. The interference fringes of the mirror show no distortion, and the error in the shape of the mirror is small.     

大口径传输反射镜的研究进展

针对我国惯性约束聚变装置(ICF)对高性能传输反射镜元件的性能要求,探索了大口径传输反射镜制备涉及的关键技术与工艺。深入开展了K9玻璃坯片研制、光学冷加工、传输反射镜镀膜和激光预处理等方面的研究工作。提出了400mm口径K9反射类坯片精密退火工艺,形成了高精度平面加工技术路线;制备了低缺陷薄膜,并且建立了大口径光学元件预处理装置。最后,综述了大口径高性能传输反射镜研制方面的主要成果。研制的400mm口径传输反射镜在1053nm处以45°入射时,其表面粗糙度优于99.8%,面形PV值小于λ/3(λ=1 053nm),损伤阈值大于30J/cm2(5ns)。基于提出的技术研制的大口径传输反射镜已成功应用于我国神光系列高功率激光装置,有力支撑了我国大型激光装置的稳定运行。     

Single-point diamond turning of electroless nickel for flat X-ray mirror

X-ray mirrors require a super-smooth surface to prevent strong X-ray scattering. We examined the fabrication possibility of the X-ray mirror by single-point diamond turning (SPDT) for electroless nickel. The stable and unstable cutting modes for the electroless nickel were obtained by observing the relative position of a diamond tool for machining. A super-smooth surface of 0.95 nm rms was achieved within the stable cutting mode. The surface roughness of the electroless nickel mirror measured with an optical profiler was compared with the X-ray reflectivity measurement. The electroless nickel mirror could be successfully used as a soft X-ray reflector and a low-pass filter for the hard X-rays.     

中红外高反膜的激光热场分析

为了分析薄膜内部激光引起的电热场效应,提出了一种模拟锥形高斯光入射多层介质薄膜后电场和热场分布的方法。该方法能够分析薄膜中高斯光各个角谱分量叠加形成的电场的分布,进而得到由于薄膜本征吸收产生的热量沉积以及薄膜内部的温度场分布。针对三种中心波长为4.3μm高反膜进行了分析,比较了激光垂直入射和斜入射两种不同工作方式的全介质高反膜系以及金属加介质高反膜系的温度峰值,结果表明全介质高反膜的温度峰值明显低于金属加介质膜系。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中立方反射镜特性分析

在傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中,用立方反射镜作为动镜的光路系统比平面镜时的情形复杂。通过建立系统的数学模型分析光路,确定了干涉信号的数学表达式;从干涉图调制度的角度对系统在非理想状态下的运动误差容限以及安装误差容限进行了分析。结果表明,与动镜和定镜都采用角反射体的系统相比较,该系统动镜运动中其偏摆和顶点横移不会对干涉图产生影响;与动镜为平面镜的系统相比较,该系统不需要对动镜的动态校正就能满足调制度判据要求。     

Measurement of multi-degree-of-freedom error motions of a precision linear air-bearing stage

This paper describes the measurement of straightness error motions (vertical straightness and horizontal straightness) and rotational error motions (pitch, yaw and roll) of a commercial precision linear air-bearing stage actuated by a linear motor. Each of the error motions was measured by two different methods for assurance of reliability. The stage was placed in the XY-plane and moved along the X-direction. The pitch error and yaw error, which were measured by an autocollimator and the angle measurement kit of a laser interferometer, were about 8.7 and 1.6 arc-s, respectively, over a travel of 150 mm with a moving speed of 10 mm/s. The roll error was measured by the autocollimator through scanning a flat mirror along the X-direction. The second method for roll error measurement was to scan two capacitance-type displacement probes along the flat surface placed in the XZ-plane. The two probes with their sensing axes in the Y-direction were aligned with a certain spacing along the Z-axis. The roll error can be obtained by dividing the difference of the outputs of the two probes by the spacing between the two probes. The roll error was measured to be approximately 11.8 arc-s over the 150 mm travel. The horizontal straightness error and the vertical straightness error (Y- and Z-straightness errors) were measured by using the straightness measurement kit of the laser interferometer. The second method for straightness measurement was to scan the flat surface with a capacitance-type displacement probe. The horizontal and vertical straightness errors of the stage over the 150 mm travel were measured to be approximately 207 and 660 nm, respectively.