980MPa级低碳贝氏体高强钢MAG焊接接头不同试样的拉伸断裂机理

在980MPa级深海用低碳贝氏体高强钢MAG焊接接头上,制取5种不同形状和缺口位置的试样进行拉伸试验,原位观察了每种试样的动态断裂过程,并对其断裂机理进行了分析,确定了焊接接头的薄弱部位。结果表明:直缺口试样的断裂经历了塑性变形、裂纹起裂、裂纹扩展、裂纹尖端钝化,直至断裂的过程,并且在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端重复钝化、扩展、新裂纹产生、再钝化、再扩展;圆弧和平板试样以剪切方式断裂,经历了塑性变形、颈缩、出现微裂纹、微裂纹扩展,直至瞬间断裂的过程;所有试样的薄弱部位都为焊缝金属。     

Fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior of Inconel 690 alloy

Several studies have been conducted on the fretting fatigue limit characteristics of Inconel alloy tube material used in steam generators of nuclear power plants. Nevertheless, additional research on fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior is necessary in order to evaluate its fretting fatigue life more accurately. In this study, crack growth tests of fretting fatigue are conducted, and the characteristics of fatigue crack initiation and propagation are analyzed on Inconel 690 alloy. Also, plain fatigue crack growth tests are performed on the same material, and the results are compared with those of fretting fatigue crack growth tests. From both of the plain and fretting fatigue crack growth test results, the ΔK-da/dN diagrams are obtained and the crack growth rates are compared. It is found that the crack growth rate for fretting fatigue tests is faster than that for plain fatigue tests under a certain value of DK. However, over this value of DK, the crack growth rate for fretting fatigue tests becomes slower than that for plain fatigue tests due to debris which is produced by fretting and trapped in the propagated cracks. Finally, the fracture surfaces examined by an optical microscope, and the initiation angles of the oblique cracks are determined under various applied stresses. Also, the microstructure of the fracture surfaces is observed by a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Numerical Investigation on Fracture Initiation Properties of Interface Crack in Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints

Fracture toughness property is of significant importance when evaluating structural safety. The current research of fracture toughness mainly focused on crack in homogeneous material and experimental results. When the crack is located in a welded joint with high-gradient microstructure and mechanical property distribution, it becomes difficult to evaluate the fracture toughness behavior since the stress distribution may be affected by various factors. In recent years, numerical method has become an ideal approach to reveal the essence and mechanism of fracture toughness behavior. This study focuses on the crack initiation behavior and driving force at different interfaces in dissimilar steel welded joints. The stress and strain fields around the crack tip lying at the interfaces of ductile-ductile, ductile-brittle and brittle-brittle materials are analyzed by the numerical simulation. For the interface of ductile-ductile materials, the strain concentration on the softer material side is responsible for ductile fracture initiation. For the ductile-brittle interface, the shielding effect of the ductile material plays an important role in decreasing the fracture driving force on the brittle material side. In the case of brittle-brittle interface, a careful matching is required, because the strength mismatch decreases the fracture driving force in one side, whereas the driving force in another side is increased. The results are deemed to offer support for the safety assessment of welded structures.     

高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究

通过高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展实验 ,研究了高压气瓶的断裂薄弱环节以及薄弱环节的疲劳裂纹扩展速率 ,并用蒙特卡罗法模拟疲劳裂纹扩展速率的分散性 ,给出了疲劳裂纹扩展速率及其分布区间。     

油气输送管线钢的分层机理及其对断裂的影响

对不同厚度油气输送管线钢进行各种裂纹的断裂试验，对各裂纹的断口进行了分析，探讨了分层机理及其对不同形式裂纹体承载能力的影响。结果表明，分层在各裂纹形式中均存在，此钢在室温为韧性断裂。对于非穿透裂纹，裂纹先起裂，穿透后情形就与穿透裂纹相似，由于扩展初期无分层，裂纹端部保持高的三维应力约束，所以其起裂应力强度比穿透裂纹要低。因此不能直接用穿透裂纹试验得到的断裂韧度值来评定管道中的非穿透裂纹起裂。     

基于BS7910含缺陷X80钢焊接管道的安全评定

根据英国标准BS7448,制备带预制疲劳裂纹的三点弯曲(three point bent,TPB)标准试样,对X80管线钢焊缝、热影响区和母材进行0℃断裂韧度试验,根据CTOD(crack tip opening displacement)试验结果,结合材料的力学性能、载荷条件,采用英国BS7910结构完整性评定方法的1A、2A评定曲线,针对焊缝内部的深埋裂纹,对X80钢管道焊缝进行安全评定。通过迭代计算确定含有深埋裂纹X80钢管道焊缝中的容许裂纹尺寸。     

SPFC440钢/5052铝自冲铆接头与胶铆复合接头腐蚀性能对比

为研究SPFC440钢与5052铝合金自冲铆接头的腐蚀性能,分别制备了自冲铆接和胶铆复合两种接头。通过对不同腐蚀时长下的两种接头试样进行疲劳性能测试,分析了粘胶剂对铆接接头腐蚀疲劳性能的影响,并对疲劳断口、裂纹扩展进行SEM和EDS检测。结果表明：粘胶剂的存在不仅提高了接头强度,还保护了金属界面,减小了电偶腐蚀的影响;随着腐蚀时间的增长,复合接头的最大静载荷值不断减小,自冲铆接接头最大静载荷先增大后减小;复合接头的拉伸失效模式与自冲铆接接头的失效形式相似;自冲铆接接头的疲劳裂纹主要集中在下板料的铆钉周围,复合接头主要为下基板的断裂;铆钉与下板相互接触区域以及两板间接触面出现了严重微动磨损。     

高碳铬轴承钢的超长寿命疲劳行为的研究

使用砂漏型试样对高碳铬轴承钢的S-N曲线特性和破坏机理进行了研究。通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验获得的S-N曲线按照破坏模式的不同被划分为裂纹萌生位置不同的两组。一组叫做表面破坏模式的S-N曲线,它发生在高应力幅短寿命区,是由试样表面晶体滑移引起的。另一组叫做内部破坏模式的S-N曲线,它发生在低应力幅长寿命区,是由试样内部的非金属夹杂引起的。由于内部破坏模式的疲劳破坏发生在表面破坏模式的疲劳极限上下很宽的应力幅范围,因此,试验材料的S-N曲线的形状与通常报道的阶梯形状的S-N曲线的形状不同,它具有两条S-N曲线的特性。通过对断口上裂纹萌生位置的详细观察和裂纹萌生位置的初期尺寸参数的计算,阐述了内部破坏模式的破坏机理,提出了基于尺寸参数的超长寿命疲劳极限的推定方法。     

带有微动磨损缺口钢丝的疲劳特性

在自制的微动磨损试验机上进行钢丝的微动磨损试验,将微动磨损后的钢丝试样在液压伺服疲劳试验机上进行不同应力比和不同应力幅下的疲劳试验。结果表明,钢丝的微动磨损深度随微动时间和接触载荷的增加而增加,磨损缺口处的应力集中使其成为了裂纹萌生源,也使钢丝试样的疲劳寿命大大降低,微动磨损后钢丝试样的疲劳寿命和磨损深度呈反比关系。通过钢丝疲劳断口的SEM形貌分析了其疲劳断裂机制,断口对应不同的疲劳阶段,可分为裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和裂纹瞬断区。     

Modelling the effect of HAZ undermatching on the crack-tip stress distribution in idealized welds

In order to study the influence of the heat-affected zone softening on the fracture behaviour of welds with cracks in the weld metal centre line, a large variety of weld geometries and undermatch conditions of the heat affected zone mechanical properties, relative to the weld metal and base material, were addressed in this study. With this aim, the opening stress distribution in notched welded specimens was analysed using the numerical simulation of the three-point bending test. The numerical results show a reduction in the stress levels ahead of the crack tip for welded specimens with severe heat-affected zone undermatch. The stress distribution is strongly influenced by the crack position relative to the weld material/heat-affected zone interface, independently of heat-affected zone width.     

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC LOADING ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED JOINTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

To investigate the effect of dynamic loading on fracture behavior of welded joints of structural steel Q23SB and 16Mn in common use and compare the earthquake resistances of the two kinds of materials, dynamic tension and fracture toughness tests are carried out at room temperature. On the basis of the tests, the stress-strain fields near the crack tip of the compact specimens are analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model. The test results and finite element analysis results show that, the fracture toughness of welds and base metal of 16Mn steel increases with the increment of loading rate. Compared with 16Mn steel, Q235B steel is more sensitive to dynamic loading. The fracture toughness of welds of Q235B is comparatively low under static loading and dynamic loading at room temperature. Compared with the static loading, the fracture toughness of Q235B parent metal under dynamic loading decreases by about four times. Therefore, it can be concluded that compared with 16Mn steel, the earthquake re     

研磨加工层对高碳铬轴承钢超长寿命疲劳行为的影响

为了阐明磨石研磨加工层对高碳铬轴承钢JIS SUJ2超长寿命疲劳行为的影响,分别使用经砂纸研磨和电解研磨的砂漏形试样,在室温空气环境下进行旋转弯曲疲劳试验.砂纸研磨试样被除去部分磨石研磨层,电解研磨试样被除去了全部的磨石研磨层.结果表明,两种试样的S-N曲线由位于短寿命区的表面破坏模式和位于长寿命区的内部破坏模式的两条组成,表面破坏模式的S-N曲线受表面粗糙度和表面压缩残余应力的影响.内部破坏模式的S-N曲线不受表面条件的影响,是材料固有的特性.砂纸研磨试样表面破坏模式的疲劳极限最高,是电解研磨试样1.11倍和磨石研磨的1.20倍.表面压缩残余应力对表面破坏模式疲劳极限的影响可以用修正Goodman图表示.还讨论裂纹的萌生和扩展条件,推定超长寿命的疲劳极限.     

Effects of compressive stresses on torsional fatigue

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is the dominant failure mode in properly installed and maintained ball and roller element bearings. Lundberg and Palmgren in their seminal publication indicated that this failure is due to the alternating component of shear stress. Thus, torsional fatigue experiments have been used to predict the RCF behavior of bearing materials. In non-conformal contacts, due to Hertzian pressure the contact experiences large compressive stresses. Hence, it is critical to take into account the effect of these large compressive stresses in torsional fatigue to better simulate RCF conditions. This paper presents an investigation of torsional fatigue of bearing steels, while the effects of combined compressive stress and its relevance to material behavior in rolling contact fatigue is examined. An MTS test rig was used to investigate the fatigue life of several bearing steels and their failure mechanisms were evaluated through fractography. Then the effects of compressive stresses on torsional fatigue were investigated. A set of custom designed clamp fixtures were designed, developed and used to apply Hertzian pressures of up to 2.5 GPa on the torsion specimens. The experimental results indicate that at high cycle fatigue, a combination of shear and biaxial compression, by application of Hertzian contact, is more detrimental to fatigue life than shear alone; however, as expected it has little to negligible effects in the low cycle fatigue regime. Also the failure mode changes such that fracture planes form a cup and cone pair with multiple internal cracks as opposed to helical planes observed in pure torsion which are formed by a single crack. A 3D finite element model (using ABAQUS) was developed to investigate the fatigue damage accumulation, crack initiation, and propagation in the material. The topology of steel microstructure is modeled employing a randomly generated Voronoi tessellation wherein each Voronoi cell represents a material grain and the boundaries between the cells are assumed to represent the weak plane in the steel matrix. Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) was used to model material degradation during the fatigue process. A comprehensive damage evolution equation is developed to account for the effect of mean stress on fatigue. The model predicts the fatigue lives and crack patterns successfully both in presence and absence of compressive stresses.     

Effect of oil environments on the initiation of fatigue cracks and propagation of small cracks in plain carbon steel specimens

In fatigue tests of plain carbon steel specimens in air, fatigue life is taken up mainly by the life in which a crack propagates from its initial size up to about 1 mm. This means that the behaviour of a small crack in the oil environment must be known in order to evaluate the effect of oils on fatigue life. In this paper, using a series of base oils of different viscosity grades, the effects of oils on fatigue damage are investigated in rotating bending fatigue tests of annealed 0.34% carbon steel plain specimens. Successive detailed observations of the specimen surface are made in order to study the fatigue processes of micro-crack initiation and small crack propagation. The physical background of the effect of oil environments on fatigue behaviour is shown, and a method for predicting fatigue life in oil environments is discussed.     

SS400钢焊接接头抗断性能的数值评估

SS400钢是一种超细晶粒、超纯净、具有优良综合力学性能的新一代钢铁材料，其焊接结构性能的研究对其推广应用具有重要的意义。文中通过数值分析方法，以SS400母材性能为参照，对其实际焊接接头的抗断裂性能进行评估。采用MARC商用软件，对不同中心贯穿裂纹尺寸的SS400母材及其实际焊接接头拉伸板模型进行三维有限元计算和拉伸过程模拟。焊接方法为脉冲熔化极混合气体保护焊，焊接板的中心裂纹处于焊缝与热影响区之间的熔合区。用作比较的母材板的裂纹尺寸和位置、网格划分、边界条件等与焊接板完全相同。根据计算结果，分析焊接接头力学不均匀性对应力应变场的影响，并依据全面屈服理论对断裂参量CTOD进行分析比较。结果表明，焊接接头的CTOD值均低于同裂纹尺寸的纯母材。因此，该焊接接头拉伸板的抗断性能应优于纯母材。     

疲劳短裂纹的损伤特征和计算机模拟

对一种焊接用低碳钢的实验研究表明，疲劳短裂纹萌生了铁素体晶粒区域的滑移带，短裂纹数密度随疲劳周次不断增加，短裂纹的取向与所在铁素体晶粒的滑移位向相关。以所观察到的短裂纹特征为背景，用计算机模拟短裂纹萌生，扩展，汇合的演化过程，模拟结果显示，短裂纹损伤导致断裂的临界指数具有很宽的分布带，面裂纹路径具有较稳定的分维数值。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测研究*

钢丝微动疲劳过程中,钢丝裂纹萌生特性直接影响其裂纹扩展特性,进而制约钢丝微动疲劳寿命,因此开展钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测研究具有重要意义。基于有限元法、摩擦学理论和断裂力学理论,运用Smith-Watson-Topper（SWT）多轴疲劳寿命准则建立考虑磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,基于多种不同的钢丝疲劳参数估算方法对钢丝的微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命进行了预测,并探究接触载荷、疲劳载荷、交叉角度及钢丝直径等微动疲劳参数对钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响规律。结果表明：基于中值法的预测结果最接近实际值;在微动疲劳过程中,钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命主要与接触载荷和疲劳载荷相关。通过引入微动损伤参数建立简化的适用于钢丝绳的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,通过与考虑磨损的预测模型计算结果进行对比验证了该模型的准确性。     

浓缩随机载荷谱试验研究

用运输机类型的随机谱载对中间有圆孔的LY12CZ试件进行裂纹形成和扩展试验，然后分别用两种浓缩谱进行试验研究。结果表明在裂纹的形成和扩展阶段对寿命起主要作用的参数影响是有明显差别的。特别是运输机谱中的地-空-地循环，在裂纹扩展的公式中对裂纹形成寿命的贡献估计不足。根据疲劳的材料常数对裂纹扩展的材料常数进行修正得到的计算结果与原谱的试验结果相当吻合。     

预应变对X60管线钢疲劳裂纹形成寿命的影响

采用U型缺口试样研究了X60管线钢经5％、10％和15％的预拉伸应变后的疲劳裂纹形成寿命。结果表明：X60管线钢拉伸变形表现出显著的应变强化效应，但塑性降低；预应变可以延长疲劳裂纹形成寿命，提高疲劳裂纹形成的抗力系数和裂纹形成的当量应力门槛值；裂纹形成的断裂为穿晶解理机制，预应变可导致更多的二次裂纹。