Topology awareness algorithm for virtual network mapping

Network virtualization is recognized as an effective way to overcome the ossification of the Internet. However, the virtual network mapping problem (VNMP) is a critical challenge, focusing on how to map the virtual networks to the substrate network with efficient utilization of infrastructure resources. The problem can be divided into two phases: node mapping phase and link mapping phase. In the node mapping phase, the existing algorithms usually map those virtual nodes with a complete greedy strategy, without considering the topology among these virtual nodes, resulting in too long substrate paths (with multiple hops). Addressing this problem, we propose a topology awareness mapping algorithm, which considers the topology among these virtual nodes. In the link mapping phase, the new algorithm adopts the k-shortest path algorithm. Simulation results show that the new algorithm greatly increases the long-term average revenue, the acceptance ratio, and the long-term revenue-to-cost ratio (R/C).     

一种基于约束优化的虚拟网络映射方法

虚拟网络映射问题将不同的虚拟网络应用映射到相同的基础设施网络中,这是一个极具挑战性的问题.针对该问题,提出了一种基于约束优化的虚拟网络映射方法,将映射问题分解为节点映射和链路映射两个阶段,其中,前者是将虚拟节点映射到物理节点上,后者将虚拟链路映射到物理路径上,它们都是NP难问题.针对节点映射和链路映射分别提出了node-mapping算法和link-mapping算法.node-mapping算法基于贪婪算法的思想,映射时考虑了物理节点所能提供的资源数量以及物理节点间距离两个因素,该算法能够保证基础设施网络中各节点间的负载相对均衡;同时,通过采用访问控制机制,过滤一些异常的虚拟网络请求,能够有效地提高资源的使用效率.link-mapping算法基于人工智能领域中的分布式约束优化思想,其能够保证得到的解是全局最优的,即映射链路的代价最小.最后,通过模拟实验对该方法进行验证,实验结果表明该方法在求解虚拟网络映射问题时的性能良好.     

Virtual network mapping algorithm in the cloud infrastructure

Network virtualization has received considerable attention recently because a Cloud Provider (CP) that is responsible for deploying a substrate network in the cloud infrastructure uses network virtualization to support multiple Virtual Network (VN) requests over the shared substrate network. However, mapping multiple VN requests with constraints on virtual nodes and virtual links into a shared substrate network presents a significant challenge, and is considered an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we propose a heuristic mapping algorithm that handles online VN requests. The node mapping algorithm selects a substrate node for mapping that satisfies both a virtual node's resource requirement and its amount of requested bandwidth. The link mapping algorithm either maps a virtual link to the shortest substrate path that satisfies the requested bandwidth of the virtual link or uses the cut-shortest path approach to map a virtual link to multiple substrate paths that satisfy the requested bandwidth of the virtual link. The path migration algorithm migrates virtual links to different substrate paths to maximize the number of accepted VN requests in a substrate network. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic mapping algorithm uses resources more efficiently, produces more revenue, and has better performance than existing mapping approaches.     

Efficient Online Virtual Network Mapping Using Resource Evaluation

Network virtualization is a promising solution that can prevent network ossification by allowing multiple heterogeneous virtual networks (VNs) to cohabit on a shared substrate network. It provides flexibility and promotes diversity. A key issue that needs to be addressed in network virtualization is allocation of substrate resources for the VNs with respect to their resource requirements and the topologies of the substrate and virtual networks, namely the VN mapping (VNM) problem. Efficient VNM algorithms aim to maximize the number of coexisting VNs, and increase the utilization and revenue obtained from the substrate resources. In this paper, we present an online VNM algorithm (OVNM) that maximizes the number of coexisting VNs leading to good utilization and revenue of the substrate. Using the OVNM algorithm, we estimate the VN mapping and evaluate the associated substrate resources to map the VN within a proper region on the substrate by using the FVN_Sort (first virtual node sorting) function. This improves the probability of a VN mapping success. Furthermore, by mapping the virtual nodes and links in a coordinated fashion, the resource consumption while mapping is minimized. We evaluate the performance of our approach by using simulation, and show that the algorithm has an acceptable run time and leads to a better blocking probability performance, which means more coexisting VNs.     

具有高可靠特征的无线虚拟网络映射方法研究

针对虚拟网络映射过程中链路资源受限和网络生存性问题，分别提出一种基于节点扩展资源的节点映射方案和一种虚拟网络重映射方案。为克服节点映射后链路映射阶段的资源不足问题，通过将节点扩展资源大的节点作为承载节点以确保链路映射的可靠性和高效性，链路映射阶段采用一种基于最小链路代价的映射方案以获得高可靠映射，在此基础上针对网络故障采取一种重映射策略，将失效节点迅速重映射至候选节点集中以确保虚拟网络服务的连续性。通过仿真对几种算法性能进行对比，结果表明所提算法在虚拟网络映射成功率、虚拟网络恢复成功率和资源负载利用率等方面均取得较好结果。     

基于强化学习的高可靠性多域虚拟网络映射算法

现有的虚拟网络映射算法大多是依赖于人工规则对节点进行排序,决定节点先后映射的顺序,来优化节点映射从而提高虚拟网络请求的成功率。而在链路映射阶段普遍采用广度优先搜索算法,忽略了节点资源和链路资源具有强相关性的特点,从而只能取得局部最优的映射结果。针对上述问题,基于5G多域异构网络环境,从网络的可生存性的保护角度出发,提出一种使用双层强化学习的虚拟网络映射算法。将强化学习同时应用于网络映射的节点和链路两阶段,使用梯度策略和反向传播的方法对该网络模型进行训练,并使用此训练模型完成映射。仿真结果表明,与对比算法相比,该算法在优化节点映射的同时优化了链路映射,且在映射成功率、长期收益率、节点和链路的利用率等方面均取得较好结果。     

优化的虚拟网络两阶段协同映射算法

虚拟网络映射问题是网络虚拟化的关键问题,以往的研究多采用节点映射和链路映射两阶段分离的启发式算法。本文以降低映射的资源花费为依据,以提高映射成功率和底层资源利用率为目的,提出一种采用两阶段协同映射思想,并结合链路分流和路径迁移技术的映射算法。模拟实验表明,该算法具有较高的映射成功率和较高的收益花费比。     

基于网络资源相关性的虚拟网络映射算法

针对网络虚拟化环境中资源利用率较低的问题,通过建立资源相关性度量模型,刻画虚拟节点和物理顶点之间的匹配程度,根据虚拟节点和物理顶点之间的资源相关性,将虚拟节点映射到资源相关性较强的物理顶点上;为了降低虚拟链路的映射路径长度,通过建立节点间邻接关系模型,将相邻的虚拟节点映射到邻接的物理顶点上。实验结果表明,提出的虚拟网络映射算法均衡了物理网络资源的分布状态,降低了虚拟网络映射的资源代价,提高了虚拟网络请求接受率。     

基于两次优先级排序的虚拟网络映射算法

为解决现有的虚拟网络映射算法忽略网络本身属性,仅按照请求到达的顺序分配资源而导致物理资源利用率低的问题,利用时间窗模型,提出了基于两次优先级排序的虚拟网络映射算法。在第一次排序中,粗化虚拟网络请求的同时根据业务类型、属性参数计算请求优先级,初步确定窗口中虚拟网络映射顺序;在第二次排序中,综合考虑链路带宽资源需求和节点途径跳数,通过链路权重来确定优先级,计算最佳映射路径。仿真结果表明,该算法降低了虚拟网络请求的平均等待时间,提高了请求接受率及收益开销比。     

基于节点连通性排序的虚拟网络映射算法

对当今云环境下的数据中心来说,以虚拟资源租赁的运营方式具有极大的灵活性,尤其是以虚拟网络为粒度的资源租赁能够为用户提供更好的个性化需求支持。虚拟网络映射问题是指依据用户资源需求,合理分配底层主机和网络资源。现有的虚拟网络映射算法大多是针对随机拓扑设计的通用算法,未针对数据中心拓扑结构进行优化,映射效率有很大提升空间。针对数据中心的结构特点,提出了一种基于节点连通性排序的虚拟网络映射算法BS-VNE算法。首先,设计了一种最大生成算法来对虚拟节点重要程度进行求解和排序。该算法不仅基于虚拟节点的带宽和连通度,还基于虚拟节点在整个虚拟网络中的连通性来进行节点连通性的计算,以获得更加合理的排序结果。然后,根据虚拟节点连通性排序结果利用离散粒子群优化算法求解虚拟网络的映射解。在求解过程中,引入了针对数据中心结构的物理网络拓扑启发式规则,并将其组合到粒子搜索过程中,以提高映射算法的收敛速度。仿真实验结果表明,与现有算法相比,本文提出的算法可以提高物理网络的收益/成本比和资源利用率。     

An efficient and coordinated mapping algorithm in virtualized SDN networks

Software-defined networking (SDN) enables the network virtualization through SDN hypervisors to share the underlying physical SDN network among multiple logically isolated virtual SDN networks (vSDNs), each with its own controller. The vSDN embedding, which refers to mapping a number of vSDNs to the same substrate SDN network, is a key problem in the SDN virtualization environment. However, due to the distinctions of the SDN, such as the logically centralized controller and different virtualization technologies, most of the existing embedding algorithms cannot be applied directly to SDN virtualization. In this paper, we consider controller placement and virtual network embedding as a joint vSDN embedding problem, and formulate it into an integer linear programming with objectives of minimizing the embedding cost and the controller-to-switch delay for each vSDN. Moreover, we propose a novel online vSDN embedding algorithm called CO-vSDNE, which consists of a node mapping stage and a link mapping stage. In the node mapping stage, CO-vSDNE maps the controller and the virtual nodes to the substrate nodes on the basis of the controller-to-switch delay and takes into account the subsequent link mapping at the same time. In the link mapping stage, CO-vSDNE adopts the k-shortest path algorithm to map the virtual links. The evaluation results with simulation and Mininet emulation show that the proposed CO-vSDNE not only significantly increases the long-term revenue to the cost ratio and acceptance ratio while guaranteeing low average and maximum controller-to-switch delay, but also achieves good vSDN performance in terms of end-to-end delay and throughput.     

基于云网络架构的虚拟网络映射算法研究

云网络架构采用控制与转发分离机制实现了资源的灵活分配,为了满足云网络架构的资源分配符合多业务的资源需求,提出了一种基于云网络架构的虚拟网络映射算法,提高了资源利用率。建立的虚拟网络映射算法模型,给出了虚拟网络映射算法的约束条件和优化目标。针对语音、视频和数据3种业务进行了仿真,结果表明,提出的算法提高了控制资源利用率、转发资源利用率和链路资源利用率。     

一种启发式网络虚拟化资源分配算法

网络虚拟化是克服当前Internet僵化问题的一种重要方法,而资源分配是网络虚拟化技术的核心.为了平衡负载,本文提出了一种启发式资源分配算法HVNE.该算法充分利用虚拟节点和虚拟链路间的关联因素(虚拟网络拓扑),将节点映射和链路映射两个过程合并为一个统一的过程,改善了传统映射算法在拓扑稀疏时,算法性能不理想的问题.此外,HVNE允许同一个虚拟请求中的多个虚拟节点映射到同一个物理节点,节约了物理链路资源.HVNE将无向图的"k-区域划分优化"理论与传统的拓扑分割理论相结合,定义了虚拟拓扑间节点的关联因子,改进了传统的星形分割方法,使之能适用于大规模网络.仿真实验表明,HVNE在保证网络负载的情况下,获得了较好的虚拟请求接受率,较高的资源利用率和网络收益.     

基于资源整合的节能虚拟网络重配置算法

针对虚拟网络映射中能耗过高、接收率偏低和负载不够均衡等问题,提出一种基于虚拟资源整合的综合性重配置算法——HEAR算法。该重配置算法分为两个阶段:节点重配置阶段优先将映射虚拟节点最少的物理节点上的虚拟节点及其相连虚拟链路迁移,挂起或关闭空负载的物理节点来达到节能的目的;此外对这些迁移节点的目标物理节点进行筛选,避免选择过度拥塞的物理节点达到提高接收率和均衡负载的目的。链路重配置阶段采用能耗感知的方法选择可用于迁移的物理链路集合,再用Dijkstra算法选择最短物理路径并将相关路径迁移过去。实验结果表明,HEAR算法比启发式重配置算法平均能耗下降约20%,接收率提高约10%。     

一种虚拟路由器资源映射算法研究

网络虚拟化技术的提出,为解决互联网"僵化"问题找到了新的思路,受到广泛的关注。在虚拟路由器平台中,若干台互联的网络服务器资源组成了底层物理网络,通过虚拟网络映射技术,将物理网络资源有效地映射到虚拟网络设备上,组成多个虚拟网络,满足用户对网络的多样化需求。虚拟路由器资源映射问题是虚拟网络映射问题的基础,虚拟路由器实例与物理资源的映射方法决定了虚拟网络平台资源的利用率和虚拟网络系统的性能。针对虚拟路由器平台资源分配的问题,提出了物理网络资源模型和虚拟路由器资源请求模型,设计了一种启发式虚拟路由资源分配算法,并对算法的复杂性和优化目标进行了分析。     

基于资源拆分的虚拟网络功能服务链映射算法

针对网络虚拟化环境下虚拟网络功能服务链的资源分配以及部署问题,提出了基于资源拆分的虚拟网络功能服务链部署策略。通过对租户的资源需求进行主动拆分,利用更小的资源分配粒度达到提高物理资源利用率的目的。利用最优化理论将虚拟网络功能服务链的资源分配问题建模成具有链式拓扑结构的虚拟网络映射问题,并通过设计高效的启发式算法以有效地解决这一问题。实验结果表明,该算法与其它虚拟网络映射算法相比,能有效提高物理资源的利用率以及租户请求的接收率。     

A virtual network mapping algorithm based on integer programming

The virtual network （VN） embedding/mapping problem is recognized as an essential question of network virtualization. The VN embedding problem is a major challenge in this field. Its target is to efficiently map the virtual nodes and virtual links onto the substrate network resources. Previous research focused on designing heuristic-based algorithms or attempting two-stage solutions by solving node mapping in the first stage and link mapping in the second stage. In this study, we propose a new VN embedding algorithm based on integer programming. We build a model of an augmented substrate graph, and formulate the VN embedding problem as an integer program with an objective function and some constraints. A factor of topology-awareness is added to the objective function. The VN embedding problem is solved in one stage. Simulation results show that our algorithm greatly enhances the acceptance ratio, and increases the revenue/cost （R/C） ratio and the revenue while decreasing the cost of the VN embedding problem.     

LIVE: Learning and Inference for Virtual Network Embedding

Network virtualization provides a promising tool for next-generation network management by allowing multiple heterogeneous virtual networks to run on a shared substrate network. A long-standing challenge in network virtualization is how to effectively map these virtual networks onto the shared substrate network, known as the virtual network embedding (VNE) problem. Most heuristic VNE algorithms find practical solutions by leveraging a greedy matching strategy in node mapping. However, greedy node mapping may lead to unnecessary bandwidth consumption and increased network fragmentation because it ignores the relationships between the mapped virtual network requests and the mapping ones. In this paper, we re-visit the VNE problem from a statistical perspective and explore the potential dependencies between every two substrate nodes. We define a well-designed dependency matrix that represents the importance of substrate nodes and the topological relationships between them, i.e., every substrate node’s degree of belief. Based on the dependency matrix generated from collecting and processing records of accepted virtual network requests, Bayesian inference is leveraged to iteratively select the most suitable substrate nodes and realize our novel statistical VNE algorithm consisting of a learning stage and an inference stage in node mapping. Due to the overall consideration of the relationships between the mapped nodes and the mapping ones, our statistical approach reduces unnecessary bandwidth consumption and achieves a better performance of embedding. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our algorithm significantly improves the long-term average revenue, acceptance ratio, and revenue/cost ratio compared to previous algorithms.     

一种双网同步搜索的虚拟网络映射算法

针对虚拟网络映射中的资源分配问题,通过建立双网同步搜索映射模型,采用普里姆最小生成树算法思想,同步搜索虚拟网络中的待映射虚拟节点和物理网络中的可映射物理节点,将相邻的虚拟节点依次映射到邻接的物理节点上,协调完成节点及其邻接链路的映射操作,使虚拟网络映射具有拓扑一致性。仿真实验表明,提出的DS-VNM算法能有效地降低虚拟链路的映射路径长度,提高网络收益与网络代价比、虚拟网络请求接受率,获得了较好的资源分配性能。     

基于最小节点负载优先的逻辑承载网构建方法

针对现有节点映射算法在节点负载不均衡的问题,提出了最小节点负载优先的映射策略(MinNLP),该策略以节点内存负载作为判断节点忙闲度的参数,通过计算物理节点的负载强度,选择具有最小负载和较大剩余资源的物理节点来接受映射,并采用K短路径算法进行节点间的链路映射。实验结果表明,采用基于最小节点负载优先的映射策略并与K短路径思想相结合的方法来构建逻辑承载网比用贪心节点映射算法能得到更高的资源利用率、构建成功率和链路均衡度。