Micro-structuring of glass with features less than 100 μm by electrochemical discharge machining

Micro-electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) was studied in order to improve the machining of 3D micro-structures of glass. To minimize structures and obtain good surface microstructures, the effects of the electrolyte, the pulse on/off-time ratio, the voltage, the feedrate, the rotational speed, and the electrolyte concentration in the drilling and milling processes were studied.In ECDM, voltage is applied to generate a gas film and sparks on a tool electrode; however, high voltage produces poor machining resolution. To obtain a stable gas film over the whole surface of the tool at a low voltage, a new mechanical contact detector, based on a loadcell, was used; the immersion depth of the tool electrode in the electrolyte was reduced as much as possible. In this study, various micro-structures less than 100 μm in size, such as Ø 60 μm micro-holes, a 10 μm-thin wall, and a 3D micro-structure were fabricated to demonstrate the potential for micro-machining of glass by ECDM.     

Weld profile,microstructure, and mechanical property of laser-welded butt joints of 5A06 Al alloy with static magnetic field support

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a suitable process for the fabrication of microholes and microchannels in the nonconductive materials such as glass. In the ECDM milling, in some conditions, the tool is penetrated to the workpiece, which may lead to a breakage in the tool. In order to avoid the tool breakage, machining the parameters such as feed rate should be selected appropriately. In this study, the bending force applied on the tool was evaluated as a function of tool diameter, electrolyte concentration, presence of the magnetic field, and tool feed rate. The maximum feed rate, which keeps the bending tool force in the constant ranges, is desirable. According to the experimental results and combination of the machining parameters, the optimum feed rate was obtained. The results showed a decrease in the bending force by increasing the electrolyte concentration and elevating the applied voltage. In addition, the significant effect of a magnetic field on the reduction of bending force in the lower concentration of electrolyte (15 wt%) was observed.     

Investigations on the effects of Nano-fluid in ECM of die steel

Formation of spikes in the electrochemically machined workpiece prevents to achieve the better performance of ElectroChemical Machining (ECM). Hence, this research work attempts to investigate the effects of Nano-fluid i.e. Nano Copper particles suspended NaCl electrolyte on the ECM of High carbon high chromium (HCHCr) die steel with a hardness of 63HRc. The influencing parameters are voltage, tool feed rate and electrolyte discharge rate with mixing levels. Seventy-two experiments have been conducted using Nano-fluid and plain NaCl electrolyte based on design of the experiment. The Nano Copper particles in the electrolyte break the gas layer at the inter electrode gap resulting in better MRR and surface roughness due to improved current density across the gap. A maximum MRR of 458.869 mm³/min and a minimum surface roughness of 1.39 μm Ra are obtained using Nano-fluid. The developed ANOVA models prove the significances of influencing factors in obtaining the better performance of ECM.     

车削奥氏体不锈钢时冷却参数对刀具振动和表面粗糙度的影响

针对最小量润滑(MQL)技术在加工难切削材料时冷却能力不足的问题,分析了最小量冷却润滑(MQCL)条件下冷却参数对刀具振动和表面粗糙度的影响规律.设计了以田口法为基础的正交试验方案,并基于MQCL条件进行了相关切削试验.采用方差分析法、主效应图法、响应面法等方法并结合切削理论,分析了冷风温度、油液流量、风速、喷射面类型...     

Grinding-aided electrochemical discharge machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites

A grinding-aided electrochemical discharge machining (G-ECDM) process has been developed to improve the performance of the conventional ECDM process in machining particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). The G-ECDM process functions under a combined action of electrochemical dissolution, spark erosion, and direct mechanical grinding. The tool electrode has a coating containing a hard reinforcement phase of diamond particles. The MMC employed in this study was Al₂O₃ particulate reinforced aluminum 6061 alloy. The material removal mechanism of this hybrid process has been analyzed. The results showed that the grinding action can effectively remove re-cast material deposited on the machining surface. The surface roughness (R _a) measured for the G-ECDM specimen was ten times smaller than that of the specimen machined without grinding aid (i.e., ECDM alone). Moreover, the material removal rate (MRR) of G-ECDM was about three times higher than that of ECDM under the experimental conditions of this study. The voltage waveform and crater distribution were also analyzed, and the experimental results showed that the G-ECDM process operates in a stable condition. The relative importance of the various processing parameters on MRR was established using orthogonal analysis. The results showed that MRR is influenced by the machining parameters in the order of duty cycle?>?current?>?electrolyte concentration. This study showed that the G-ECDM process is superior to the ECDM process for machining particulate reinforced MMCs, where a higher machining efficiency and a better surface quality can be obtained.     

Surface roughness modeling in Laser-assisted End Milling of Inconel 718

Inconel 718 is a difficult-to-machine material while products of this material require good surface finish. Therefore, it is essential for the evaluation and prediction of surface roughness of machined Inconel 718 workpiece to be developed. An analytical model for the prediction of surface roughness under laser-assisted end milling of Inconel 718 is proposed based on kinematics of tool movement and elastic response of workpiece. The actual tool trajectory is first predicted with the consideration of overall tool movement, elastic deformation of tool, and the tool tip profile. The tool movements include the translation in feed direction and the rotation along its axis. The elastic deformation is calculated based on the previously established milling force prediction model. The tool tip profile is predicted based on the tool tip radius and angle. The machined surface profile is simulated based on the tool trajectory with elastic recovery, which is considered through the comparison between the minimum thickness and actual cutting thickness. Experiments are conducted in both conventional and laser-assisted milling under seven different sets of cutting parameters. Through the comparison between the analytical predictions and experimental measurements, the proposed model has high accuracy with the maximum error less than 27%, which is more accurate for lower feed rate with error less than 3%. The proposed analytical model is valuable for providing a fast, credible, and physics-based method for the prediction of surface roughness in milling process.     

Tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass soda-lime

For the technology of diamond cutting of optical glass, the high tool wear rate is a main reason for hindering the practical application of this technology. Many researches on diamond tool wear in glass cutting rest on wear phenomenon describing simply without analyzing the genesis of wear phenomenon and interpreting the formation process of tool wear in mechanics. For in depth understanding of the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, experiments of diamond turning with cutting distance increasing gradually are carried out on soda-lime glass. The wear morphology of rake face and flank face, the corresponding surface features of workpiece and the surface roughness, and the material compositions of flank wear area are detected. Experimental results indicate that the flank wear is predominant in diamond cutting glass and the flank wear land is characterized by micro-grooves, some smooth crater on the rake face is also seen. The surface roughness begins to increase rapidly, when the cutting mode changes from ductile to brittle for the aggravation of tool wear with the cutting distance over 150 m. The main mechanisms of inducing tool wear in diamond cutting of glass are diffusion, mechanical friction, thermo-chemical action and abrasive wear. The proposed research makes analysis and research from wear mechanism on the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, and provides theoretical basis for minimizing the tool wear in diamond cutting brittle materials, such as optical glass.     

A study on the magneto-assisted spiral polishing on the inner wall of the bore with magnetic hot melt adhesive particles (MHMA particles)

The spiral polishing mechanism employed a fast turning screw rod to drive the abrasive for workpiece surface polishing. In this study, the powerful ring magnet installed around the workpiece would attract the self-developed magnetic hot melt adhesive particles (MHMA particles) during the process of polishing, driving the SiC particles against the workpiece, the inner wall of the bore. At the same time, the flexibility of MHMA particles helped improve the surface quality of the bore by preventing the SiC particles from heavily scratching it. The effects of magnetic flux density, size and concentration of SiC particles, concentration of MHMA particles, viscosity of silicone oil, revolution speed of the spindle as well as machining time and machining gap on operation temperature, slurry viscosity, surface roughness, and material removal were discussed and the best parameter combination was identified based on the results of the experiment. The effects of each machining parameter on the finished surface topography of the workpiece were also examined. Both analysis of variance and F-test indicated that magnetic flux density and the concentration of MHMA particles were the two most important variables affecting the surface roughness. In other words, magnetic force helped improve spiral polishing. Furthermore, the results showed that adding new MHMA particles to the slurry greatly improved the surface quality, at a rate of 90 %, and reduced the workpiece surface roughness from 0.9 μm down to 0.094 μm.     

功率超声珩磨空化试验分析

功率超声珩磨加工过程中会发生空化现象,为探究空化对被加工材料表面的影响,进行超声珩磨空化正交试验并针对凹坑最大直径、表面侵蚀率、表面粗糙度三个指标进行试验分析,这三个指标可分别表征单泡溃灭强度,整体空化强度及空化对材料表面质量影响,结果表明：空化造成材料表面微小凹坑,影响凹坑最大直径的主要因素依次为距离和振幅,距离越小,振幅越大,则凹坑最大直径越大;影响表面侵蚀率的主要因素依次为试验时间和距离;而振幅则对材料表面粗糙度的影响最大,在距离5 mm、振幅65%、试验时间1/3 min条件下,试样表面粗糙度降低,表面质量提高。因此,在一定条件下,空化效应有助于改善超声珩磨中工件表面质量,试验分析结果对超声珩磨实际加工具有借鉴意义。     

微铣金属表面微沟槽结构的粗糙度及形貌分析

为了提高和改善微沟槽表面质量,设计了高速微铣削实验,研究了微沟槽底面表面粗糙度和侧壁残留毛刺的变化规律。从理论角度引入了已加工表面的形成机理,建立了微观表面粗糙度理论模型,提出了刀具跳动对侧壁形貌变化影响的规律。利用三轴联动精密微细铣削机床加工微细直沟槽,并选取主轴转速、轴向切深、进给速度、刀具跳动量和材料组织结构为研究因素。采用多因素正交实验和极差分析法,对表面粗糙度值进行数值分析。铝合金,钢和钛合金三类微沟槽底面对应的最佳表面粗糙度值变化范围分别为1.073~1.481 μm,0.485~0.883 μm,0.235~0.267 μm;无刀具跳动钛合金微沟槽壁毛刺的最大高度为7.637 μm,而当刀具存在0.3 μm的径向综合跳动量时对应的微槽壁毛刺的最大高度为21.79 μm。铣削参数对表面粗糙度值的影响按从大到小依次为进给速度、主轴转速、轴向切深,且随着进给速度和轴向切深的增大,表面粗糙度值增大;随着主轴转速的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大;在相同加工条件下,若微圆弧刀刃无磨损,微刀具的跳动量对微直沟槽侧壁表面质量有较大影响。同时,不同金属材料特性也是影响微沟槽表面质量的潜在因素。     

高速铣削AF1410高强度钢的实验研究

高强度钢具有优异的机械性能和广阔的应用,但切削加工较为困难,存在加工效率低,加工表面质量差等问题.以AF1410高强度钢为研究对象,应用高速铣削的加工方法,使用涂层硬质合金刀片,对AF1410高强度钢进行了高速铣削实验,研究分析了在高速切削条件下刀具磨损、切削力、切削温度以及已加工表面粗糙度的变化规律.研究发现以TiC...     

Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削试验研究

分析了Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削加工过程中,砂带粒度和磨削用量的不同对磨削加工效率、工件表面质量和砂带磨损的影响。采用氧化铝磨料砂带在不同的砂带线速度或磨削压力下对镍铜合金进行了工艺试验,对材料去除量、工件表面粗糙度和砂带磨损量进行了测量。研究表明:增加砂带线速度和磨削压力可在一定程度上提高材料去除率和磨削比;随着磨削压力的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈增大趋势;随着砂带粒度的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈减小趋势;砂带线速度为25m/s,磨削压力为43N,砂带粒度为P240时,镍铜合金综合磨削效果最好。     

REDUCTION OF MACHINING VIBRATION BY USE OF RUBBER LAYERED LAMINATES BETWEEN TOOL HOLDER AND INSERT

The aim of the present study is to investigate chatter when using carbide inserts by measuring surface roughness of the workpiece. Dimensional accuracy of the workpiece is affected by vibration. In order to suppress chatter, the tool was provided with an ultra thin metal rubber laminate between the tool holder and insert. An experimental investigation has been carried out in CNC lathe using a “design of experiments” approach. In this study, vibration of the tool and surface roughness of the workpiece were measured. It has been observed that the vibration of the tool, as well as the tool insert, has been reduced by using ultra thin rubber layered laminates, and the surface finish of the workpiece has been improved.     

EFFECT OF COATING ROUGHNESS ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL CVD DIAMOND COATED TOOLS

□ Small milling tools for dental application were diamond coated by means of Hot Filament CVD (HFCVD). Different thicknesses were obtained by using different diamond deposition times (3 and 12 h) and seeding conditions. The surface roughness was measured for coated and uncoated mills and milling tests were performed to measure the cutting forces. A ceramic material and a polymeric matrix composite (PMC) were used as workpiece materials. The highest cutting forces were measured for the coated tool with the highest thickness of the diamond coating. Probably, roughness increase and non-optimal edge profiles affect the tool behavior during cutting. As a consequence, tool failure was observed in the case of milling of ceramic by means of the coated tool with the highest coating thickness. The coated tool with a lower thickness of the diamond coating showed an optimal behavior under cutting, above all in the case of PMC milling.     

Machining performance of a grooved tool in dry machining Ti-6Al-4 V

In this paper, dry machining experiment of Ti-6Al-4 V was carried out to investigate the machining performance of a grooved tool in terms of its wear mechanisms and the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth) on tool life and surface roughness of the machined workpiece. The results showed that chip-groove configuration substantially improved the machining performance of cutting tool. The main wear mechanisms of the grooved tool were adhesive wear, stripping wear, crater wear, and dissolution-diffusion wear. The resistance to chipping was enhanced due to the decrease of contact pressure of tool-chip interface. And the resistance to plastic deformation of tool nose was weakened at the cutting speed of more than 60 m/min. The appropriate cutting speed and feed rate were less than 70 m/min and 0.10 mm/r, respectively. With cutting speed increasing, the surface roughness of machined workpiece decreased. A high feed rate helped the formation of higher surface roughness except 0.21 mm/r. When cutting depth increased, tool nose curvature and phase transformation of workpiece material had great impact on surface roughness.     

浅谈顺铣与逆铣在铣削加工中的应用

在铣削加工中,采用顺铣还是逆铣方式是影响加工表面粗糙度及刀具切削寿命的重要因素之一.铣削方式的选择应视零件图样的加工要求,工件材料的性质、零件在加工中装夹的受力特点以及机床、刀具等条件综合考虑顺铣与逆铣在铣削加工中的应用.在现代加工技术中,各单位对于顺铣与逆铣的应用情况也不尽相同.因此需要掌握顺铣与逆铣的知识和在加工中的应用及切削力的分析.     

Electrochemical micro-drilling of deep holes by rotational cathode tools

In numerous non-conventional micro-machining, electrochemical micro-machining has merits such as high removal rate, leaving no residual stress and lower roughness on surfaces of machined products. It has been considered as a highly promising technology in micro-machining. Little research has been done on the deep-hole micro-drilling by electrochemical methods. This work utilizes a rotational system to extract insoluble sludge from a deep hole and reduce the difficulty of filling deep hole with electrolyte. As well as a rotational tool cathode, a pulsed power generator is used to support the intermittence machining to increase the precision of the workpiece. The influence of working parameters, such as pulsed on-times, applied voltages, electrolyte concentrations, pulsed frequencies, tool feeding rates, tool diameters, tool rotational rates, and hole depth, on the hole overcut and conicity in a electrochemical micro-drilling is investigated. A high quality micro-hole with a 33.35-??m overcut is drilled by a tungsten carbide pin of diameter 50???m on a 304 stainless steel plate of thickness 1,000???m. The hole aspect ratio (depth/diameter) reaches 8.6. It shows that a rotational tool can be utilized in the deep-hole electrochemical micro-drilling.     

Performance analysis of wire electrochemical turning process��RSM approach

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has become one of the most widely spread techniques of the non-traditional processes. The main problem of ECM is that of choosing the correct working parameters to attain a high degree of accuracy under fine surface finish conditions. Recently, electrochemical turning has gained attention as a finishing process. By feeding a shaped tool into a rotating workpiece, axially symmetric turned parts can be manufactured. In this way, large symmetric workpiece can be made with small tools. This paper discusses the feasibility of using a wire as a tool in electrochemical turning process (WECT). The present study measures the performance criteria of the WECT process through investigating the effect of working parameters, namely, applied voltage, wire feed rate, wire diameter, workpiece rotational speed, and overlap distance, on metal removal rate, surface roughness, and roundness error. The experimental results are statistically analyzed and modeled through response surface methodology. The regression model adequacies are checked using analysis of variance. Furthermore, the optimal combination of these parameters has been evaluated to maximize metal removal rate and minimize surface roughness and roundness error. The study reveals the ability of using a wire as a tool in WECT and its productivity; the shape errors can be controlled through the mentioned input parameters. The results show that the increase of wire feed rate enhances the productivity of the process and improves both surface quality and roundness error. Also, the increase of rotational speed improves both the productivity of the process and geometrical error of the produced parts.     

绿色加工中刀具磨损对表面粗糙度影响的研究

在切削镍基高温合金材料过程中,由于不稳定因素造成已加工表面粗糙度很难控制,尤其是刀具磨损直接影响着表面粗糙度。通过对冷风油雾、冷风和常温油雾等不同冷却切削条件下刀具磨损和工件表面粗糙度微观形貌的实验,研究了高速切削镍基高温合金材料时,在不同冷却切削条件下刀具磨损对工件表面粗糙度的影响,揭示了用冷风高速切削提高表面加工质量的规律。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of material removal process in electrochemical discharge machining of glass in discharge regime

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) can be applied as a non-traditional processing technology for machining non-conductive materials such as glass and ceramics, based on the phenomena of evoked electrochemical discharges around the tool electrode. The material removal mechanism of ECDM is noticeably complex and difficult to experimentally characterize. In this paper, finite element models were proposed to predict the material removal in the ECDM discharge regime. First, the single-pulse discharge on a tapered electrode was modeled. It was found that about 30.5% of the discharge energy is transferred to the workpiece. The continuous discharge on a cylindrical electrode was thereafter modeled according to this phenomenon, in which the removal of a layer of the workpiece material starts from the projected contour of the edge of the electrode end and extends inward during the ECDM processing. The effective discharge ratio for material removal was calculated to be 10.1%. The drilling depths of holes at different applied voltages were predicted by the proposed finite element method. It was found that the predicted values were consistent with the experimental results.