论纸类包装的环境意义

随着社会的发展,人们对环境保护意识增强,在全球化考虑生态平衡、保护环境、节约能源,关注包装制品与环境保护的结合问题,已成为循环经济和可持续发展的一个重要内容。在此背景下发展纸包装,替代不利于环保的塑料等其它包装,具有极大的意义。     

Environmental Dynamism,Firm Size and the Economic Productivity of R&D

The effects of firm size on innovative activity have been extensively debated in the literature, with generally inconclusive results. This study poses a contingent framework in which environmental dynamism moderates the effects of firm size on the returns to research and development (R&D) investments. We hypothesize that dynamic environments favor small firms, as they reward organizational flexibility and promote the development of the markets for technology. Empirical evidence obtained on a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms shows that technological, but not market, dynamism negatively moderates the effects of firm size on the economic productivity of R&D, thus contributing to the success of research efforts by small firms vis-à-vis those of larger corporations.     

Influence of organizational elements on manufacturing firms' service-enhancement: An empirical study based on Chinese ICT industry

Despite the growing awareness of the importance of servitization of manufacturing, relatively little study has been performed on how organizational elements may or may not enhance the value creation of manufacturing, and even less in the developing countries. The present study aims to bridge this gap by examining the impact of a set of organizational elements on the service-enhancement in a sample of ICT manufacturing enterprises in China. The results of a multivariate analysis indicate that the degree of service-enhancement (measured by product, customer and financial performance) can be well explained by five organizational elements (service technological capability, strategic orientation (including market and innovation orientation), organization design, and resources endowment). Therefore, it is necessary for firms to consider organizational elements in implementing servitization in manufacturing firms.     

Disruptive Technologies and the Tax Law

Abstract

Recent studies of the innovation process within firms draw a distinction between “sustaining” and “disruptive” technological change. Government incentives designed to encourage research and development (R&D) activities may interact with the organizational structure of firms developing disruptive technologies. This study finds evidence from companies involved with design and manufacture of microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS) that practical concerns in raising capital may supersede utilizing tax incentives. This finding raises the policy issue of aligning R&D incentives with the most common organizational structures.     

钢铁企业实现可持续发展的途径

可持续发展战略是中国钢铁企业的必然选择。实施这一战略可以从环保、节能、资源的综合利用起步，以技术进步、环保投资为支撑，推进循环经济，从而为实现企业与社会长期和谐、协调一致的发展承担起应有的责任。     

Can High-technology Industries Prosper in Germany? Institutional Frameworks and the Evolution of the German Software and Biotechnology Industries

The paper explores the influence of institutional frameworks on the evolution of the German software and biotechnology sectors. It links institutional constraints to poor performance of German firms in high volume market niches characterized by turbulent technological change and substantial financial risk. However, German firms are prospering in software services and “platform technologies” in biotechnology. The company organizational structures and investment strategies needed to excel in these market segments provide a close “fit” with incentives created within the German economy.     

Intelligent automation implementation and corporate sustainability performance: The enabling role of corporate social responsibility strategy

Although Intelligent Automation (IA) represents the future of business automation, the organizational implementation and sustainability performance of this emerging technological innovation is vastly understudied. Understanding the implications of IA for sustainability is critical since leveraging these technologies shapes operations and policies that can promote sustainable digitalization and automation practices. We study how firms' technological, organizational, environmental, and human resource contexts impact IA implementation. The study further explains how IA may associate with the firm's triple bottom line while accounting for the moderating role of corporate social responsibility strategy. The study surveyed 207 multinational firms in 2022 and used partial least square-structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized relationships. Results showed that IA implementation is mainly determined by the characteristics of the firm's internal environment, such as absorptive capacity, employee socio-behavioral concerns, and social capital competency. IA may offer valuable opportunities for boosting the firm's economic and environmental sustainability performance. Nonetheless, IA is a double-edged sword for social sustainability, harming social values in implementing firms with informal corporate social sustainability strategies. Conversely, firms with formal corporate social sustainability strategy have a significantly higher opportunity to transform the value of IA into social sustainability performance. Findings are expected to assist managers and decision-makers with streamlining an impartial and sustainable transition of organizations toward automation.     

The underdeterrence,underperformance response to privacy,data protection laws

The digital economy has been defined in the economic literature as one with near zero marginal cost, unmonetized services but also an escalating data flow. After a careful review of the most recent economic papers, we offer an alternative theory on the cost of privacy and data protection regulations. We have observed that the characteristics of the regulation lead not only to the amplification of costs that have been traditionally assigned as variable costs by the literature, but also of costs that used to be fixed but have been outsourced in the digital economy, meaning that significant new variable costs might trigger diseconomies of scale. At the same time, privacy and data protection regulations have created incentives that are making the dominant firms insource, in what seems to be a way back to increased sunk fixed costs for these firms. Having all that in mind, we claim that the perception of deterrence and compliance costs has affected how firms might decide to incur higher risks to avoid costs. Although compliance costs are high, we claim that an efficient implementation of the regulation avoids much of these costs. Our claim is supported by evidence that a relevant share of the regulatory costs are now variable costs, leaving room for at least two efficient strategies that medium-sized firms might implement in order to avoid them. First, firms can lower the volumes of data that they use without significantly impairing the predictive functions of their algorithms. Second, firms can invest in security at a comparatively lower degree than dominant firms considering their lower exposure to strong regulatory action.     

Is green manufacturing expensive? Empirical evidence from China

With increasingly serious environmental problems, a circular economy production system is in urgent needs. This study explores whether green manufacturing (GM) is expensive and how external institutional environmental pressures influence the cost of GM among industrial enterprises in emerging economies. Through an analysis of 10,380 observations of 1470 listed manufacturing firms in the Chinese share market from 2008 to 2015, this paper finds that GM increases operating cost (OC). In addition, the positive relationship between GM and OC is strengthened with reduced pollution level in the local city. Furthermore, synergistic effects of the local pollution level and the local government’s pollution information transparency are found. Firms’ OC increases more as firms carry out GM when both the local pollution level and pollution information transparency of local government are high, or when the local pollution level and the local government’s pollution information transparency are low.     

EU Regions and Multinational Corporations: Change, Stability and Strengthening of Technological Comparative Advantages

In a rapidly globalizing economy, and particularly in the faceof a process of economic integration such as that occurringin the EU, regions forge an increasing number of linkages withother locations within and across national boundaries throughthe local technological development efforts of multinationalcorporations (MNCs). By using a database of patents grantedto the largest firms by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO),we have shown in previous research that the pattern of MNC networksfor innovation conforms to an internal (within national boundaries)hierarchy of regional centres. In this paper the hypothesisof the combined significance of cumulativeness and incrementalchange in innovation is examined by testing the extent of continuityin the sectoral composition of technological profiles of differentEU regional centres between the 1970s and the 1990s. The resultsprovide support for our hypothesis that a geographical hierarchyof regional locations can be established also across nationalboundaries within the EU. It is shown that the core Europeanregions can be divided into two kinds—those in which MNCshave consolidated areas of traditional specialisation for theregions in question, and those in which there has been a shifttowards (and a relative growth of) the development of fieldsof high technological opportunities.     

Technological unemployment,robotisation, and green deal: A story of unstable spillovers in China and South Korea (2008–2018)

The growing use of robots in the current ICT revolution has sparked a serious debate about the potential threat robots pose to human labour. In parallel, the convergence towards a more sustainable economy has caused a transformation of firms and a consequent restructuring of employment. In this article we investigate the problem of technological unemployment and environmental rebound effect by looking at how relationships between jobless growth, industrial robots usage, CO₂ emissions, and renewable energy consumption changed over time in China and South Korea. Findings from a competition model based on differential equations for the period 2008–2018 show that robots do not always increase unemployment growth. On the other hand, the type of relationship between unemployment and sustainable use of energy changes over time, questioning the possibility of a smart green new deal.     

促进鲆鲽类养殖产业朝循环经济方向持续健康发展——基于鲆鲽类主产区调研的战略思考

根据对主产区26个县的132户养殖单位的调查结果,按照循环经济原则,对我国鲆鲽类养殖产业的发展模式作出了初步判断,总结了现已存在的几种循环经济模式,剖析了发展鲆鲽类产业循环经济的5个主要障碍因素,阐述了循环经济发展中需要避免的三大误区,并提出了我国鲆鲽类产业从线性经济向循环经济转化的5个战略对策。     

Industry Agglomeration,Sub-National Institutions and the Profitability of Foreign Subsidiaries

This study investigates the impact of industry agglomeration and its interaction with sub-national institutions on the profitability of multinational enterprises (MNEs) subsidiaries operating in an emerging economy. We argue that in an emerging economy like China, competition in product and factor markets is more intense between foreign firms than between foreign and domestic firms owning to market segmentation. Consequently, industry agglomeration with other foreign firms has negative impact on the profitability of foreign subsidiaries. In contrast, foreign firms agglomerating with domestic firms may reap gains owning to less competition and improved access to local resources and knowledge. We find that these effects are more pronounced to domestic-market-oriented foreign firms. Furthermore, sub-national institutions moderate the relationships between industry agglomeration and the profitability of foreign firms. Our arguments are supported by the empirical analysis based on a comprehensive dataset of foreign firms operating in China over the period from 1999 to 2005.     

Have Chinese universities embraced their third mission? New insight from a business perspective

Have Chinese universities, after enormous investment over the past decade, embraced the university’s third mission—contributing to industrial and technological progress? The literature has not sufficiently addressed this question. This study intends to advance understanding of this issue by empirically addressing this question from a business perspective in a bold and unconventional way. Unlike prior studies that simply used contingent and institutional factors to describe the link between Chinese universities and industrial firms by measuring such aspects as patent licensing, co-patenting, and co-authoring, our work goes further and applies longitudinal analysis to examine the ways firms access university-level knowledge and the impact of such knowledge on firm innovation outputs. We propose that if Chinese universities embraced their third mission, then we would observe a positive effect of university–industry collaborations on firms’ subsequent innovation outputs. Empirical results based on a sample of the top 100 Chinese electronic firms in terms of output value support our hypothesis. Specifically, university patent licensing and co-patenting between universities and firms was found to positively affect firm innovation outputs. Moreover, we found that geographical distance and collaboration dominance moderate the co-patenting–innovation output relationship.     

Psychic Distance,Innovation, and Firm Performance

Previous research suggests that internationalization improves a firm’s ability to innovate, but the effect of internationalizing into specific target markets or destinations on the innovation ability of firms has not been fully investigated. This study examined whether the psychic distance between target market and home market affects firms’ propensity to innovate. The starting assumption was that perception of a high degree of differences and subsequent environmental uncertainty when expanding into psychically distant markets triggers strategies for interacting and integrating with the market environment. These include producing and adopting innovations to processes and products and to organizational strategy, structure, and administrative procedures to cope with the new environment and overcome uncertainties. These innovations and the associated competitive advantages can improve firm performance. Hypotheses regarding the relationships between psychic distance, innovation, and firm performance were tested here by structural equation modeling using data from 186 export ventures into 23 international markets by Swedish companies. The results indicate that the link between psychic distance and firm performance is mediated by innovation.     

Small worlds,inheritance networks and industrial clusters

The performance of firms within industrial clusters has been the subject of a multitude of studies. The organizational attributes inherited by spinoffs from parent firms is one explanation behind performance premiums. This paper examines the relationship between a spinoff’s network and its geographic location in an industrial cluster. We hypothesize that there is a negative relationship between a spinoff’s network efficiency and its distance from the cluster’s centroid. Although recent literature infers that the transmission of knowledge in industrial clusters is accomplished via inherited network ties, this has not been directly measured. This paper aims to fill that research gap. We find that, after controlling for firm size, parent size and age, there is indeed a statistically significant and negative relationship between network efficiency and geographic distance to a cluster’s core.     

ICT in Industrial Districts: An Empirical Analysis on Adoption, Use and Impact

The aim of this study is to analyse the main determinants of the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the relationship between ICT and the patterns of innovation in an Italian industrial district. The analysis is carried out on a database of 118 textile enterprises located in Biella, a well-known industrial district specialized in medium to high quality woollen yarns and textiles, that have been interviewed following a structured questionnaire. On the whole, the rate of adoption and use of ICT in Biella is rather low and this confirms the results of other studies on industrial districts that are specialized in traditional sectors. Nevertheless, our analysis also shows that considering ICT as a general technology may be misleading. Instead, it is useful to disentangle the different ICT; in particular, there are significant differences between IT involving production, administration and logistic processes and the communication technologies (CT). Moreover, on a smaller sample of 50 firms we have tested the hypothesis that adoption and use of ICT may positively influence innovation. In this case, we find that different types of innovations, for instance, product, process and organizational innovations, are influenced by very different variables.     

System-on-a-chip integration in the semiconductor industry: industry structure and firm strategies

Miniaturization has spurred ever-increasing on-chip integrationin the semiconductor industry so that large-scale electronicsystems can now be put on a single chip. The proliferation ofsuch ‘systems-on-a-chip’ has important repercussionsfor the structure of the electronics industry, and the strategiesof electronics firms. In a detailed case study, we apply a theoreticalframework developed in Somaya and Teece [‘Combining inventionsin multi-invention contexts: organizational choices, intellectualproperty rights, and public policy,’ SSRN Working Paper(available at: www.ssrn.com) 2001] to understand how system-on-a-chipintegration is altering the balance between integrated approaches,components trading, and the licensing of ‘design modules’(DM) in the semiconductor industry. Consistent with the framework,we observe a burgeoning market for licensed DMs in the industry,along with the primarily in-house design approach being pursuedby large integrated firms. Important technical and institutionalfactors that are shaping industry structure, and the strategiesbeing pursued by different types of firms are documented. Basedon the framework, implications are drawn for firm strategy inresponse to technological shifts of the kind engendered by system-on-a-chipin the semiconductor industry. We extend the Somaya–Teeceframework to include firm strategies that seek to influencethe institutional environment in which they operate, and thusalter the balance between competing organizational modes.