重烷基苯磺酸盐生产工艺及驱油剂性能的改进

重烷基苯磺酸盐（HABS）是一种适合驱油用的廉价表面活性剂,采用常规磺化工艺重烷基苯（HAB）,磺化率一般低于70%,且产品耐碱性较差。通过研究末磺化油组成和反应条件之间的关系,发现浓度磺化（SO3/HABmol比达到1.2）能在一定程度上提高HAB的磺化率,而加入少量稀释剂在温和的磺化条件下即可使用HAB磺化率提高到80%左右,改进的HABS驱油剂配方能在很宽的碱浓度范围和较宽的表面活性剂浓度范围内使大庆原油/地层水平面张力降至超低,并能在400mg/L～500mg/L硬水介质中使大庆原油界面张力降至超低。     

一种星型苯磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成及原油界面张力和乳化性能研究

以三乙醇胺为原料通过氯化反应、烷基化反应和磺化反应合成了一种星型表面活性剂,其具有3条疏水碳链和3个磺酸盐亲水基团。研究发现该表面活性剂具有很高的表面活性其临界胶束浓度CMC为4.93×10-5 mol/L,此时的界面张力为32.5 mN/m。同时,研究了星型表面活性剂浓度和NaOH浓度对原油/水界面张力的影响。研究发现,少量的星型表面活性剂就能有效的降低原油/水体系的界面张力。当表面活性剂浓度为0.1 g/L,NaOH浓度为0.5 g/L,温度为50 ℃时的原油/水体系的界面张力降至1.1×10-4 mN/m。该界面张力值已经属于超低界面张力,满足驱油用表面活性剂的基本条件。自乳化实验表明,该表面活性剂具有很好的乳化能力,表面活性剂浓度在0.1 g/L时就能将原油乳化成粒径为5 ~ 20 μm的O/W乳状液。     

超低界面张力石油磺酸盐复配驱油剂研究

通过室内实验研究了溶液质量分数、矿化度对石油磺酸盐溶液与大庆L区块原油的界面张力的影响,并将不同类型表面活性剂分别与石油磺酸盐复配,筛选出能够使油/水界面张力降至超低(10-3 mN/m数量级)的最优增效组合,以取代ASP复合驱中所加的碱.实验结果表明,在矿化度为6 000～10 000 mg/L,钙、镁离子质量浓度不超过20 mg/L时,石油磺酸盐表面活性剂有良好的抗盐性,可使油/水界面张力达到超低.在实验所选的不同类型表面活性剂中,石油磺酸盐与甜菜碱型表面活性剂复配起到明显的增效作用,特别是与椰油酰丙基磺基甜菜碱复配增效作用尤为显著,且两者复配的浓度范围较宽,油/水界面张力易达到超低.     

新型Gemini表面活性剂-石油酸盐复合驱油剂的研究

为了提高油田驱油剂降低油/水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率,在研究了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂表界面活性的基础上,研制了Gem in i表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂,采用TX-500界面张力仪测定了复合驱油剂降低胜利油田油/水界面张力的能力。研究表明:在一定的浓度条件下,石油磺酸盐能降低油/水界面张力至1×10-2mN.m-1左右,磺酸盐型Gem in i表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油/水界面张力至4×10-4~6×10-4mN.m-1左右。与传统驱油剂相比,磺酸盐型Gem in i表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂降低油/水界面张力的能力得到了显著提高,从而提高原油的采收率。     

三次采油表面活性剂的研究与应用进展(三)

国内外三次采油表面活性剂新进展 6 纳米-磺酸盐复合驱油剂 为提高驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力,提高原油的采收率,在石油磺酸盐表面活性剂的基础上。研制了改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂。研究表明,在一定的浓度条件下,石油磺酸盐能降低油水界面张力至1×10^-2mN／m,改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至3.2×10^-3mN／m。纳米石油磺酸盐复合驱油体系表现出较好的界面活性。     

新型表面活性剂驱油效果研究

通过对氟碳表面活性剂界面张力的研究,确定了一种用于提高原油采收率最佳的驱油体系QY-1：0．1％氟碳表面活性剂＋1600mg／L聚硅酮＋1．0％碱浓度。进行了室内静态驱油实验和岩心动态驱油实验。结果表明,驱油剂QY-1可以显著提高原油的采收率。     

石油磺酸盐-乙二胺复合驱油体系研究

为了克服无机碱表面活性剂驱替引发结垢的问题,使用有机碱代替无机碱,与表面活性剂复配使用。以乙二胺(EDA)作为碱剂,与石油磺酸盐(SLPS)复配,研究了表面活性剂-有机胺驱油体系,优选出的体系组成为0.20%SLPS+0.15%EDA。研究了盐对体系驱替能力的影响,当氯化钠浓度低于30 000 mg/L,氯化钙浓度低于400 mg/L时,体系能使油水最低界面张力降到10^(-3) mN/m以下。考察了体系的乳化特性,随着水油体积比的减小,乳状液中值粒径逐渐变大。驱油实验表明,水驱后,该复合体系提高原油采收率达到了10.83%。     

高30断块表面活性剂体系筛选

华北油田高30断块油藏目前已进入高含水开发后期,含水率97.0%,标定采收率仅为29.4%。当前,可大幅度提高油层波及体积和驱油效率的复合驱,是提高油藏最终采收率的有效途径和方法。已有研究表明,动态界面张力达到1-0 2mN/m数量级的复合体系的驱油效果与1-0 3mN/m数量级平衡界面张力的复合体系的驱油效果基本相当。实验表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,表面活性剂/原油的界面张力逐渐降低,当界面张力达到最低值后又逐渐升高并达到平衡状态。筛选出了适合于高30断块的表面活性剂体系-0.05%石油磺酸盐CDS-1体系,该体系与原油的瞬时动态界面张力和平衡界面张力达到可以大幅度降低残余油饱和度的1-0 2~1-0 3mN/m数量级。     

十八烷基己基甲基羧基甜菜碱的合成及性能

以硬脂酸和己酸为原料合成了不对称双长链烷基羧基甜菜碱——十八烷基己基甲基羧基甜菜碱(C18+6B),测定了C18+6B的表面活性,并与总碳原子数相等的对称型双十二烷基甲基羧基甜菜碱(diC12B)进行比较,以了解表面活性剂分子结构对性能的影响。结果表明,C18+6B的表面活性与diC12B基本相当,但水溶性远好于diC12B。作为无碱驱油用表面活性剂,C18+6B对大庆原油来说HLB值略偏高,45 ℃ 下单独使用能将大庆原油/地层水界面张力降至10-2mN/m数量级,在大庆油砂上的饱和吸附量比diC12B低30%。C18+6B单独能将C7~C9正构烷烃/大庆地层水界面张力降至10-3mN/m数量级,而通过与亲油性更强的diC12B以及亲水性甜菜碱复配后,能将大庆原油/地层水界面张力降至10-3mN/m数量级,并能显著改善配方的水溶性。     

驱油用芥酸酰胺丙基甜菜碱的合成与性能评价

以芥酸、N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺与氯乙酸钠为原料,经过酰胺化、季铵化两步反应,合成了芥酸酰胺丙基羧基甜菜碱EBC。使用FTIR、MS对酰胺中间体EA和甜菜碱产物EBC的结构进行了表征。评价了甜菜碱EBC的表界面性能、吸附特性和增黏性。结果表明,该表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为1.02×10-5mol/L,对应的表面张力γCMC为29.60 mN/m;最小烷烃碳数(nmin)为16;无碱条件下,EBC与大庆和苏丹油田原油达到10-4~10-3mN/m数量级的超低界面张力,m(EBC)∶m(DABS)=8∶2,复配体系质量分数0.001%~0.20%与长庆马岭油田原油达到超低界面张力,界面性能优异,且抗稀释能力强;该表面活性剂在天然油砂上的吸附量为0.07~0.51 mg/g砂,小于1.0 mg/g砂的指标要求;而且具有明显的增黏性能。甜菜碱EBC可作为较理想的驱油用表面活性剂应用于化学复合驱。     

碳氟表面活性剂在有机液体中的表面活性

从不同的碳氟链（ 包括四氟乙烯五聚体衍生物、全氟丙烯环氧齐聚体衍生物以及全氟烷基衍生物等） 出发, 制备了多种碳氟化合物。通过表面张力测定,研究了碳氟化合物在甲苯、正己烷、正癸烷、环己烷等烃类化合物以及在氯仿、硝基甲烷、二甲亚砜、正丁醇等极性化合物中的表面活性。探讨了表面活性剂结构对其表面活性的影响。     

羧酸盐型双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

羧酸盐双子表面活性剂因其具有独特的物理化学性能及易生物降解等特性而广受国内外学者关注。本文主要对羧酸盐双子表面活性剂分子的疏水链、亲水基及联接基团的键合方式进行了概述。     

新型Gemini磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的合成及应用

以磷酸二氢钠、环氧氯丙烷和十二烷基酰胺基丙基叔胺为原料,合成了一种新型双子磷酸酯两性表面活性剂。对其合成工艺进行了研究．确定了最佳工艺条件．最后对该产品应用性能进行了研究。     

Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow-OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo-azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon-silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow-OB is solubilized only in the azo-form in the hydrocarbon-silicone surfactant system.     

聚合型乳化剂及其应用

聚合型乳化剂是一种新型乳化剂。本文介绍了聚合型乳化剂的类型和一般性质，通过传统乳化剂与聚合乳化剂比较，阐明了可聚合型乳化剂的优点，最后介绍了聚合型乳化剂的应用情况。     

Effect of Electrolyte and Temperature on Volatile Organic Compounds Removal from Wastewater Using Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase System of Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Mixtures

Abstract

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are frequently observed contaminants in industrial wastewaters causing concerns about environmental and health effects. An aqueous surfactant two-phase (ASTP) extraction system using mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants have been shown to be a promising surfactant-based separation technique to concentrate solutes such as proteins and dyes from aqueous solution. A phase separation of a surfactant solution occurs at certain surfactant compositions and concentrations, forming two isotropic phases. One is rich in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-rich phase) and the other is lean in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-dilute phase). Most of the organic contaminants tend to solubilize and concentrate in the surfactant-rich phase, leaving the surfactant-dilute phase containing only small amounts of contaminants as remediated water. The effect of NaCl addition on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the extraction ability of ASTP formed by mixtures of cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide; DTAB) and anionic surfactant (alkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; DPDS) at 50 mM total surfactant concentration with a 2:1 molar ratio of DTAB:DPDS was investigated; the CMC of the mixture slightly decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. The extraction and preconcentration of benzene are greatly enhanced by added NaCl. The higher the degree of hydrophobicity of contaminants, the greater the extraction into the surfactant-rich phases. At 1.0 M NaCl addition, about 95% of xylene, 92% of ethylbenzene, 90% of toluene, and 79% of benzene are extracted into the surfactant-rich phase within a single stage extraction and the contaminant partition ratios can be as high as 395 for xylene, 273 for ethylbenzene, 206 for toluene, and 84 for benzene, which are greater than those obtained from the conventional ASTP extraction system using nonionic surfactants.     

日本糖基和氨基酸系表面活性剂的开发及应用

以糖和氨基酸为原料的表面活性剂因其温和性、安全性和生物降解性近年来在日本受到高度重视 ,在日本已开发与应用这两类无公害的表面活性剂 ,并有良好的市场前景。     

Interaction Between an Anionic and an Amphoteric Surfactant. Part I: Monomer–Micelle Equilibrium

A mixture of anionic and amphoteric surfactants is composed of three components at intermediate pH levels: anionic, cationic (protonated amphoteric), and zwitterionic (unprotonated amphoteric). Knowledge of the composition of each surfactant in both monomer and micellar forms (monomer–micelle equilibrium) is important in applications using this mixture. Hydrogen ion titration of the mixed surfactant solution as a function of surfactant composition is combined with the pseudophase separation model and regular solution theory for the three-surfactant mixture to calculate the concentration of each surfactant in monomer and in micelle forms at different pH levels. The specific systems studied here contain sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), which are used in a wide range of consumer products. The degree of protonation of monomeric DDAO is not affected by the presence of SDS, indicating an insignificant formation of ion pairs between these monomers. However, the presence of SDS in micelles shifts the micellar pK _a of DDAO protonation significantly and the method used here allows the quantification of partial fugacities of each individual surfactant in micelle form. The composition in the monomer phase at each pH will aid in understanding and predicting solution compositions corresponding to anionic/amphoteric surfactant precipitation boundaries, which is the focus of the subsequent paper in this series.

Dissolution of Soap Scum by Surfactants. Part III. Effect of Chelant Type on Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Calcium and Magnesium Soap Scums in Various Surfactant Systems

Soap scum can be effectively removed by using an appropriate surfactant with a chelating agent at a high solution pH. The equilibrium solubilities and dissolution rates of two model soap scums [calcium stearate and magnesium stearate: Ca(C₁₈)₂ and Mg(C₁₈)₂] were investigated in aqueous solutions containing three different types of surfactants [methyl ester sulfonate (MES) as an anionic surfactant; alcohol ethoxylate (EO9) as a nonionic surfactant; and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) as an amphoteric surfactant] in the presence of different biodegradable chelants: trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (Na₃EDDS) and tetrasodium glutamate diacetic acid (Na₄GLDA) compared with disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Na₂EDTA), a chelant with poor biodegradability. The highest equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of either soap scum were observed at high pH in the DDAO system with Na₄GLDA. In addition, the calcium soap scum had a similar to higher equilibrium solubility and a higher dissolution rate constant as compared with the magnesium soap scum.