水平冷表面上结霜发生随机性研究

水蒸气在冷壁面上的结霜是制冷、低温领域普遍存在的问题。过饱和的水蒸气有两种相变途径，一种是气液固相变；一种是直接气固相变。气液固相变经历气液相变和液固相变两个阶段，实验研究表明其发生具有随机性。在前人实验研究的基础上，从理论上给出了液珠半径随时间的增长规律，并进一步得到了冷壁面自然对流情况下结霜发生概率随时间的变化关系式。     

固液相变蓄能的数学模型和自然对流换热系数的实验研究

引入自然对流换热系数 ,将固液蓄能数学模型简化为仅用能量方程加以描述。并通过实验测得相变过程的实际温度场 ,证明了自然对流固液相变换热的影响不可忽略 ,验证了固液相变界面移动速率随自然对流换热系数的增大而增大的定性关系     

强化换热对CdZnTe晶体生长过程的影响

为了优化CdZnTe晶体生长过程的工艺参数,利用数值模拟方法研究了强化换热对晶体生长过程固液界面凹陷、溶质组分偏析的影响.结果表明:当坩埚轴向散热强度大幅度增加时,固液界面前沿的对流显著增强;随着凝固过程的进行,固液界面凹陷深度先是显著减小,随后显著增加;晶体起始段溶质组分的径向偏析明显减小,溶质组分轴向等浓度区增长.当坩埚侧面径向散热强度增加时,固液界面前沿的对流和界面凹陷深度先是有所减弱,随后又有较大增加.当坩埚内壁碳膜厚度增加时,界面前沿的对流强度显著减弱,而固液界面凹陷深度明显增加.径向散热和碳膜厚度的增加皆不能明显影响晶体内溶质组分分布.     

微重力下低温液氧贮箱热分层研究

为研究微重力下,在轨运行低温液氧箱体内部流体温度场分布,建立了相关数值模型,考虑了气液相变以及各空间辐射热流的影响。计算结果表明:当g为0 g_0时,表面张力驱使液相包裹气枕,并将球形气枕挤出壁面。由于箱内没有自然对流,箱体壁面流体会出现局部过热。当g增加到10~(-6)g_0时,表面张力作用仍较为明显。箱体内部物理场分布与0 g_0工况大致相同。当g增加到10~(-5)g_0时,液相已不能完全包裹气相,气相区一直与箱体顶部接触。当g增加到10~(-4)g_0时,此时箱体内部自然对流已十分明显,气相区大致呈带状,并与顶部壁面有较大的接触面积。短时间内,自然对流可及时将外部漏热带入箱体内部。另外,箱体压力随时间增长呈先降低后逐渐升高的趋势。重力越小,箱体压力也越小。最后通过对比还发现,初始边界条件设置对箱体内部物理场有较大的影响。     

管内温度及流速对管外纳米流体蓄冷结冰过程的影响

相变蓄冷器是冰蓄冷空调的重要部件,蓄冷器管内蓄冷材料的流动状态对冰层具有一定影响。本文以蓄冷材料的进口条件、纳米复合相变材料的体积分数对蓄冷过程固液相变化、温度的影响为切入点, 通过数值模拟对套管式蓄冷器进行研究,获得了优化的蓄冷条件。结果发现：进口水温越低,蓄冰速度越快;入口速度对蓄冷过程的影响比温度小,适当提高流速可以减小进出口温差,使体系温度分布更加均匀;纳米流体的引入可以提高蓄冷效率,但体积分数的控制是关键,否则影响蓄冷效果。     

制冷系统热回收装置相变材料的分析研究

分析了相变材料特性,并找出了适用于制冷系统热回收装置的相变材料,通过对热物性和工作性能的研究,选取Fecl3·6H2O为本装置的相变蓄能材料,同时建立蓄热体的物理模型及模拟简化模型,在自然对流的影响下,模拟相变材料的蓄、放热特性,找出固——液界面、温度场、速度场、液相比例、传热系数、热流密度、监测点的温度等随时间的变化规律,为制冷系统热回收装置的设计提供了理论依据。     

制冷系统热回收装置相变材料的分析研究

分析了相变材料特性,并找出了适用子制冷系统热回收装置的相变材料,通过对热物性和工作性能的研究,选取Fecl3·6H2O为本装置的相交蓄能材料,同时建立蓄热体的物理模型及模拟简化模型,在自然对流的影响下,模拟相变材料的蓄、放热特性,找出固——液界面、温度场、速度场、液相比例、传热系数、热流密度、监测点的温度等随时间的变化规律,为制冷系统热回收装置的设计提供了理论依据。     

强磁场下Cu-50%Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织及固液界面形貌演变

目的 研究强磁场下Cu-50%(质量分数)Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织演变、固液界面形貌变化及溶质迁移行为,分析强磁场对金属凝固过程的作用机制,为强磁场下的金属材料制备提供理论借鉴和指导。方法 在不同的凝固速率与磁场条件下进行定向凝固和淬火实验,对合金的定向凝固组织、糊状区与固液界面形貌以及溶质分布行为进行考察。结果 强磁场破坏了凝固组织的定向生长,使凝固组织转变为枝晶与等轴晶共存的形貌;强磁场诱发了熔体对流,减少了糊状区中溶质的含量;强磁场改变了固液界面处的溶质分布和固液界面形貌,破坏了固液界面的稳定性。结论 强磁场通过洛伦兹力和热电磁力的共同作用,诱发了糊状区内液相的纵向环流,改变了固液界面及糊状区中的组织形貌与元素分布。     

液相对流对固液界面稳定性的影响

以模型合金丁二腈－乙醇的强制性晶体生长为基础，利用自行研制的液相对流驱动装置，详细考查了液相自然对流及强迫对流作用下，模型合金平界面失稳的动态生长过程，证实了液相的流动加快了液相温度与浓度分布的均匀化，从而增强了液／固界面的稳定性。并且随流动速度的增加，界面稳定性提高。     

低温液氧储罐预冷过程数值模拟

为了避免低温储罐受到强烈热冲击,在投入运行之前,必须对其进行预冷。采用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,对低温液氧储罐的预冷过程进行了数值模拟分析。建立了带保温层厚度与不锈钢罐壁厚度的低温液氧储罐计算模型,通过相变模型修正及时间步长验证,考虑固液耦合传热,获得预冷过程中储罐内气体温度、压力变化及气液分布情况,获得储罐降温规律,并探究不同进口流量对预冷过程的影响,以便对预冷过程进行参数优化。     

结霜工况下空温式翅片管气化器传热试验研究

为深入掌握低温液体在空温式翅片管汽化器内的气化情况以及其与翅片管表面霜层生长的相互影响规律,以液氮为介质进行了低温液体在空温式翅片管气化器内的气化试验。通过热电偶和刻度带分别对翅片管上不同位置的温度和霜层厚度进行了测量,并分析了翅片管表面霜层的生长规律及翅片管内低温液体的流动特性。结果表明:气化器表面结霜过程受冷表面温度影响较大,冷表面温度越低,结霜速率越大,霜层越厚。结霜工况下的气化器工作状态分预冷和稳态两种工作状态。预冷工作状态低温液体进入气化器后迅速气化,其过程包含气液两相和单气相两个换热段。稳态工作状态低温液体在气化器内气化经历单液相、气液两相、单气相三个换热段,单液相段翅片管表面结霜最为严重,单气相段翅片管表面无霜晶形成。因此认为,可通过分状态分段设计空温式翅片管气化器从而减弱结霜对翅片管传热的影响,提高气化器换热效率。     

滴形管换热性能的实验研究

采用特殊形状和表面的管子是最为常用、有效的强化换热手段。本文基于滴形管换热器回收天然气锅炉排烟余热,提出了烟气侧的换热系数实验关联式。通过改变换热管间的排列间距,在不同烟气流量下,对圆管和滴形管的换热性能及影响因素进行了分析。与实验数据比较,验证了实验关联式可正确反映凝结换热的特性。结果表明:不同烟气量通过滴形换热管的压损小于圆管,约为圆管的0.33~0.38倍;烟气温度降大于圆管;冷却水通过滴形管的温升高于圆管;换热系数滴形管比圆管的提高约7%,表明滴形管的换热性能优于圆管。因此对于有凝结换热过程发生时,滴形换热管具有强化换热的作用。     

开架式气化器竖直圆管内超临界氮换热实验研究

目前国内外对液化天然气(LNG)接收站的开架式气化器中超临界天然气的流动换热实验研究非常少,本文为了研究开架式气化器中竖直管内超临界流体的流动换热特性,搭建了竖直单管超临界流体换热实验平台。以液氮代替液化天然气,研究了氮入口压力、水温和水流量等不同参数对换热的影响。结果表明:在拟临界温度以下,表面传热系数随着压力的增大逐渐减小,但拟临界温度以后,这种趋势相反;当水流量足够大时,氮出口温度取决于管外水温而不是水侧流量。最后,基于实验数据拟合出了适用于竖直圆管内超临界低温流体流动换热的半经验关联式,关联式预测值和实验值的平均绝对偏差为8.42%,可以准确预测竖直加热管中超临界氮的表面传热系数。     

Continuous ice formation in a tube by using water–oil emulsion for dynamic-type ice-making cold thermal energy storage

A dynamic-type of ice-making cold thermal energy storage system using water–oil emusion with silane-coupler agent was investigated. In order to establish a suitable method by which slurry ice can be formed continuously in a tube without ice adhesion to the cooling wall, the effects of the tube materials of the heat exchanger, heat exchanger types and phase change materials on ice formation process were investigated. Experiments of ice formation were operated under various cooling conditions of flow rate of the mixture and temperature of cooling brine. It was found that using a fluoroplastics tube prevented ice from adhering to the tube under a wide range of the cooling conditions. By making thickness of the tube thinner and increasing heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the tube, performance of heat exchanger as an ice-making equipment was improved. The range of the suitable cooling conditions by using the water–oil emulsion as a phase change material was wider than that by using ethylene glycol aqueous solution.     

Basic study on new cryogenic refrigeration using CO2 solid–gas two phase flow

In this paper, a cryogenic refrigeration method is described, which utilizes CO₂ solid–gas two phase flow and the dry ice. The CO₂ solid–gas two phase flow is achieved by expanding liquid CO₂ and thus refrigeration process less than CO₂ triple point −56.6 °C can be available. The experimental work is divided into two parts and two experimental set-ups were designed, constructed and tested. The interest of the first experiment test is the feasibility of expanding liquid CO₂ into CO₂ solid–gas flow in a horizontal circular tube by expansion valve. The second experiment focuses on the feasibility of the refrigeration of liquid CO₂ expanding into solid–gas two phase flows used in a prototype CO₂ heat pump system. The results show that solid–gas two phase flows can be achieved by expanding liquid CO₂ by expansion valve in a closed CO₂ heat pump system loop and low temperature refrigeration below −56.6 °C is achieved in the experiments, which give greater possibility to create a cryogenic refrigeration process below −56.6 °C for food industries, bio-medical engineering, etc.     

Experimental investigation of ice slurry heat transfer in horizontal tube

Heat transfer of ice slurry flow based on ethanol–water mixture in a circular horizontal tube has been experimentally investigated. The secondary fluid was prepared by mixing ethanol and water to obtain initial alcohol concentration of 10.3% (initial freezing temperature -4.4 °C). The heat transfer tests were conducted to cover laminar and slightly turbulent flow with ice mass fraction varying from 0% to 22% depending on test performed. Measured heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry are found to be higher than those for single phase fluid, especially for laminar flow conditions and high ice mass fractions where the heat transfer is increased with a factor 2 in comparison to the single phase flow. In addition, experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry flow were compared to the analytical results, based on the correlation by Sieder and Tate for laminar single phase regime, by Dittus–Boelter for turbulent single phase regime and empirical correlation by Christensen and Kauffeld derived for laminar/turbulent ice slurry flow in circular horizontal tubes. It was found that the classical correlation proposed by Sieder and Tate for laminar forced convection in smooth straight circular ducts cannot be used for heat transfer prediction of ice slurry flow since it strongly underestimates measured values, while, for the turbulent flow regime the simple Dittus–Boelter relation predicts the heat transfer coefficient of ice slurry flow with high accuracy but only up to an ice mass fraction of 10% and Re_cf > 2300 regardless of imposed heat flux. For higher ice mass fractions and regardless of the flow regime, the correlation proposed by Christensen and Kauffeld gives good agreement with experimental results.     

R404A在水平强化管外的冷凝实验及数据处理方法

针对一种双侧强化换热管,实验测试和分析了制冷工质R404A在管外凝结与水在管内对流的传热规律,采用"Wilson图解法"和"Gnielinski法"两种不同的方法对实验数据进行了处理。经理论分析和实验研究表明,Wilson图解法对于双侧强化换热管管内、管外表面传热系数实验容易产生较大误差,"Gnielinski法"是更合适的方法。实验得出了管内对流传热和管外凝结传热的计算关联式及传热的强化倍率。对于制冷剂R404A,在强化管外凝结的表面传热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质光滑管外冷凝时不同的变化趋势。     

低温容器隔热结构的分析

讨论了在干冰温度以下工作的低温容器的隔热,提出了双层隔热结构型式。用热阻分析的方法对隔热材料不出现冷缩、外壳不出现凝露的温度条件进行分析,导出了两种隔热材料的厚度关系、隔热结构最小热阻和限定单位漏热量时热阻的计算式。     

Measurement of spray boiling refrigerant coefficients in an integral-fin tube bundle segment simulating a full bundle

Outside (refrigerant) boiling coefficients for a combination of spray and drip boiling for a low pressure refrigerant have been obtained from overall heat transfer coefficients in a 1024 fins per meter tube bundle segment. The tubes were heated by water on the inside; liquid refrigerant was sprayed and/or dripped on the outside. Also, refrigerant vapor was supplied at the bottom of the bundle segment. This configuration simulates an actual flooded evaporator under spray boiling conditions. The dripping corresponds to liquid film falling from upper rows while the inlet vapor is equivalent to the vaporized refrigerant rising from lower tubes; the refrigerant vapor can influence heat transfer performance by the combined effects of gas convection and liquid shear on the tubes. For a nominal heat flux of 23,975 W/m², a bundle average outside heat transfer coefficient of 8522 W/m² °C, based on nominal tube outer diameter, was found at an average bundle vapor mass flux equal to 12.4 kg/s m². The distributor plate below the bundle enhanced the heat transfer, especially at lower vapor mass fluxes, by providing a level of liquid hold-up just below the bottom tube row.     

自然循环在新型低温传热元件中的性能

针对自然循环与低温热管耦合的新型传热元件稳态特性进行了数值计算.基于一些合理假设,利用一维均相流模型对液氮在自然循环管路中的流动与传热过程进行计算,得到了两相流动中干度沿管程方向的分布,循环流量、干度等参数随外加热负荷变化的规律,以及不同管径对循环流量、干度分布、冷头稳定温度的影响,并与实验结果进行了比较与分析,为优化实验装置提供了理论依据.