数控车削加工中刀尖半径补偿的正确使用

数控车削加工是以假想刀尖进行编程,而切削加工时,由于刀尖圆弧半径的存在,实际切削点与假想刀尖不重合,从而产生加工误差。为满足加工精度要求,又方便编程,需对刀尖圆弧半径进行补偿。本文对刀尖半径补偿的概念,刀尖方位的确定、补偿方法和参数设置进行了介绍。同时阐述了刀尖半径补偿的过程并分析了实例,就应用过程中出现的问题加以介绍。     

使用机夹刀具时如何消除刀尖圆弧的影响

正机夹刀具加工圆锥面和圆弧面时,由于刀尖圆弧半径的存在,会导致加工表面产生形状和位置误差,工件不能达到加工要求,采用刀尖圆弧半径补偿,是解决这个问题的关键。机床系统不具备自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿,采用手工方法对刀尖圆弧进行补偿;机床系统具备自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿,采用带有自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿。     

使用机夹刀具时如何消除刀尖圆弧的影响

机夹刀具加工圆锥面和圆弧面时、由于刀尖圆弧半径的存在、会导致加工表面产生形状和位置误差、工件不能达到加工要求、采用刀尖圆弧半径补偿、是解决这个问题的关键。机床系统不具备自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿、采用手工方法对刀尖圆弧进行补偿、机床系统具备自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿、采用带有自动刀尖圆弧半径补偿。     

刀尖圆弧半径补偿在数控车削加工中的正确应用

车刀刀尖半径补偿的建立是数控车削加工中的重点和难点,该文就刀尖圆弧半径对零件加工的影响进行了分析,并对刀尖圆弧半径补偿方法、加工参数的具体设置以及程序的合理编制进行了介绍。     

钛合金超声振动辅助钻削有限元仿真中不同刀具几何的评价

针对钛合金(Ti6A14V)难加工材料采用普通麻花钻传统钻削过程中切削力过大及切削温度过高的问题,对传统钻削和超声振动辅助钻削钛合金进行了有限元仿真试验,分析了进给量、主轴转速等钻削参数对三种不同的点角钻头在钻削过程中产生的切削力、等效应力及温度的影响。结果表明:相比于传统钻削,超声振动辅助钻削明显降低钻削力、最高切削温度,分别降低了13-22%和7-15%,为钻头刀具几何形状、钻削参数和切削性能的优化提供依据。     

六次PH 曲线G2 Hermite 插值

以其在弧长计算与等距线表示上的优势,PH 曲线成为近年来计算机辅助几何设计 研究的焦点问题之一。为此讨论了六次PH 曲线的G2 Hermite 插值问题。在指定自由参数下,对 两类六次PH 曲线分别进行复分析曲线求解,得到满足G2 插值条件的六次PH 曲线和控制顶点。 通过弧长、能量积分、绝对旋转数的衡量,选取较好的插值曲线。进一步,讨论了用六次PH 曲 线G2 Hermite 插值逼近90°和67°圆弧的问题。在同一个自由参数下,选择插值最好的曲线,可 实现六次C1 Hermite 插值逼近圆弧的效果,且逼近90°圆弧时,优于五次G2 Hermite 插值逼近的 PH 曲线,而逼近67°圆弧时,与最好的五次PH 曲线达到的效果几乎相同。     

基于悬臂梁称重传感器的圆弧刀研磨力测量仪设计

为解决双圆锥形圆弧刀研磨力在线测量难题,设计了杠杆原理为基础的圆弧刀研磨力测量仪,建立了圆弧刀与磨盘之间研磨力数学模型。该仪器采用悬臂梁称重传感器,并以DSP2812为主控芯片,实现了圆弧刀研磨力的在线采集、处理、存储及实时显示等功能。实验表明:仪器的称重传感精度优于0.15 N,圆弧刀研磨力变化范围降低28.8%,满足圆弧刀研制的需求。该仪器性能稳定,具有较好的实用价值,为高质量的圆弧刀研制和光栅刻划技术提供了技术保障。     

数控车削加工中刀尖圆弧半径补偿有关问题

如果数控系统不具备刀具半径自动补偿功能,则只能按刀心轨迹进行编程,但当刀具磨损、重磨或换新刀而使刀具直径变化时,必须重新计算刀心轨迹,并修改程序;当数控系统具备刀具半径补偿功能时,数控程序只需按工件轮廓编写,加工时数控系统会自动计算刀心轨迹,使刀具偏离工件轮廓一个半径值,即进行刀具半径补偿.本文讲述的是车刀刀尖半径补偿问题,文章从刀尖半径的影响进行分析,根据不同功能的数控系统进行刀尖半径补偿方法等进行讨论,有较强的实用性.     

基于刀具空间包围体算法的数控切削仿真

采用计算刀具空间包围体和刀具旋转体的方法来对仿真过程中的有效切削计算进行判断,刀具在一般运动情况下所占空间包围体的计算公式可由刀具的长度、半径以及刀具在任意时刻的刀位点、刀轴矢量来共同推导;刀具的旋转体范围可以通过刀具在当前时刻的刀轴矢量、母线方程以及刀具的半径、长度进行计算.该方法已经成功应用到基于OpenGL的VC6.0环境下所开发的五轴数控仿真系统中,实验结果表明,该方法能够提高有效切削率和减少切削计算耗时.     

圆弧刃刀具刀尖圆弧精密测量

圆弧刃刀具刀尖圆弧参数会影响加工尺寸精度、表面质量和刀刃耐用度,研磨和测量的精度要求已达微米甚至亚微米级别;针对其本底噪声强、圆弧刃直线刃过度不明显等问题,提出结合形态学闭运算、滑动窗口三点定圆和空间矩法,分步实现圆弧初、精定位;实验结果表明,算法具有较强的抗噪能力,可快速对0.2~0.8mm的刀尖进行直线刃与圆弧刃正确分离,圆弧半径、圆度误差测量精度达亚微米量级,角度测量精度达0.1°。     

Effect of tool vibrations on surface roughness during lathe dry turning process

Choice of optimized cutting parameters is very important to control the required surface quality. In fact, the difference between the real and theoretical surface roughness can be attributed to the influence of physical and dynamic phenomena such as: built-up edge, friction of cut surface against tool point and vibrations. The focus of this study is the collection and analysis of surface roughness and tool vibration data generated by lathe dry turning of mild carbon steel samples at different levels of speed, feed, depth of cut, tool nose radius, tool length and work piece length. A full factorial experimental design (288 experiments ) that allows to consider the three-level interactions between the independant variables has been conducted. Vibration analysis has revealed that the dynamic force, related to the chip-thickness variation acting on the tool, is related to the amplitude of tool vibration at resonance and to the variation of the tool's natural frequency while cutting. The analogy of the effect of cutting parameters between tool dynamic forces and surface roughness is also investigated. The results show that second order interactions between cutting speed and tool nose radius, along with third-order interaction between feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut are the factors with the greatest influence on surface roughness and tool dynamic forces in this type of operation and parameter levels studied. The analysis of variance revealed that the best surface roughness condition is achieved at a low feed rate (less than 0.35 mnt/rev), a large tool nose radius (1.59 mm) and a high cutting speed (265 m/min and above). The results also show that the depth of cut has not a significant effect on surface roughness, except when operating within the built-up edge range. It is shown that a correlation between surface roughness and tool dynamic force exist only when operating in the built-up edge range. In these cases, built-u edge formation deteriorates surface roughness and increases dynamic forces acting on the tool. The effect of built-up edge formation on surface roughness can be minimized by increasing depth of cut and increasing tool vibration. Key words:design of experiments, lathe dry turning operation, full factorial design, surface roughness, measurements, cutting parameters, tool vibrations.     

Taguchi-fuzzy multi output optimization (MOO) in high speed CNC turning of AISI P-20 tool steel

This paper presents the application of Taguchi method with logical fuzzy reasoning for multiple output optimization of high speed CNC turning of AISI P-20 tool steel using TiN coated tungsten carbide coatings. The machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, nose radius and cutting environment) are optimized with considerations of the multiple performance measures (surface roughness, tool life, cutting force and power consumption). Taguchi’s concepts of orthogonal arrays, signal to noise (S/N) ratio, ANOVA have been fuzzified to optimize the high speed CNC turning process parameters through a single comprehensive output measure (COM). The result analysis shows that cutting speed of 160 m/min, nose radius of 0.8 mm, feed of 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut of 0.2 mm and the cryogenic environment are the most favorable cutting parameters for high speed CNC turning of AISI P-20 tool steel.     

Investigation of cutting parameter effects on surface roughness in lathe boring operation by use of a full factorial design

The main objective of this study is to investigate cutting parameter effects of surface roughness in a lathe dry boring operation. A full factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of six (6) independent variables (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool nose radius, tool length and type of boring bar) and their corresponding two-level interactions. In this experiment, the dependant variable was the resulting fast cut surface roughness (R,). In order to perform all possible variable combinations, a total of 216 cuts were.

The results revealed that using short tool length always provide good surface roughness and that only slight improvement on surface roughness can be achieved by properly controlling the cutting parameters and/or the type of boring bar used. The results also revealed that using a long tool length may results in vibration that could be efficiently controlled by the use of a damped boring bar. With such a long tool length, the cutting variables become important factors to control in order to significantly improve surface roughness results with both types of boring bars. A prediction model is proposed for each types of boring bar. Both models are highly significant, p<0.00001, with coefficients of determination of 0.56 and 0.57 for a standard boring bar and a damped boring bar, respectively.     

A geometrical model for surface roughness prediction when face milling Al 7075-T7351 with square insert tools

Surface quality is important in engineering and a vital aspect of it is surface roughness, since it plays an important role in wear resistance, ductility, tensile, and fatigue strength for machined parts. This paper reports on a research study on the development of a geometrical model for surface roughness prediction when face milling with square inserts. The model is based on a geometrical analysis of the recreation of the tool trail left on the machined surface. The model has been validated with experimental data obtained for high speed milling of aluminum alloy (Al 7075-T7351) when using a wide range of cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial depth of cut and different values of tool nose radius (0.8 mm and 2.5 mm), using the Taguchi method as the design of experiments. The experimental roughness was obtained by measuring the surface roughness of the milled surfaces with a non-contact profilometer. The developed model can be used for any combination of material workpiece and tool, when tool flank wear is not considered and is suitable for using any tool diameter with any number of teeth and tool nose radius. The results show that the developed model achieved an excellent performance with almost 98% accuracy in terms of predicting the surface roughness when compared to the experimental data.     

Process planning for Floor machining of 2½D pockets based on a morphed spiral tool path pattern

This work proposes a process planning for machining of a Floor which is the most prominent elemental machining feature in a 2½D pocket. Traditionally, the process planning of 2½D pocket machining is posed as stand-alone problem involving either tool selection, tool path generation or machining parameter selection, resulting in sub-optimal plans. For this reason, the tool path generation and feed selection is proposed to be integrated with an objective of minimizing machining time under realistic cutting force constraints for given pocket geometry and cutting tool. A morphed spiral tool path consisting of G¹ continuous biarc and arc spline is proposed as a possible tool path generation strategy with the capability of handling islands in pocket geometry. Proposed tool path enables a constant feed rate and consistent cutting force during machining in typical commercial CNC machine tool. The constant feed selection is based on the tool path and cutting tool geometries as well as dynamic characteristics of mechanical structure of the machine tool to ensure optimal machining performance. The proposed tool path strategy is compared with those generated by commercial CAM software. The calculated tool path length and measured dry machining time show considerable advantage of the proposed tool path. For optimal machining parameter selection, the feed per tooth is iteratively optimized with a pre-calibrated cutting force model, under a cutting force constraint to avoid tool rupture. The optimization result shows around 32% and 40% potential improvement in productivity with one and two feed rate strategies respectively.     

Process planning for Floor machining of 2½D pockets based on a morphed spiral tool path pattern

This work proposes a process planning for machining of a Floor which is the most prominent elemental machining feature in a 2½D pocket. Traditionally, the process planning of 2½D pocket machining is posed as stand-alone problem involving either tool selection, tool path generation or machining parameter selection, resulting in sub-optimal plans. For this reason, the tool path generation and feed selection is proposed to be integrated with an objective of minimizing machining time under realistic cutting force constraints for given pocket geometry and cutting tool. A morphed spiral tool path consisting of G¹ continuous biarc and arc spline is proposed as a possible tool path generation strategy with the capability of handling islands in pocket geometry. Proposed tool path enables a constant feed rate and consistent cutting force during machining in typical commercial CNC machine tool. The constant feed selection is based on the tool path and cutting tool geometries as well as dynamic characteristics of mechanical structure of the machine tool to ensure optimal machining performance. The proposed tool path strategy is compared with those generated by commercial CAM software. The calculated tool path length and measured dry machining time show considerable advantage of the proposed tool path. For optimal machining parameter selection, the feed per tooth is iteratively optimized with a pre-calibrated cutting force model, under a cutting force constraint to avoid tool rupture. The optimization result shows around 32% and 40% potential improvement in productivity with one and two feed rate strategies respectively.     

Prediction of workpiece elastic deflections under cutting forces in turning

One of the problems faced in turning processes is the elastic deformation of the workpiece due to the cutting forces resulting in the actual depth of cut being different than the desirable one. In this paper, a cutting mechanism is described suggesting that the above problem results in an over-dimensioned part. Consequently, the problem of determining the workpiece elastic deflection is addressed from two different points of view. The first approach is based on solving the analytical equations of the elastic line, in discretized segments of the workpiece, by considering a stored modal energy formulation due to the cutting forces. Given the mechanical properties of the workpiece material, the geometry of the final part and the cutting force values, this numerical method can predict the elastic deflection. The whole approach is implemented through a Microsoft Excel^© workbook. The second approach involves the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in order to develop a model that can predict the dimensional deviation of the final part by correlating the cutting parameters and certain workpiece geometrical characteristics with the deviations of the depth of cut. These deviations are calculated with reference to final diameter values measured with precision micrometers or on a CMM. The verification of the numerical method and the development of the ANN model were based on data gathered from turning experiments conducted on a CNC lathe. The results support the proposed cutting mechanism. The numerical method qualitatively agrees with the experimental data while the ANN model is accurate and consistent in its predictions.     

Development of a new meso-scale machine tool for fabricating micro V-grooves

This work presents the development of a meso-scale machine tool with a nanometer resolution. The newly developed meso-scale machine tool consists of a pagoda structure for Z-axis, four HR8 ultrasonic motors, three linear encoders with a resolution of 2 nm, a coaxial counter-balance system, a XY coplanar positioning stage, a rotary stage, a Galil 4-axis motion control card, an industrial PC and a CCD camera system. The optimal geometrical dimensions of the pagoda structure have been determined by ANSYS software. The designed meso-scale machine tool is equipped with an X–Y coplanar positioning stage with nanometer resolution. The coplanar stage developed by National Taiwan University was integrated with two linear encoders, so that a two-axis closed-loop control was possible. A circular positioning test with the radius of 1 mm using the developed stage was tested, and the overall circular positioning error was about 83 nm based on the test results. The micro V-grooves and the micro pyramid cutting tests of the polished oxygen free copper using a single crystal diamond tool on the developed meso-scale machine tool have been performed. The cutting tests under various combination of the depth of cut and cutting speed have been carried out. It revealed that the cutting speed had no great influence on the cutting force. The measured cutting forces for the depth of cut of 5, 10, 15 μm were 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 N, respectively. The results showed the meso-scale machining tool can be used in micro pyramid structures manufacturing.     

Modelling and simulation of whirling process based on equivalent cutting volume

The thread whirling is an efficient and precise machining process for manufacturing of screws. The shaping motion of whirling is complex and difficult to model. In this paper, a novel model basing on equivalent cutting volume is proposed. The cutting force and the chip morphology are investigated to validate the model. The simulation of cutting force is in good agreement with the experimental results with error less than 16.5%. A chip with saw-toothed edges is obtained from simulation and for experimental verification. A case study on the effect of the tool edge geometry on cutting forces is also presented. The simulation results show that the tool edge geometry greatly influences the cutting forces. The tool with round edge is a good choice for reducing the cutting forces. The ratio of a_c/R_e holds the balance in selecting the parameter of cutting conditions. The model is applicable for the simulation of whirling process and can be used for parameter optimisation of the cutting tool edge.