SBBR反应器处理粪便污水厌氧出水脱氮效能研究

针对粪便污水厌氧出水高氨低碳(BOD/TN=1)的特点,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理该废水,考察了负荷、NH3-N等对其处理效能的影响;并探讨了低碳源及低温条件下提高反应器脱氮效能的措施.试验结果表明:当水温≥20℃,挂膜密度为30%,有机负荷为0.8 kg CODCr/(m3·d),NH3-N负荷为0.17 kg NH3-N/(m3·d)时,在SBBR反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,使进水CODCr为2 600 mg/L,BODs为500～600 mg/L,NH3-N为500～600 mg/L的污水,出水NH3-N为7.2 mg/L,TN为99 mg/L,NH3-N去除率＞98%,TN去除率＞80%.当反应器中NH3-N≥200 mg/L时,将对自养微生物产生明显的抑制作用.在SBBR反应器进水中接入8%的粪便污水,解决了脱氮过程碳源不足的问题.在低温条件下,通过将反应器的挂膜密度提高至45%,可使TN去除率由84.3%提高至93.4%.     

MBBR工艺应用于超低C/N废水升级改造工程研究

为实现废水的再生利用,提高水资源的利用率,大连某石化企业对二级处理出水(进水COD和氨氮浓度分别不大于50mg/L和30mg/L,C/N仅为1～2)进行深度处理用于石化企业循环冷却水。原有的深度处理系统运行达不到设计水量,且氨氮处理效率较低。把原有深度处理系统中接触氧化池改造为MBBR生物膜池,改造后,运行水量由原有的1.44万m~3/d提升至3万m~3/d,氨氮去除容积负荷由0.046kgNH3-N/(m~3·d)提升至0.144kgNH3-N/(m~3·d),MBBR填料表面负荷0.633g/(m2·d),出水COD和氨氮分别在30mg/L和1mg/L以下,系统扛冲击性得到加强。     

瓷粒和陶粒填料曝气生物滤池处理低浓度生活污水的试验研究

分别以瓷粒和陶粒作为曝气生物滤池的载体填料处理低浓度生活污水,对CODCr、NH3-N及SS的去除效果进行了比较研究,对生物膜的形态进行了观察.研究表明:在进水CODCr为30.8～184.8 mg/L、NH3-N平均值为25 mg/L、SS为61.2～206.9 mg/L,水力停留时间(HRT)分别为12 h、10 h、8 h、5 h和3 h时,两种填料处理后出水的CODCr、NH3-N和SS的去除率均分别可达80%、90%和80%以上,表明两种填料的去除效果基本相当.     

SBBR法处理发泡剂ADC废水的试验研究

研究采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水-ADC发泡剂的处理效果.对试验装置、工艺进行了详细的介绍.试验表明,在温度28℃,pH值为7.4～7.8,C/N为5,氨氮容积负荷约为0.196 kg NH3-N/(m3·d)时,氨氮污泥负荷约为0.049 kgNH3-N/(kgMLSS·d),此时,NH3-N去除率达到92.75%,COD的去除率达95.4℅.     

MBR处理生活污水的效果研究

采用设计流量为120 m3/d的一体式膜生物反应器处理北京某小区的生活洗涤废水,出水回用于该小区冲厕.通过3个月的水质监测结果表明:工艺出水稳定,水质良好,无色无味,CODCr≤50 mg/L,BOD5≤10 mg/L,TN≤10 mg/L,TP≤1 mg/L,细菌总数≤100个/L,符合<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求.整个系统的抗冲击负荷能力强,其容积负荷为0.38～2.23 kgCODCr/(m2·d),污泥负荷在0.08～1.48 kgCODCr/(kgVSS·d).     

SMBR处理聚酯废水的研究与应用

为降低聚酯废水的处理成本,进行了用SMBR处理聚酯废水的中试研究,处理规模为1.3~5m3/d,考察了水力停留时间、有机负荷、溶解氧等因素对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:SMBR的容积负荷可达0.55~2kgCODCr/(m3·d),而污泥负荷基本保持在0.1~0.23kgCODCr/(kgMLSS·d);SMBR对聚酯废水具有良好且稳定的处理效果,在最佳操作条件下,当进水CODCr不超过2000mg/L时,CODCr的平均去除率达到93%以上;SMBR工艺具有良好的经济技术可行性,在对原有的厌氧接触—生物接触氧化—氧化塘改造后,出水CODCr稳定在100mg/L以下,且其他各项指标均达《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)一级标准,处理成本也大幅下降。     

厌氧颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器的研究与应用

提出厌氧复合循环颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器的新型反应器理论.通过引入分级三相分离器,使悬浮床反应器上部处理区液体和沼气的上升速度大大降低,创造了污泥颗粒沉降的良好环境.底部利用高负荷产生的沼气形成内循环,同时设置外回流系统,内、外循环实现了进水与颗粒污泥间的充分接触及保持了良好的反应条件,创造了大幅度提高CODCr容积负荷的条件.对反应器的启动、运行和在不同负荷条件下的去除效果和悬浮流态进行了研究.研究表明,厌氧颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器处理淀粉废水,可在负荷30～40 kg CODCr/(m3·d)条件下稳定运行,最高负荷达57.2kgCODCr/(m3·d),平均CODCr去除率可达90%.     

江山化工废水处理站一期工程调试

通过对江山化工废水处理站一期工程3个多月的调试,表明复合厌氧(HAR)-好氧工艺处理高浓度有机废水在常温下调试100 d左右可以顺利运行,甚至在进水量达625 m3/d,容积负荷达3.26 kgCODCr/(m3·d)条件下,HAR对CODCr的去除率仍能保持在40%左右,系统CODCr去除率可达90%以上.好氧硝化效率为75.2%,出水氨氮、CODCr分别为37.2 mg/L、365.57 mg/L,达到设计要求.     

低浓度基质下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动及其运行性能

在低浓度基质条件下进行厌氧氨氧化反应器(ANAMMOX)的启动试验,先培养好氧硝化生物膜,然后转向厌氧环境培养厌氧氨氧化菌,经过294天成功启动反应器.在ANAMMOX稳定运行期,NH3-N的去除量:NO-2-N的去除量:NO-3-N的生成量为1:1.38:0.4.反应器的脱氮性能随着进水TN负荷的增加而提高,氮素去除负荷最高达到0.431 kg/(m3·d),并与进水TN负荷呈现良好的相关性.在上向流反应器中,NH3-N、NO-2-N浓度随水流沿滤柱高度不断降低,同时生成NO-3-N.沿水流方向至滤柱高120 cm处NH3-N和NO-2-N的去除率分别达到86.7%和近99%,TN的去除率达到85.4%.CODCr也随水流不断下降,pH则沿程上升.     

曝气生物滤池去除有机物及氨氮的影响因素分析

采用以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理生活污水,研究气水比、水力负荷、进水COD和NH3-N负荷对BAF去除COD及NH3-N的影响,分析COD及NH3-N沿滤柱的变化规律。结果表明:当试验进水COD及NH3-N质量浓度分别为300~370mg/L和20~40mg/L时,最佳气水比为4∶1~5∶1,最佳水力负荷为1.0~2.0 m3/(m2.h)。当进水COD负荷为1.69~6.47 kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率与进水COD负荷成正相关。BAF的硝化性能与进水NH3-N和COD负荷成负相关。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…