2-氟-5-氯苯腈的制备

以2,5-二氯苯腈和活性氟化钾为原料,环丁砜为溶剂,四丁基氯化铵为催化剂合成2-氟-5-氯苯腈。最佳条件为n2,5-氯苯腈：n碱性氟化钾=1：3．0,n2,5-二氯苯腈：n环丁砜=1：5．0,环丁砜的回流温度215～240℃,反应时间6h。产品的平均收率可达88．39％。     

邻氟苯腈的合成

以邻氯苯腈 (OCBN)和氟化钾为原料 ,环丁砜为反应介质 ,经氟化反应合成了邻氟苯腈。其最佳工艺条件 :反应温度 2 5 5～ 2 6 0℃ ,反应时间 7h ,原料配比OCBN∶KF =1∶1.8(mol)。OCBN与环丁砜质量比为 1∶4 ,产品收率≥ 85 % ,含量≥ 98 0 %     

间氟苯腈的合成

以间溴苯腈与氰亚化铜为原料，使用相转移催化剂，采用DMF为溶剂制备间氟苯腈。工艺条件为：n(间溴苯腈 )：n(氰亚化铜)＝1：1．33反应温度：150-165℃；反应时间：8h。产品产率：75．3％；纯度≥99．7％。     

2,4-二氟苯腈的合成

以2，4－二氯苯腈和活性氟化钾为原料，用环丁砜作溶剂合成2，4－二氟苯腈。最佳工艺条件：n(2,4-二氯苯腈）：n（氟化钾）＝1：2．5；环丁砜回流温度255－265℃；反应时间：5．5h。产品产率87％，纯度≥98％。     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

相转移催化合成3,4-二氟苯腈的研究

以3,4-二氯苯腈为原料,采用相转移催化合成了3,4-二氟苯腈。考察了不同相转移催化剂、物质的量比、温度、水对反应的影响。结果表明,双-(N-双(二甲胺基)亚甲基)-氯化亚铵盐为最优催化剂,反应体系水含量控制在0.05%以下,在投料比为n(3,4-二氯苯腈)∶n(KF)∶n(催化剂)=1∶3∶0.1,140℃反应3h,190℃反应5h,3,4-二氯苯腈转化率为99%,产物3,4-二氟苯腈的收率为81%,纯度为99%。相比于先前的报道,本工艺使用新颖的N-烷基共轭季铵盐催化剂,采用分段升温法,明显降低了反应温度,缩短了反应时间,有效减少了脱卤、聚合、焦化等副反应的产生,进一步提高了3,4-二氟苯腈的收率。     

卤代苯腈与甲醇钠的反应研究

研究了对氯苯腈、对溴苯腈及对氟苯腈与甲醇钠在三种溶剂(甲醇、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)中的亲核取代反应,在甲醇、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺三种溶剂中对氟苯腈都可以发生反应,而对氯苯腈,对溴苯腈,只在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中发生反应;同时研究了时间、温度对反应收率的影响。通过以上反应制得了对甲氧基苯腈,对产物结构用1HNMR和IR进行了表征。     

2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸甲酯的合成研究

以甲醇作溶剂,2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯腈在98%浓硫酸存在下,一锅法合成了2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸甲酯。探索了反应温度、反应时间、浓硫酸用量等因素对反应的影响,优化条件为n(浓硫酸)∶n(2-甲硫基4-三氟甲基苯腈)=2.8∶1.0,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为12 h,反应收率84.7%,含量96.3%。此法操作简单方便,适合工业化生产。     

2,6-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯腈的合成及其聚酰亚胺

从4-氨基酚和2,6-二氯苯腈出发,合成了2,6-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯腈单体,总收率为55%。由该单体与4,4′-(六氟亚丙基)双-邻苯二甲酸酐共聚合,经热环化脱水反应得可溶性聚酰亚胺,可溶于NMP、DMF、DMAc等溶剂。     

2,6-二氟苯甲酸合成工艺研究

为优化2,6-二氟苯甲酸(DFBA)的合成工艺,以2,6-二氯苯腈(DCBN)和氟化钾为原料,N,N-二甲基酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,在聚醚类催化剂A的催化下氟代合成中间体2,6-二氟苯腈,然后中间体在碱性条件下水解制得(DFBA).试验结果表明,合成DFBN的最佳条件为:DCBN在DMF中的质量浓度为0.38g/mL,KF的量为DCBN的量的2.3～2.4倍,反应时间10 h,最高收率93.5%;合成DFBA时,以质量分数为20%的NaOH为介质,反应时间9 h,收率≥92%.收率93.5%,纯度99.7%.该工艺收率高、三废排放少,可节省成本,有望工业推广.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。