不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质的影响研究

目的 探讨不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质影响的变化规律.方法 采用不同比例全麦粉(0、10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、90％、100％)替代小麦粉,测定了混合粉的湿面筋含量和流变学特性,对比新鲜馒头,评价全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头外观、质构和感官品质的影响.结果 随全麦粉替代率增加,面团湿面...     

Wheat cultivars grown under organic agriculture and the bread making performance of stone-ground whole wheat flour

Stone-ground whole wheat flour is characterised by coarse bran particles and high germ content. Five wheat cultivars were grown over a 3-year period in eight organic farms in Quebec (Eastern Canada) to determine their respective effects on the quality of stone-ground whole wheat bread flour. Grain yield (1.2–3.9 t ha⁻¹), grain protein content (11.3–13.1%, based on 13.5% moisture) and dough mixing stability (6.9–11.1 min) of whole wheat flour varied much according to the farming sites. Whole wheat flour from AC Brio significantly gave the lowest pan bread volume ( P  < 0.05) and best results were obtained with Celtic (whatever the farming site) and site #5 (whatever the cultivar, probably with the exception of AC Brio). Thorough wheat cultivar selection and organic field management would be critical to get whole wheat bread with the highest specific volume.     

Dough properties and breadmaking qualities of whole waxy wheat flour and effects of additional enzymes

BACKGROUND: Waxy wheat, a new kind of genetically back‐crossed wheat, was applied to make whole bread in this study. Dough properties and bread quality of the whole waxy wheat flour, which was milled from 100% whole grains containing bran and germ, were determined. RESULTS: Whole waxy wheat had lower protein and lipid contents but higher dietary fiber content than whole regular wheat flour. Pasting temperature and viscosity of the whole waxy wheat flour were significantly lower than those of the whole regular wheat. However, the white wheat flour milled from wheat grains with 48% recovery had significantly higher peak viscosity than the whole waxy wheat. Bread made from the whole waxy wheat flour was significantly softer than that from the whole regular wheat flour during storage. However, bread made from whole waxy wheat had significantly lower specific volume than that from the white waxy flour because of the high amount of dietary fiber. Addition of cellulase increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties and reduced the firmness of the bread. The addition of pentosanase also increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties, improved loaf volume of bread but increased the firmness of breadcrumbs, while the addition of α‐amylase only increased final viscosity of flour and did not affect dough properties and bread qualities of whole waxy wheat flour. CONCLUSION: As a result, waxy wheat shows superior properties for making whole breads. Additional enzymes are also necessary to improve bread quality and nutritive values of whole waxy bread. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

黑小麦全粉的流变学特性及复配混粉馒头的品质研究

通过对黑小麦全粉、与对照样特精粉复配混粉的面筋数量与质量测定,对黑小麦全粉占10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%、50%复配混粉进行流变学特性指标的测定及制作馒头成品以评价。结果表明:不同复配比例的混粉湿面筋数量表现比例越大含量越高;黑小麦全粉的流变学特性较差;复配混粉也都低于对照样特精粉的流变学指标;黑小麦全粉单独并不适合制作馒头,当复配比例在10%~15%时,馒头评价总分在80以上。     

麸皮的添加比例对全麦粉流变学特性的影响

研究添加不同比例麸皮对小麦粉流变学特性的影响。以国审强筋品种晋麦92号为原料,进行磨粉制得小麦粉,添加麸皮的比例分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%,纯小麦粉和纯麸皮分别作为阴性对照和阳性对照,采用电子粉质仪、电子拉伸仪和全自动吹泡仪等依照GB/T14614—2006、GB/T14615—2006和GB/T14614.4—2005对其进行流变学特性测定。结果表明,随着添加麸皮的比例由30%降低到5%,沉降值、粉质稳定时间和拉伸能量逐渐升高,高吹泡最大压力和Dmax逐渐降低,吹泡曲线长度、吹泡充气指数和吹泡形变能量均呈先降低后升高趋势,拉伸比例和吹泡曲线比值则是先升高后降低。麸皮添加比例为5%～25%的全麦粉均达到中筋乃至中强筋水平,可用于面条或馒头制作。     

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%~10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

回添固态发酵麸皮对重组全麦粉品质特性的影响研究

旨在研究回添固态发酵麸皮对所制得的重组全麦粉的品质特性的影响。将固态发酵麸皮和未发酵麸皮回添入小麦粉中制得重组全麦粉,研究重组全麦粉及全麦馒头的品质特性。结果表明:发酵使麸皮的营养成分得到改善,添加固态发酵麸皮的重组全麦粉在粉质特性,糊化特性,热特性和面团黏弹特性上都接近空白小麦粉。未经发酵的麸皮的存在使馒头比容显著(P0.05)降低,质构变差,气孔紧缩,而添加发酵麸皮可以使重组全麦粉制作的馒头的比容显著(P0.05)增大,全麦馒头的质构特性得到明显改善。这说明麸皮经过固态发酵后再回添入小麦粉中能够有效的改善麸皮加入小麦粉带来的负面作用,回添发酵麸皮制得的重组全麦粉品质较好。     

Effect of the method of vitaminizing bread made from top-grade wheat flour on its thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content

Preservation of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin was studied in bread baked either from best-grade wheat flour enriched with vitamins B1, B2 and PP at the mill, or after the vitamins were added to the dough at the bakery. It was established that during the bread baking the content of vitamins was decreased by 33.3-58.1% when the wheat flour was vitaminized at the mill, and by 17.0-38.7% when the vitamins were added to the dough at the bakery. The content of thiamine and niacin in the bread prepared from flour vitaminized at the mill conforms to the standards recommended by the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, for wholesale sorts of bread.     

小麦麸皮微波处理对全麦粉面筋品质和流变学特性的影响

目的探讨小麦麸皮微波处理灭酶对全麦粉面筋品质特性和流变学特性的影响。方法以中高筋小麦为原料,对麸皮微波处理后再回添到小麦粉中制得全麦粉,设置麸皮水分含量、微波处理时间和麸皮厚度3个变量因素,固定其中2个变量因素,探讨另1个变量因素对全麦粉中面筋特性和流变学特性的影响。结果麸皮水分含量对湿面筋含量、面筋吸水率、面团形成时间、吸水量、稳定时间和弱化度具有显著性影响,微波处理时间对湿面筋含量、吸水量、稳定时间和弱化度具有显著性影响,麸皮厚度对干面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数具有显著性影响。结论对全麦粉面筋品质和流变学特性的影响大小依次为麸皮水分含量、麸皮厚度、微波处理时间。     

INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE and BAKING QUALITY of HIGH-FIBER TOAST BREAD AS AFFECTED BY ADDED WHEAT MILL FRACTIONS

The effect of bran type, level of addition, particle size, addition of wheat germ, as well as other additives like improvers and dough conditioners, on the instrumental texture and baking quality of high-fiber toast bread (white pan bread) has been investigated. the specific loaf volume decreased significantly (3.45 cc/g) when the bran level was raised to 30%, but at 20% bran addition, the specific loaf volume was superior to that of the control bread. the specific loaf volume of test breads remained higher than the control bread up to a level of 7.5% wheat germ addition. Additives like ascorbic acid (50 ppm) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (0.5%) further improved the baking quality of test bread samples. the objective texture values (measured as compression force, kg) indicated that the test bread with bran addition up to 20% and germ up to 7.5% possessed a softer texture (0.80 kg) than the control bread (1.02 kg). In comparison with control bread, the panelists gave higher sensory scores for all attributes of test bread samples containing up to 20% red coarse bran or up to 30% red fine bran. A similar trend in sensory quality of test samples containing up to 7.5% wheat germ was also observed. High-fiber toast bread made from white flour, equal proportions of coarse and fine bran at 20%, wheat germ at 7.5%, plus sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate at 0.5% levels, was found to possess softer texture and improved sensory quality than the whole wheat flour bread.     

添加发芽小麦对小麦粉及制品品质影响

在小麦中添加不同比例的发芽小麦,研究对小麦、小麦粉品质特性及食用品质的影响。选择发芽小麦按照不同比例(1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)与正常小麦进行混合,研究发芽小麦不同添加比例对小麦及小麦粉品质特性产生的影响,并对不同添加比例发芽小麦粉制作的馒头和面条食用品质进行评价。结果表明:随着发芽小麦比例含量的增加,混合小麦及小麦粉品质特性指标中除降落数值逐渐减少,其他特性指标与正常小麦相比较无明显变化。对馒头和面条进行蒸煮实验评价,可以看出当发芽小麦含量不超过15%时,对其食用品质无明显影响,但当发芽小麦含量超过20%时,馒头出现粘牙,当发芽小麦含量超过15%时,面条韧性下降,食用品质受到影响,评分值均在80分以下。     

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT AND CORN BRAN BREAD QUALITY BY USING GLUCOSE OXIDASE AND HEXOSE OXIDASE

The effects of addition of wheat (10, 20 and 30%) and corn bran (10 and 20%) on rheological and bread making properties of flour were examined. To improve dough and bread properties, glucose oxidase (GO) and hexose oxidase (HO) (15–30 and 45 mg/kg) were used separately in each bran-wheat flour formula with L-ascorbic acid at 75 mg/kg, glucose at 0.5% and vital gluten at 9.2%. Water absorption and development time increased as the amount of wheat and corn bran increased, while dough stability, maximum resistance to extension, extensibility, energy and loaf volume decreased. Corn bran was found to be more detrimental to dough rheology and bread characteristics than wheat bran. Corn bran and wheat bran could be used at bread making up to levels of 10 and 20%, respectively. Addition of 30 mg/kg of HO in combination with constant additives was most effective in improving dough and bread characteristics and GO with its 15 mg/kg usage level followed it. Further increasing of enzyme levels led to over oxidizing of doughs and breads.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Corn bran up to 10% and wheat bran up to 20% levels can be used in bread making. To improve dough and bread quality, besides L-ascorbic acid (75 mg/kg) and vital gluten (as a percentage of added bran weight), GO (15 mg/kg) or HO (30 mg/kg) could be incorporated into wheat flour-bran mixtures. However, the amount of enzyme should be carefully chosen because when they are used above the mentioned levels, they cause overoxidation of doughs and small loaf volumes are obtained. As a conclusion; by using the corn bran, which is a by-product of the starch industry, not only could it be possible to offer healthy alternative breads which contain high amounts of dietary fiber to consumers, but it could also be possible to obtain economical value by evaluating such a by-product in the bread industry.     

小麦粉吸水速率对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

该文以不同吸水速率的小麦粉为基础,研究在相同的揉混条件下,其面团特性及馒头品质的变化。使用粉质仪将面团稠度达到最高时所用的加水量与消耗的时间的比值定义为吸水速率,测定不同吸水速率小麦粉其粉质特性、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、游离巯基与二硫键含量、面团质构特性、馒头比容与高径比、馒头的质构特性。研究结果表明,当小麦粉吸水速率从0.17 g/s增大到3.87 g/s时,面团的稳定时间及粉质质量指数显著下降。其湿面筋含量从38.81%下降到19.19%,二硫键含量从13.31μmol/g下降到9.05μmol/g。面团的质构特性在发酵0 min时呈先升高后降低趋势、在醒发45 min后整体呈下降趋势。馒头的比容从2.67 mL/g降低到2.27 mL/g、高径比从0.68降低到0.56,其硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性均成下降趋势。整体而言,吸水速率低的小麦粉其面团相对较硬且馒头较为筋道有嚼劲;吸水速率较高的小麦粉其面团硬度稍弱且馒头较为松软。     

Effect of black rice flour with different particle sizes on frozen dough and steamed bread quality

This article presents a novel idea for the preparation of frozen dough and steamed bread by which black rice flour (BRF) with different particle sizes (0.18–0.25 mm, 0.15–0.18 mm and 0.125–0.15 mm) was added into wheat flour (WF), considering the nutritional values of BRF. The characteristic of the composite flour (CF), frozen dough and steamed bread was studied. CF had higher contents of dietary fibres (2.01–2.16%) but lower content of protein (11.57–11.92%) compared with WF (1.6% and 12.60%, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that the addition of BRF could alleviate the damage to dough caused by freezing, which may be due to that water in CF dough was more stable. The content of freezable water in WF dough increased by 23.48%, while that in CF dough increased by 6.09–12.11% after frozen storage. With decreasing particle size, the hardness of CF dough decreased and the resistance to extension and gas retention coefficient increased, whereas the specific volume and the soft crumb texture of CF steamed bread increased. In short, small-sized BRF is more suitable for use in the preparation of steamed bread.     

Rheology and baking potential of wheat/plantain composite flour

The possibilty of producing bread from wheat/plantain composite flour has been comprehensively assessed. The chemical analysis of the composite flour showed that it contained less protein and higher carbohydrate and minerals than wheat flour. With increasing levels of supplementation with plantain the water absorption capacity and dough development time of the composite flour decreased. However, the mixing tolerance time increased and the mixing quality decreased. It was found that the baking quality decreased with increasing level of supplementation and when unblanched plantain flour was used. The blend with 100 g kg^?1 blanched plantain and 900 g kg^?1 wheat flour was found to be internally and externally better than other blends and the bread was of acceptable quality.     

Influence of fibre from different cereals on the rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough and on biscuit quality

Demand for health oriented products such as sugar-free, low calorie and high fibre products is increasing. One such recent trend is to increase the fibre content in food products to overcome health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, and colon cancer, among others. Consumption of high fibre products consisting of indigestible cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and gums have several health benefits. Apart from these benefits, β-glucan-rich fibres have the benefit of reducing the absorption of glucose. Fibre sources from wheat, rice, oat and barley were used to study their influence on rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough and biscuit making quality. Ash, total protein and dietary fibre content of bran samples ranged between 4% and 10%, 12% and 14% and 20.4% and 49.5%, respectively. Farinograph characteristics of the wheat flour-bran blends showed increase in water absorption from 60.3% to 76.3% with increase in the level of bran from 0% to 40%. The resistance to extension values as well as extensibility of the dough decreased with increase in the bran level. The spread ratio of the biscuits prepared from wheat, rice and oat bran blends decreased from 8.38 to 7.52, whereas the same increased to 9.3 for biscuits prepared from barley bran blends. The breaking strength values of biscuits ranged between 1.34 and 3.83 kg. Highly acceptable biscuits could be obtained by incorporating 30% of oat bran or 20% of barley bran in the formulation.     

Effects of plasma-activated water and heat moisture treatment on the properties of wheat flour and dough

Plasma-activated water (PAW) production and use is an emerging technology for enhancing product safety, extending shelf-life and quality retention, and promoting sustainable processing. At present, it has generated considerable attention for applications to starch and flour modification. This work presents an innovative approach to wheat flour (WF) modification using PAW and heat-moisture treatment (HMT), and compares this approach with distilled water (DW) treatment. As expected, PAW and HMT promoted flour granule clustering, increasing particle size. These treatments accelerated molecular interactions between wheat starch and non-starch components (e.g. proteins and lipids), which eventually increased resistant starch (RS) content. Addition of modified flour (30 g) to WF positively affected its rheological properties, and closely bound water content of the dough. The gluten protein network structure in the dough suffered varying degrees of damage. In conclusion, our results showed that PAW and HMT may provide a novel beneficial method for modifying wheat flour during food processing to obtain viscoelastic wheat flour products with nutritional functions.     

糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉配粉对面条品质影响的研究

选用普通小麦品种中北439与糯小麦品种中糯一号制粉后进行配粉试验,研究糯性小麦粉对普通小麦粉的糊化特性和流变学特性的影响,以及对其制品面条品质的影响.     

面制品中溴酸钾残留量的测定方法

针对当前市场销售的面粉、面包粉、面包等面制品中存在的不遵循国家标准添加溴酸钾的现象,综述了目前国内外可用于溴酸钾残留量检测的分析方法,以求在食品生产和流通环节中加强监督管理,保障面制品的食用安全.     

脂肪酶对面包粉品质的影响研究

通过流变学试验、面包烘焙试验，探讨了国产脂肪酶对面包粉品质的影响。试验表明，与对照组相比较，在添加脂肪酶后，面团的流变学性质、面包品质都得到一定改善。由烘焙试验结果可知，脂肪酶对面包制品的内部组织结构，面包芯柔软度等指标都有较好的改良作用。本试验条件下，添加脂肪酶20ppm为最适添加量。