Region sampling for robust and rapid autofocus in microscope

This paper proposes a region sampling based autofocus method for rapid and robust autofocus in microscope. Image content and region size are considered in region sampling criteria. An intelligent search algorithm which employs quartering hill climbing search and golden section search is developed, in which rule‐based evaluation of sampled focusing regions is applied. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of image‐based autofocus. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:382–390, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A fast autofocus sharpness function of microvision system based on the Robert function and Gauss fitting

For the microvision system, a new autofocus evaluation function based on the Robert function is proposed by increasing the threshold value. Compared with the traditional evaluation function, the new focus function reduces the local extreme value and increases the steepness of the focusing curve. According to the characteristics of the focusing evaluation function, the focus curve can be divided into two stages: the gentle area and the steep area. In the gentle area, there will be set a large step‐length to realize the fast search. In the steep area, the data will be fitted by Gauss method, and on the basis of the fitting results, the motor of microvision system was directly driven to achieve the focal plane and this method has been improved in real‐time and accuracy.     

A simple and stable autofocusing protocol for long multidimensional live cell microscopy

Focus maintenance is a challenging problem in multidimensional wide‐field microscopy. Most automated microscopes use software algorithms, which are applied to z‐sections of the object, to select for the plane with the best signal to noise ratio. When applied automatically in multidimensional imaging applications, autofocus routines significantly increase light exposure and can become cytotoxic if applied too frequently. In addition, automated focusing procedures can readily focus on unwanted high contrast objects. By labelling a defined position with a fluorescent marker, we were able to separate the focusing procedure from the actual image acquisition positions and therefore overcome some of the major drawbacks of routine autofocus procedures. To implement this method in a multidimensional acquisition experiment, we created a visual basic‐based program, which is run prior to each image acquisition. This technique allows tight control of focus whilst keeping light toxicity in live cell imaging experiments to a minimum.     

显微视觉快速自动调焦方法及实验

分析了显微视觉与计算机宏观视觉的特性,得出显微视觉下模糊效果是由几何光学和波动光学两部分造成的结论,并用标定实验验证了显微视觉下扩散参数与物距呈线性关系这一假设。研究了现有基于聚焦的自动调焦DFD(Depth from Focus)方法,提出了显微视觉下一种新型的基于离焦(Depth from Defocus)的快速自动调焦算法,该算法只要给定两幅模糊图像,就可直接计算出目标聚焦平面位置。实验结果显示,该方法的聚焦速度比传统DFF方法(本文选择SML法)快2～4倍。改进了的DFD算法提高了自动调焦性能,增强了显微光学鲁棒性,调焦精度较高,且具有较好的实用性。     

一种自动对焦算法的优化

随着数码相机的飞速发展,在实际应用中对数码相机的易用性和智能化要求越来越高。为了提高图像采集的准确性和简便性,开展了自动对焦技术和算法的研究。通过对对焦平台的搭建,在评价函数一定的情况下,对爬山法驱动寻址算法步长减半进行了优化,在保证准确性的情况下,更快地实现了自动对焦,减少对硬件的要求,节省资源。结果表明,该优化算法有一定的优越性。     

A novel autofocusing method using the angle of hilbert space for microscopy

Autofocusing technology is indispensable for routine use of microscopes on a large scale in biological field. The autofocusing method using the angle of Hilbert space is brought forward to measure whether the image is focused or not. The angle of Hillbert space can be used to evaluate accurately the similarity degree of two images. The experiment results show that the autofocusing method can decrease the computational cost and get accuracy for real‐time biological and biomedical images with noise robustness. The focus curves are smooth and possess the unimodality, the monotonicity and the symmetry. Compared with other classic and optimum focus method, the Hilbert method demonstrates its robustness to noise and can improve the focus speed. The experiments showed that the proposed method can increase the overall performance of an autofocus system and has strong applicability in various autofocusing algorithms. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:289–295, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

一种提高测角精度的线交叉寻峰算法

为了提高测量精度,提出了一种适用于前后沿对称脉冲波形的线交叉寻峰算法。该算法利用对脉冲前、后沿的采样数据估计直线位置线的参数,并计算2条直线位置线的交点,实现脉冲峰值位置的估计。该方法能有效减小参考点和计数脉冲频率引起的测量误差。由于为线性算法,且对采样率要求低,易于工程实现。计算机仿真结果验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

一种基于DFD的自动对焦算法

引入了一种基于DFD的自动对焦算法。通过这种算法,只要给定了两幅不同离焦位置的图像,就可由算法推导出目标物体的正确对焦位置,从而控制镜头完成自动对焦。实验表明,这种算法精度比较高,速度比较快,鲁棒性良好。     

地铁车辆车轮偏磨原因分析与对策研究

轮对偏磨是铁道车辆常见的车轮磨耗形式。对国内某地铁线路的车轮磨耗进行测试分析,发现该线路车辆存在严重的车轮偏磨现象,左侧车轮以轮缘磨耗为主,右侧车轮以踏面磨耗为主。该地铁线路小半径曲线多,且左、右曲线分布严重不均,以及车辆不掉头运行是造成车轮偏磨的主要原因。基于UM动力学软件建立车轮磨耗预测模型,利用地铁车轮磨耗测试结果对磨耗预测模型进行验证,根据数值仿真结果提出轮对偏磨的解决措施。仿真结果表明,车辆掉头行驶能明显减缓车轮的偏磨现象,最佳掉头运行里程数为2×10⁴~4×10⁴ km。小半径曲线占比对车轮磨耗影响较大,左、右曲线百分比差值小于3%时可不采取掉头措施。     

基于色谱重叠峰相似性原理的双重叠峰分峰新方法

在采用气相色谱法对混合气体进行分析时,由于混合组分的色谱峰存在重叠情况,造成定量计算的困难和误差。为此,利用色谱重叠峰相似性原理,建立重叠峰分峰模型;采用求切线交点的方法,解决求取重叠峰中单峰顶点;提出交点垂线法和比例分配法,提高峰面积计算精度。针对采用高斯函数叠加而成的重叠峰,分别用常规方法和所提的2种方法进行了对比计算。常规方法的计算误差最大达到28%,而所提方法的计算误差小于5%,并仍然保持处理速度快、实时在线的特点。     

基于极曲线几何和支持邻域的鱼眼图像立体匹配

提出了一种基于极曲线几何和变支持邻域的立体匹配算法来解决鱼眼立体视觉中图像变形导致的极曲线求取和匹配代价计算问题。首先,对鱼眼相机进行标定并获取相机的相关参数;针对鱼眼镜头的畸变问题,根据鱼眼镜头的优化投影模型推导出系统的极曲线方程,并利用得到的极线方程确定对应点的搜索范围。然后,根据同源像点在左右图像上的位置关系确定各中心像素点的支持邻域,并计算出不同视差条件下该支持邻域在另一幅图像上的对应支持邻域,利用获取的支持邻域计算出各点的匹配代价。最后,利用WTA(Winner Takes All)策略选取最佳匹配点得到最终的匹配结果。基于提出的极曲线和支持邻域对两组鱼眼图像进行了匹配实验并与传统方法进行了实验对比,结果表明:提出的方法的匹配准确度比传统方法分别提高了4.03%和4.64%。实验结果验证了极曲线的应用加快了匹配速度并减少了误匹配;支持邻域的使用使其对匹配代价计算的准确度优于传统方法。该算法满足了鱼眼图像立体匹配对信息获取速度、准确度和数量的要求。     

基于分辨率增强算法的质谱重叠峰分峰方法

在质谱数据分析中,重叠峰分峰是一个重要的预处理步骤。本文建立了一种基于分辨率增强算法的质谱重叠峰分峰方法。首先,采用对信号及其负二阶微分进行加权的峰锐化算法来提高峰分辨率,解决拖尾峰和前延峰的问题。然后,对锐化后的信号进行连续小波变换,实现信号去噪并得到谱峰的粗略参数。最后,将这些粗略参数作为曲线拟合的输入,通过非线性拟合得到最终精确的拟合参数,解决了大量峰重叠情况下的重叠峰分峰问题。理论分析和实验结果表明,解析后的分离度在仿真原始分离度上均有一定提升。与小波变换法、交点垂线法和比例分配法相比,该方法可以更加准确地实现重叠峰分峰。     

基于图像清晰度评价的跟踪望远镜自动调焦算法研究

为了减小跟踪望远镜调焦时间,分析了自动调焦的光学原理及数字图像处理相关技术,提出一种适合跟踪望远镜的实时自动调焦算法。该算法基于对图像清晰度的评价,通过步进电机驱动次镜移动来搜索最佳成像位置,并且综合了全局搜索法与传统爬山法的优点。在实验中,完成了对远处静态目标自动对焦,有效地避免了局部峰值导致的对焦失败,在保证系统调焦精度的前提下使对焦速度小于3s。     

基于轨道根数的低轨卫星轨道预测算法

光电设备因太阳夹角变化、轨道遮挡等原因无法对卫星进行自动跟踪时,需要对卫星轨道进行预测。本文针对利用卫星轨道根数进行轨道预报时难以同时满足实时性和精度要求的问题,提出了一种新的基于轨道根数的卫星轨道预测方法。分析了卫星轨道的运行规律,根据低轨卫星的运行特点,利用椭圆曲线对卫星轨道进行预测,并对卫星轨道的轨道方程进行了近似处理。通过引入一些冗余变量简化了卫星轨道解算模型,在保证计算实时性的前提下,大大提高了轨道预测精度。实验显示:采用线性外推方法对卫星轨道进行预测时,预测5s后,轨道预测的偏差会增大到10″,而采用本文提出的基于轨道根数的卫星轨道预测算法,预测50s后的最大预测偏差均不超过2″,极大地提高了卫星轨道预测精度,实现了光电设备在无法对卫星进行自动跟踪时,能够对卫星进行"盲跟踪"。     

A fast focusing method for CCM autofocusing handlers

This paper proposes an autofocusing (AF) method for production of compact camera module (CCM). The CCM AF handlers are mainly used in the final CCM production stage to measure and adjust the lens focus of CCMs. To improve the productivity of CCM AF handlers, we propose an efficient focusing method adjusting the lens focus quickly. The max–min difference method is newly developed to compute the focus value efficiently, and two-stage searching method is also developed to find the best focus position quickly. Experimental results are presented to verify the usefulness of the proposed method.     

基于坐标变换的曲线曲面求交算法

利用坐标变换的方法,给出了二次曲线和二次曲面求交的解析算法。利用拉格朗日乘子法求解二次曲线和二次曲面之间的最小距离,给出了曲线与曲面相切的条件。算法表明,坐标变换可以简化求交运算表达式,使求交算法易于实现。根据得出的相切条件,可以有效地判断曲线、曲面是否有交,对相切情况的计算结果进行修正,可提高奇异情况下的求交稳定性。算法已在清软英泰公司开发的自主版权3维CAD软件GEMS中得到应用。     

Optical microscopy with flexible axial capabilities using a vari‐focus liquid lens

The axial imaging range of optical microscopy is restricted by its fixed working plane and limited depth of field. In this paper, the axial capabilities of an off‐the‐shelf microscope is improved by inserting a liquid lens, which can be controlled by a driving electrical voltage, into the optical path of the microscope. First, the numerical formulas of the working distance and the magnification with the variation of the focus of the liquid lens are inferred using a ray tracing method and conclusion is obtained that the best position for inserting a liquid lens with consistent magnification is the aperture plane and the rear focal plane of the objective lens. Second, with the liquid lens embedded in the microscope, the numerical relationship between the magnification and the working distance of the proposed flexible‐axial‐capability microscope and the liquid lens driving voltage is calibrated and fitted using the inferred numerical formulas. Third, techniques including autofocus, extending depth of field and three‐dimensional imaging are researched and applied, improving the designed microscope to not only flexibly control its working distance, but also to extend the depth of field near the variable working plane. Experiments show that the presented flexible‐axial‐capability microscope has a long working distance range of 8 mm, and by calibrating the magnification curve within the working distance range, samples can be observed and measured precisely. The depth of field can be extended to 400 μm from the variable working plane and is 20 times that of the off‐the‐shelf microscope.     

网格曲面上的样条曲线阵列

提出一种流形网格曲面上曲线阵列复制方法,达到曲线重用与再设计的目的。网格曲面上的曲线用测地B样条表示,使对曲线的操作可以转换为对曲线控制顶点的操作;引入离散指数映射理论将给定的源曲线控制顶点映射到切空间,获得它们的法坐标,按照曲线阵列前后控制顶点法坐标保持不变的原则,建立曲线阵列前后控制顶点的对应关系,实现曲线的有规律多重复制。法坐标很好地保持了控制顶点之间的测地距离和相对位置关系,因而也保证了曲线阵列重用过程中的形状保持性。将曲线阵列时的位置与形状分开处理,使曲线生成仅与其所在的局部区域有关而与曲面的整体大小无关,既便于保证曲线的形状保持性,也减少了计算量。试验结果表明,所介绍方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的交互设计要求。     

Prediction of cutting force for ball end mill in sculptured surface based on analytic model of CWE and ICCE

Abstract

The force prediction is the precondition of improving equipment utilization ratio and optimizing process for CNC machining. Cutter-workpiece engagement (CWE) and in-cut cutting edge (ICCE) are the keys. In this article, a new analytic method of CWE and ICCE is proposed for ball end milling of sculptured surface and the prediction model of milling force is established. The sculptured surface is discretized into a series of infinitesimal inclined planes corresponding to cutter location points. The geometry relationships of cutter axis, feed direction and inclined plane are defined parametrically. The boundary curves and the boundary inflection points of the CWE are obtained by intersecting spatial standard curved surfaces with rotation transformation of coordinate system. The effective intersection points of the CWE and the cutter edge curve in X_c-Y_ctwo-dimensional plane are the upper and lower boundary points of ICCE. Based on the instantaneous chip thickness considering arbitrary feed direction, the force prediction model for ball end mill of three-axis surface milling is established. Simulation and experiment show that CWE and ICCE calculated by analytic method are well consistent with those of solid method. The predicted cutting forces match well with the measurements both in magnitude and variation trend.     

铸件凝固过程的微型计算机模拟及铸件缩孔、缩松预测

本文作者在IBM PC/AT、XT微型计算机系列上开发铸件凝固2维数值模拟软件。计算中采用了变时间步长计算模型,使计算速度提高1～2倍以上。文中对铸件缩孔、缩松的预测方法做了进一步分析和讨论,并针对一铸钢件的凝固进行了计算和验证。