A survey of routing attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

Recently, mobile ad hoc networks became a hot research topic among researchers due to their flexibility and independence of network infrastructures, such as base stations. Due to unique characteristics, such as dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and limited battery power, routing in a MANET is a particularly challenging task compared to a conventional network. Early work in MANET research has mainly focused on developing an efficient routing mechanism in such a highly dynamic and resource-constrained network. At present, several efficient routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Most of these protocols assume a trusted and cooperative environment. However, in the presence of malicious nodes, the networks are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. In MANET, routing attacks are particularly serious. In this article, we investigate the state-of-the-art of security issues in MANET. In particular, we examine routing attacks, such as link spoofing and colluding misrelay attacks, as well as countermeasures against such attacks in existing MANET protocols.     

移动自组织网与有线网融合技术研究与展望

随着移动自组织网络(MANET)组网技术的不断成熟,MANET路由协议与传统Internet路由协议的融合已经成为网络互联的重要内容,成为影响组网效率的决定性因素.本文分别对移动自组织网络作为末端网和承载网的互联技术进行了研究,并在此基础上提出了基于无线栅格网络(wireless mesh networl,WMN)结构的未来移动互联技术的演进方案,对WMN的路由协议进行了有意义的探讨.     

Improving Bandwidth Utilization of Intermittent Links in Highly Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks

Non-uniform node densities occur and intermittent links exist in highly dynamic ad hoc networks. To fit these networks, researchers usually combine delay tolerant network (DTN) routing protocols and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols. The DTN protocol separates end-to-end links into multiple DTN links, which consist of multi-hop MANET links. Determining how to arrange DTN links and MANET links from source to end and dealing with intermittent links are performance issues, because node density ranges from sparse to dense and MANET protocols are much lighter than DTN protocols. This paper presents HMDTN, an application-network cross-layer framework, to solve the previously mentioned issues. The application layer in HMDTN supports disrupt tolerance with a large data buffer while adjusting the routing table on the basis of the connection state of links (link is disrupted or recovered), which are collected by the network layer. As a result, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links without compromising the efficiency of the MANET protocol in a reliable network. The HMDTN prototype was implemented based on Bytewalla (a Java version of DTN2) and Netfilter-based AODV. Experiments on Android devices show that unlike AODV and Epidemic, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links with a negligible increase of network overhead. In particular, HMDTN maintains the network throughput as high as regular network conditions even if the network undergoes relatively long-term (dozens of seconds or few minutes) data link disruptions.

     

Performance evaluation of mobile ad hoc networks under flooding‐based attacks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an open wireless network that comprises a set of mobile, decentralized, and self‐organized nodes. Its properties render its environment susceptible to different types of attacks, which can paralyze the mobile nodes in MANET. A particularly dangerous type of attack is run primarily under flooding bogus packet mechanisms, such as hello floods, routing table overflows, exploitation of node penalizing schemes, and resource consumption attack (RCA). Flooding‐based attacks impose severe effects because they are intended to consume MANET resources, such as bandwidth, node memory, and battery power. Therefore, identifying such effects facilitates the development of countermeasures against the intrusions. In this paper, we introduce a simulation‐based study on the effects of RCA on MANET. Qual Net v5.0.2 is used to examine the severity of the effects on MANET performance metrics in terms of throughput, end‐to‐end delay, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The effects of RCA are also monitored under two combinations of four factors: we first vary the number of attackers and attackers' positions, and then modify the attackers' radio range and flooding rate. We also examine the effect of flooding mechanism on the energy consumed by resource consumption attackers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross layer coordinated energy saving strategy in manet

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts which can operate independently without infrastructure base stations. Energy saving is a critical issue for MANET since most mobile hosts will operate on battery powers. A cross layer coordinated framework for energy saving is proposed in this letter. On-demand power management, physical layer and medium access control layer dialogue based multi-packet reception, mobile agent based topology discovery and topology control based transmit power-aware and battery power-aware dynamic source routing are some of new ideas in this framework.     

An energy aware algorithm for OLSR clustering

One of the important aspects of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is the limitation of the amount of available energy and the network lifetime. The tremendous amount of using mobile nodes in wireless communication medium makes energy efficiency a fundamental requirement for MANETs. In this paper, we propose a novel energy aware clustering algorithm for the optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocol. This algorithm takes into account the node density and mobility and gives major improvements regarding the number of elected cluster heads. Our objective is to elect a reasonable number of cluster heads that will serve for hierarchical routing based on OLSR. The proposed algorithm aims to increase the network lifetime by considering the ad hoc residual energy while taking routing decisions. It also optimizes the delay of carried flows by adopting a selective forwarding approach based on a hierarchical routing model.     

Trust-Based Routing Mechanism in MANET: Design and Implementation

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing wireless network for mobile devices. It does not require any fixed infrastructure to be configured which makes it more suitable to be used in environments that require on-the-fly setup. This paper discusses the challenging issues in MANET routing security. It presents FrAODV, a trust-based scheme for securing AODV routing protocol in MANET using the friendship mechanism. The nodes can evaluate the routing paths according to some selected features (such as node reputation and identity information) before forwarding the data through these routes. We have used two types of implementation in our scheme, simulation (using NS2) and real test-bed (using JADHOC). This scheme is believed to provide a robust environment where MANET nodes can trust each other in a secure community.     

GPS/Ant-Like Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is comprised of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other using wireless links. In this paper we present a novel routing algorithm called GPSAL (GPS/Ant-Like Routing Algorithm) which is based on GPS (Global Positioning System) and mobile software agents modeled on ants for routing in ad hoc networks. We compare our algorithm to the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) [20] algorithm for MANET which is also based on GPS. Simulation results show that our algorithm has less overhead than LAR.     

Proficient link state routing in mobile ad hoc network-based deep Q-learning network optimized with chaotic bat swarm optimization algorithm

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a category of ad-hoc network that can be reconfigurable its network. MANETS are self-organized networks, that can use the wireless links to connect various networks via mobile nodes: but it consumes more energy and it also has routing problems. This is the major drawback of being connected with the MANET technology. Therefore, this study proposes a new protocol as deep Q-learning network optimized with chaotic bat swarm optimization algorithm (CBS)-based optimized link state routing (OLSR) (CBS-OLSR) for MANET. This protocol reduces MANET energy usage and adopts OLSR multi-point relay (MPR) technology. MANET's OLSR and the CBS algorithm utilize a similar method to locate the best optimum path from source to destination node. By embedding the new improved deep Q-learning and OLSR algorithms, both are used for optimizing the MPR sets selection, it can efficiently diminish the energy consumption in the network topology, but automatically increase the lifespan of the network. It also enhances the package delivery ratio and decreases end-to-end delay. The experimental outcomes prove that the proposed protocol is reliable and proficient that is appropriate for numerous MANET applications.     

A study of a routing attack in OLSR‐based mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes which are able to communicate with each other without relying on predefined infrastructures or central administration. Due to their flexibilities and easy deployment, MANET can be applied in situation where network infrastructures are not available. However, due to their unique characteristics such as open medium and the lack of central administration, they are much more vulnerable to malicious attacks than a conventional infrastructured wireless network. MANET employs routing to provide connectivity for mobile nodes that are not within direct wireless transmission range. Existing routing protocols in MANET assume a trusted and cooperative environment. However, in hostile environment, mobile nodes are susceptible to various kinds of routing attacks. In this paper, we show that an OLSR MANET node is prone to be isolated by malicious attack called Node Isolation attack. After analysing the attack in detail, we present a technique to mitigate the impact of the attack and improve the performance of the network when the attack is launched. The results of our implementations illustrate that the proposed solution can mitigate the attack efficiently. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved modelling for mobile Ad-hoc networks

In the existing mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) literature the vast majority of simulation studies that investigate routing protocol performance use a simplistic radio channel model, based on a two-ray ground-reflected path, and ignore both fast and slow fading. Reported are results from the first phase of an investigation into the use of a more realistic channel model, which incorporates the slow (lognormal) fading typically found in both outdoor and indoor mobile radio channels. The significance of the results are that they show previous papers may have significantly underestimated the radio path loss, thereby overestimating the performance of particular routing protocols.     

A location-based routing method for mobile ad hoc networks

Using location information to help routing is often proposed as a means to achieve scalability in large mobile ad hoc networks. However, location-based routing is difficult when there are holes in the network topology and nodes are mobile or frequently disconnected to save battery. Terminode routing, presented here, addresses these issues. It uses a combination of location-based routing (terminode remote routing, TRR), used when the destination is far, and link state-routing (terminode local routing, TLR), used when the destination is close. TRR uses anchored paths, a list of geographic points (not nodes) used as loose source routing information. Anchored paths are discovered and managed by sources, using one of two low overhead protocols: friend assisted path discovery and geographical map-based path discovery. Our simulation results show that terminode routing performs well in networks of various sizes. In smaller networks; the performance is comparable to MANET routing protocols. In larger networks that are not uniformly populated with nodes, terminode routing outperforms, existing location-based or MANET routing protocols.     

Privacy preservation and protection for cluster based geographic routing protocol in MANET

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), the malicious attackers may attack the location information and routing messages. Hence these information need to be protected by means of authentication, integrity and encryption. In this paper, we propose a privacy preservation and protection for cluster based geographic routing protocol in MANET. In this technique, cluster head is chosen based on node value which is estimated based on degree difference, node mobility and residual energy. The cluster consists of GPS enabled node and antenna equipped node. The cluster that contains at least one G-Node considers the remaining energy, speed of the node along with the mobility of node to select the cluster head. In order to perform privacy and anonymity protection of cluster members, the cluster head then initializes group signature scheme. Then the secured routing technique is deployed where the routing packets are protected by encryption. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique reduces the network overhead.     

Mobile IPv6-based ad hoc networks: its development and application

The Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)-enabled network architecture has recently attracted much attention. In this paper, we address the issue of connecting mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to global IPv6 networks, while supporting IPv6 mobility. Specifically, we propose a self-organizing, self-addressing, self-routing IPv6-enabled MANET infrastructure, referred to as IPv6-based MANET. The proposed self-organization addressing protocol automatically organizes nodes into tree architecture and configures their global IPv6 addresses. Novel unicast and multicast routing protocols, based on longest prefix matching and soft state routing cache, are specially designed for the IPv6-based MANET. Mobile IPv6 is also supported such that a mobile node can move from one MANET to another. Moreover, a peer-to-peer (P2P) information sharing system is also designed over the proposed IPv6-based MANET. We have implemented a prototyping system to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the IPv6-based MANET and the P2P information sharing system. Simulations are also conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed routing protocols.     

Intelligent energy-aware efficient routing for MANET

Designing an energy efficient routing protocol is one of the main issue of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). It is challenging task to provide energy efficient routes because MANET is dynamic and mobile nodes are fitted with limited capacity of batteries. The high mobility of nodes results in quick changes in the routes, thus requiring some mechanism for determining efficient routes. In this paper, an Intelligent Energy-aware Efficient Routing protocol for MANET (IE2R) is proposed. In IE2R, Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique is used based on entropy and Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations-II (PROMETHEE-II) method to determine efficient route. MCDM technique combines with an intelligent method, namely, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Set (IFSS) which reduces uncertainty related to the mobile node and offers energy efficient route. The proposed protocol is simulated using the NS-2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing routing protocols, and the results obtained outperforms existing protocols in terms of several network metrics.     

On route lifetime in multihop mobile ad hoc networks

One wireless network architecture that has received a lot of attention recently is the mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It is attractive because the network can be quickly deployed without the infrastructure of base stations. One main feature of MANET is that mobile hosts may communicate with each other through a sequence of wireless links (i.e., in a multihop manner). While many routing protocols have been proposed for MANET by considering criteria such as length, quality, bandwidth, and signal strength [S. Agarwal et al., 2000], [D.B. Johnson et al., 2000], [R. Dube et al., Feb. 1997], [Z. Haas and M. Pearlman, 2000], [M. Jiang et al., 1998], [C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Sept. 1994], the issue of route lifetime has not been addressed formally. This paper presents a formal model to predict the lifetime of a routing path based on the random walk model. Route lifetime is derived based on a probabilistic model. Through such investigation, we hope to provide further insight into issues such as route selection, route maintenance, and network scalability related to MANETs.     

Power Management Based Grid Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Based MANET

MANET(Mobile Ad Hoc Network)is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary communica-tion network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration.The lifetime of a MANETdepends on the battery resources of the mobile nodes.So energy consumption may one of important design criterions forMANET.With changing the idle model to sleep model in the grid environment,this paper proposes a new energy-awarerouting protocol.Performance simulation results show that the proposed strategy can dynamic balance the traffic load in-side the whole network,extend the lifetime of a MANET,and without decreasing the throughput ratio.     

RandomCast: An Energy-Efficient Communication Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), every node overhears every data transmission occurring in its vicinity and thus, consumes energy unnecessarily. However, since some MANET routing protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) collect route information via overhearing, they would suffer if they are used in combination with 802.11 PSM. Allowing no overhearing may critically deteriorate the performance of the underlying routing protocol, while unconditional overhearing may offset the advantage of using PSM. This paper proposes a new communication mechanism, called RandomCast, via which a sender can specify the desired level of overhearing, making a prudent balance between energy and routing performance. In addition, it reduces redundant rebroadcasts for a broadcast packet, and thus, saves more energy. Extensive simulation using ns-2 shows that RandomCast is highly energy-efficient compared to conventional 802.11 as well as 802.11 PSM-based schemes, in terms of total energy consumption, energy goodput, and energy balance.     

Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Network to the Internet

A novel scheme is presented to integrate mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs） with the lnternet and support mobility across wireless local area networks （WLANs） and MANETs. The mobile nodes, connected as a MANET, employ the optimize d link state routing （OLSR） protocol for routing within the MANET. Mobility management across WLANs and MANETs is achieved through the hierarchical mobile IPv6 （HMIPv6） protocol. The performance is evaluated on a HMIPv6 based test-bed composed of WLANs and MANETs. The efficiency gain obtained from using HMIPv6 in such a hybrid network is investigated. The investigation result shows that the use of HMIPv6 can achieve up to 27% gain on reducing the handoff latency when a mobile roams within a domain. Concerning the reduction of the signaling load on the lnternet, the use of HMIPv6 can achieve at least a 54% gain and converges to 69%.