应用废烹调油产生生物柴油的新领域：发电机

自从20世纪90年代初，生物柴油已经被证明，在市场中它是在技术上完全能胜任的柴油燃料的替代品，它在汽车、船运和热系统的应用，已经被欧洲国家和美国所接受。发电机是工业上的关键设备，并在农业上有广泛的应用领域。由于发动机的室内使用使得发动机的性能和它的排放变得非常重要。这项研究的主题是调查发动机的性能和应用废烹调油产生生物柴油所导致的烟雾。发动机性能试验是在90mm冲程和一个气缸组成的9-kW3LD510型的柴油发动机内进行的；     

日本生物柴油的发展

通过作者的观察和感受,介绍了日本国生物柴油的应用与发展,以及对中国的启示.认为生物柴油是一种清洁的可替代燃料,发展生物柴油应因地制宜,解决好"与民争口油"的问题.日本国用废煎炸油生产清洁的生物柴油燃料的做法是可取的,并且已开始了商业应用;中国是美食大国,尤应重视发展利用废煎炸油加工生产清洁的生物柴油燃料,减少其对环境污染的技术.为了使废煎炸油生产生物柴油燃料得到可持续发展,应重视推进普通老百姓对该项技术的认知和参与;并且重视副产品甘油的冉利用问题.     

亲水性渗透汽化膜在废油脂生物柴油生产中的应用

在酸催化剂作用下,甲醇与废油脂中的游离脂肪酸发生酯化反应,反应过程生成的水会阻碍酯化反应进程。使用亲水性渗透汽化膜分离酯化反应副产物水,在固体酸的作用下促成废油脂中游离脂肪酸的酯化反应。文章对改性后分离甲醇和水的各种渗透汽化膜的研究成果做了分析和比较,探讨了利用膜分离技术实现废油脂生产生物柴油绿色工艺的可行性。     

餐饮业废油脂的再生利用和回收管理

分析了中国餐饮业废油脂在回收和再利用方面存在的一系列问题．介绍了国内外废油脂利用的状况及处理废油脂的新技术,提出了我国治理废油脂的关键问题是要建立完善的管理机构和有效的运行机制。此外,在分析比较目前国内外餐饮业废油脂利用技术的基础上,认为将废油脂转化成可再生能源——生物柴油,是一条变废为宝、节约能源、减少污染的有效途径。     

柴油发电机废热的利用

柴油发电机废热的利用最近，美国机械技术公司成功地试运转了一种先进的“共生”系统，该系统能利用废热能，从而最终提高发电厂的效率。这次试运转采用一种双重兰金循环系统，它模拟小型发电厂常用的柴油发电机的工作条件，它模拟小型发电厂常用的柴油发电机的工作条件。...     

国外节能与环保科学文摘

1.实验评估利用酯基转移作用将废棕榈油制成生物柴油.M.I.AL-Widyan,etal.Experimentalevaluationofthetransesterificationofwastepalmoilintobiodiesel.BioresourceTechnology,2002,85(3):253～256(英文).内容提示:经过酯基转移作用的植物油是良好的柴油燃料代用品。废植物油     

生物柴油干洗纯化方法的研究

采用两种不同原料来源的生物柴油进行干洗与水洗纯化实验,对比了干洗、水洗纯化产品及水洗后蒸馏产品的部分理化性质,包括酸值、闪点、冷滤点、运动粘度及密度,对三种原料来源的生物柴油采用干洗替代水洗工艺的可行性进行分析。通过对菜籽油、貉子油生物柴油的干洗产品质量的对比,考察lanxess树脂、罗门哈斯树脂及吸附剂硅酸镁等对生物柴油的干洗效果,并研究硅酸镁干洗法的最佳工况。研究结果表明,硅酸镁纯化的菜籽油及废煎油生物柴油产品测试指标达到国家标准,可以替代水洗法,而离子交换树脂干洗纯化后生物柴油酸值略有偏高。硅酸镁最适宜干洗温度及时间分别为55℃和30 min。     

基于不同原料生物柴油混合燃料的发动机性能研究

对一台TDI柴油机燃用花椒籽、棉籽、棕榈和餐饮废油脂4种不同原料制成的生物柴油(以10%体积比分别与柴油混合制成)的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了试验研究,探讨了4种生物柴油对发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明:在燃用4种生物柴油时,棕榈油制生物柴油的功率和纯柴油基本一致,其余混合燃料的功率都比纯柴油略有下降;4种混合燃料的油耗与纯柴油基本一致;与纯柴油相比,生物柴油混合燃料的碳烟、CO、HC排放均较低,而NOx排放略高。     

什么是生物柴油？

生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源,它以大豆和油菜籽等油料作物、油棕和黄连木等油料林木果实、工程微藻等油料水生植物以及动物油脂、废餐饮油等为原料制成的液体燃料,是优质的石油柴油代用品。生物柴油是典型"绿色能源",大力发展生物柴油对经济可持续发展,推进能源替代,减轻环境压力,控制城市大气污染具有重要的战略意义。     

大豆生物柴油混合燃料性能试验研究

通过在R4105T柴油机上进行对比试验,分析了0#柴油／生物柴油、乙醇／生物柴油混合燃料以不同比例掺混时对柴油机动力性、经济性及碳烟排放特性的影响。研究结果表明：柴油机使用0#柴油／生物柴油混合燃料时动力性、碳烟排放量均有所下降,油耗率稍有上升;使用乙醇／生物柴油混合燃料时,碳烟排放量低于生物柴油,动力性、经济性随乙醇含量的不同而呈现不同的变化趋势。     

Study on the spray characteristics of methyl esters from waste cooking oil at elevated temperature

In Taiwan, millions of tons of waste cooking oil are produced each year, and less than 20% of it, about 150,000 ton/a, is reclaimed and reused. Most waste oil is flushed down the drain. Utilizing waste cooking oil to make biodiesel not only reduces engine exhaust gas pollution, but also replaces food-derived fuels, and reduces ecologic river pollution. This study employed two-stage transesterification to lower the high viscosity of waste oil, utilized emulsion to reduce the methyl ester NOx pollution, and used methanol to enhance the stability and viscosity of emulsified fuel. To further analyze spray characteristics of fuels, this experiment built a constant volume bomb under high temperature, used high speed photography to analyze spray tip penetration, spray angle, and the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets, and compared the results with fossil diesel. The experimental results suggested that, two-stage transesterification can significantly lower waste oil viscosity to that which is close to fossil diesel viscosity. At a temperature above 300 °C, waste cooking oil methyl esters had a water content of 20%, spray droplet characteristics were significantly improved, and NOx emission dropped significantly. The optimal fuel ratio suggested in this experiment was waste cooking oil methyl ester 74.5%, methanol 5%, water 20%, and composite surfactant Span–Tween 0.5%.     

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends

The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine when fueled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% blends with diesel (on a volume basis) are investigated and compared with standard diesel. The suitability of waste cooking oil methyl ester as a biofuel has been established in this study. Bio diesel produced from waste sun flower oil by transesterification process has been used in this study. Experiment has been conducted at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm, 50% load and at compression ratios of 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1 and 22:1. The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, combustion pressures and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Optimum compression ratio which gives best performance has been identified. The results indicate longer ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure rise, lower heat release rate and higher mass fraction burnt at higher compression ratio for waste cooking oil methyl ester when compared to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency at 50% load for waste cooking oil methyl ester blends and diesel has been calculated and the blend B40 is found to give maximum thermal efficiency. The blends when used as fuel results in reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and increase in nitrogen oxides emissions.     

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine

Experiments has been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder; four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests has been conducted using the fuel blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% biodiesel with standard diesel, with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 21 and at different loading conditions. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power, indicated mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment has been compared and analyzed with standard diesel and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil

Biofuel has so far been backed by government policies in the quest for low carbon fuel in the near future and promises to ensure energy security through partially replacing fossil fuels. At present biodiesel is mostly produced by transesterification reaction from oil-seed feedstock and has to conform to ASTM D6751 specifications. Biodiesel sustainability has sparked debate on the pros and cons of biodiesel and the question of food security. The use of waste cooking oil such as palm and coconut oil in diesel engines is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to ordinary diesel fuel (B0). This paper presents the experimental study carried out to evaluate emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil such as 5% palm oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (P5) and 5% coconut oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (C5). B0 was used for comparison purposes. The results show that there are reductions in brake power of 1.2% and 0.7% for P5 and C5 respectively compared with B0. In addition, reduction of exhaust emissions such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), smoke, carbon mono-oxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) is offered by the blended fuels.     

Exergy analysis of small DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the merits of exergy analysis over energy analysis for small direct injection (DI) diesel engine using the blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Taguchi’s “L’ 16” orthogonal array has been used for the design of experiment. The engine tested at different engine speeds, load percentages, and blend ratios, using the waste cooking oil biodiesel. Basic performance parameters and fuel input exergy, exergetic efficiency (second law efficiency), exergy associated with heat transfer, exergy associated with the exhaust gas and destruction of exergy are calculated for each blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel. Results show that the optimum operating conditions for minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exergy destruction are achieved when engine speed at 1900 rev/min, load percentage is 75%, and the engine is fueled with B40.     

Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel Obtained from Waste Cooking Oil

Abstract

In this study, usage of methyl ester obtained from waste cooking oil (WCO) is evaluated as an alternative energy source. Potential of obtained biodiesel from WCO in the World and Turkey was determined. Physical and chemical properties of methyl ester were determined in the laboratory. The methyl ester was tested in a diesel engine with turbocharged, four cylinders and direct injection. Obtained results were compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. In addition, if WCO is evaluated as biodiesel, environmental pollution caused by waste cooking oil diminished.     

Experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel/ultra-low sulfur diesel blends

The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is the high cost of raw materials. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is an economical source and thus an effective strategy for reducing the raw material cost. Using waste cooking oil also solves the problem of waste oil disposal. This study investigated the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogenic potencies and regulated matters, and brake specific fuel consumption from a heavy-duty diesel engine under the US-HDD transient cycle for five test fuels: ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), WCOB5 (5 vol% biodiesel made from waste cooking oil + 95 vol% ULSD), WCOB10, WCOB20, and WCOB30. Experimental results indicate using ULSD/WCOB blends decreased PAHs by 7.53%-37.5%, particulate matter by 5.29%-8.32%, total hydrocarbons by 10.5%-36.0%, and carbon monoxide by 3.33%-13.1% as compared to using ULSD. The wide usage of WCOB blends as alternative fuels could protect the environment.     

发动机燃用生物柴油的性能研究

通过对比研究了柴油机燃用餐饮废弃油炼制的生物柴油、柴油及B50时在高原地区的动力性、经济性及排放特性。研究结果表明：在柴油机不进行任何调整的情况下,全负荷时,燃用生物柴油的发动机动力性降低6.8%,B50降低3%;燃用生物柴油有效燃油消耗率升高了13.8%;燃用B50在高速高负荷时柴油机热效率提高2.5%;无论在全负荷还是在部分负荷工况下,燃用生物柴油均能大幅度降低柴油机烟度、CO和HC排放,但会引起NOx排放量的上升。     

Diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using waste cooking biodiesel fuel with an artificial neural network

This study deals with artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of a diesel engine using waste cooking biodiesel fuel to predict the brake power, torque, specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of the engine. To acquire data for training and testing the proposed ANN, a two cylinders, four-stroke diesel engine was fuelled with waste vegetable cooking biodiesel and diesel fuel blends and operated at different engine speeds. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The experimental results revealed that blends of waste vegetable oil methyl ester with diesel fuel provide better engine performance and improved emission characteristics. Using some of the experimental data for training, an ANN model was developed based on standard Back-Propagation algorithm for the engine. Multi layer perception network (MLP) was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. Different activation functions and several rules were used to assess the percentage error between the desired and the predicted values. It was observed that the ANN model can predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions quite well with correlation coefficient (R) 0.9487, 0.999, 0.929 and 0.999 for the engine torque, SFC, CO and HC emissions, respectively. The prediction MSE (Mean Square Error) error was between the desired outputs as measured values and the simulated values were obtained as 0.0004 by the model.