新型软光电材料-离子液体电光调制特性

采用实验方法研究了新型软光电材料离子液体的电光调制特性。研究表明外加低频交流电信号时, 光功率输出与电信号相同频率振荡, 振幅受调制信号幅度和频率的共同影响, 电压幅度越大, 电压频率越低, 光输出振荡幅度越大; 外加直流电信号时, 光功率输出呈光开关状态。对影响光功率变化的因素, 如离子液体种类、调制部分物理尺寸以及离子液体折射率、电导率等进行了研究分析, 并对实验现象进行初步解释。     

An integrated equivalent circuit model for relative intensity noise and frequency noise spectrum of a multimode semiconductor laser

Relative intensity noise (RIN) and the frequency/phase noise spectrum (FNS) equivalent circuit of a multimode semiconductor laser diode are derived from multimode rate equations with the inclusion of noise Langevin sources. FNS is an important parameter in optical communication systems, and its circuit model is presented, for the first time, in this paper. Both circuit models for RIN and FNS are integrated in one circuit. RIN and FNS are calculated as functions of frequency, output power, and mode number. It is shown that the RIN of the main mode is increased in the multimode lasers with higher mode numbers. Furthermore, we show that RIN and FNS are enhanced for higher output power. The dependency of a multimode laser diode linewidth on output power is also analyzed using the model.     

Transverse-mode dynamics in directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with optical feedback

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with optical feedback are known to exhibit different transverse-mode regimes depending on the injection current. Close to threshold a VCSEL operates on the fundamental transverse mode, while for larger injection the dynamics is often multimode, with the optical feedback inducing either in-phase or anti-phase transverse mode oscillations. In this paper, we study numerically the influence of current modulation on these different feedback-induced transverse-mode regimes. The modulation amplitude and period are taken as control parameters. We find that the in-phase and anti-phase regimes are robust under weak modulation. As the modulation amplitude increases, there is a transition to a dynamics governed by the current modulation, where the total output power follows the injection current and there is either single-mode or in-phase multimode behavior. However, the effect of the current modulation depends on the modulation period. Under fast modulation, the laser cannot follow the modulation and the optical-feedback-induced effects are dominant. On the contrary, under slow modulation there is a superposition of modulation and feedback effects, with the total output following the modulated current and an underlying transverse-mode behavior mainly determined by the optical feedback. A resonant behavior was observed for modulation periods close to the internal oscillation period. In this case, current modulation induces pulsing output intensity with single-mode or in-phase multimode behavior.     

基于FP-LD实现副载波信号产生

采用一种基于法布里-珀罗腔激光二极管(FP-LD)的副载波信号的产生方案,此方案主要包括一个FP-LD和一个电光相位调制器(PM)。首先利用可调谐激光器、电光PM及微波源产生光正弦相位调制信号,将该信号注入到FP-LD中,通过FP-LD的注入锁定将该信号转换为副载波信号。在实验中,分别以2、3、4和5 GHz的调制频率注入到FP-LD中,相应得到22、21、24和25 GHz的副载波信号。     

Performance improvements in high-frequency modulation of a laser diode under enhanced optical feedback

Improvement in the high-frequency modulation characteristics of a Fabry-Perot laser diode has been observed when the device is driven in an external cavity that provides an amplified optical feedback. At a driving frequency of 10 GHz, the weak sinusoidal waveform in the original output is turned into a train of narrow pulses with a width of 23 ps. Under an optimized feedback level, an improvement of 15.4 dB in the electrical modulation efficiency and 21.2 dB in the sidemode suppression ratio are observed. The output pulses also exhibit a reduced chirp with a minimized total root-mean square noise.     

External feedback effects on I/L characteristics of laser diode

A new effect of an external cavity on the optical power against injected current curve of an AlGaAs laser diode is reported. A simple multimode rate equation model describes this feature and leads to a novel method of measuring the current-dependent frequency deviation in the low-frequency region, without using spectroscopic instrumentation.<>     

基于半导体光放大器交叉增益调制效应的主动锁模光纤激光器

提出一种腔内损耗小的基于半导体光放大器(SOA)交叉增益调制效应(XGM)的主动锁模光纤激光器结构。使用光环行器成功减小了激光器的腔内损耗,提高了激光器的输出功率。从理论上对有理数谐波锁模过程中腔内脉冲复合的物理机制进行了详细分析。利用有理数谐波锁模技术,在调制频率为10 GHz下,得到了重复频率为30 GHz的皮秒级光脉冲序列输出,其峰值功率约0.5 mW。由于半导体光放大器的宽增益谱与滤波器的较大可调谐范围,使得激光器输出可以在较大的波长可调谐范围内保持较大功率输出。成功实现了调制频率为20 GHz的谐波锁模短光脉冲输出,可调谐范围达40 nm,峰值功率大于0.65 mW。半导体光放大器和激光器的短腔长保证了激光器的长期稳定性。     

Single-axial mode, intracavity doubled Nd:YAG laser

A diode-pumped, single-axial mode, intracavity doubled laser has been demonstrated using a cavity consisting of only two intracavity components, a Brewster angle cut piece of Nd:YAG and a KTP doubling crystal. Up to 4 mW single-ended output power has been obtained for 260 mW incident power on the Nd:YAG. Threshold power was 31 mW of diode power incident on the YAG; thus, single-mode operation was attained at up to ~8.5 times threshold. At the highest power the laser was susceptible to multimode operation due to spatial hole burning effects but below ~5 times threshold reliable single mode operation was achievable     

二极管泵浦内腔倍频激光技术研究进展

评述了二极管泵浦内腔倍频激光技术的发展现状，对解决中小功率下‘绿光问题’的理论及实验方案进行了比较分析，对高功率内腔倍频系统亦进行了初步探讨。     

低频移拉曼模式多阶级联的1.7 μm激光器

基于固体介质的拉曼频率变换是产生新波段激光的有效技术方案。利用1572 nm KTP光参量振荡器腔内泵浦KGW晶体,实现了1616 nm （2阶）、1638 nm （3阶）、1662 nm （4阶）、1686 nm （5阶）、1711 nm （6阶）拉曼激光输出,其中1711 nm占据主导地位。激光器最大总平均输出功率为1.13 W,最小脉冲宽度为20 ns。该多阶级联拉曼变频对应的单阶平均拉曼频移为86 cm?1,与文献报道的KGW晶体低频拉曼模式相吻合。采用1572 nm KTP光参量振荡器作为拉曼激光器的腔内泵浦源有两个优势,一方面可以有效拓展拉曼变频的输出波长,另一方面可以基于光参量振荡器的脉冲窄化特性为后续多阶拉曼转换提供高强度的泵浦光。通过引入多阶级联拉曼变频的方案,为有效利用固体介质非常规低频移拉曼模式提供了新思路。     

Oscillation center frequency tuning, quantum FM noise, and direct frequency characteristics in external grating loaded semiconductor lasers

Simple analytical expressions for the oscillation frequency, quantum FM noise spectrum, oscillation power spectrum, spectral linewidth, and direct optical frequency modulation efficiency in semiconductor lasers with external grating feedback are presented. Experimental results for the grating loaded AlGaAs lasers are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Remarkable reduction in spectral linewidth to less than 50 kHz is achieved by feeding back only 10^-3of the output power. Oscillation frequency stabilization, frequency jump behavior, and reduction in direct optical frequency modulation efficiency are also discussed.     

Power spectrum of directly modulated single-mode semiconductor lasers: Chirp-induced fine structure

The time-averaged power spectrum of a single-mode semiconductor laser under direct current modulation is calculated using the small-signal analysis of the stochastic rate equations. The general formalism includes the effect of frequency chirping owing to current modulation as well as the effect of phase diffusion related to spontaneous emission. Chirp-induced dynamic line broadening is shown to result from a superposition of the additional unresolved sidebands generated at multiples of the modulation frequency on both sides of the optical line. The effect of intensity modulation is to introduce an asymmetry such that the low-frequency sideband has a relatively higher amplitude. The theory explains reasonably well the reported experimental observations. At the same time it provides physical insight into the dynamic process of frequency chirping and its relation to the frequency modulation. In particular, the frequency and the decay rate of transient relaxation oscillations govern the interplay between simultaneously occurring intensity and frequency modulations.     

Chaos control and noise suppression in external-cavitysemiconductor lasers

Feedback-induced chaos and intensity noise enhancement in a laser diode with external optical feedback are studied by computer simulations. The enhancement of relative intensity noise (RIN) that is often observed in experiments is considered as a result of the feedback-induced deterministic chaos and the intensity noise suppression is treated from the viewpoint of chaos control. Especially, the conventional noise suppressing technique known as a high-frequency injection modulation is turned into a problem of stabilizing chaos through parameter modulations. We developed an analytical method which allows to optimize the modulation frequency from the linear stability analysis of the dynamical model that describes the laser diode with external feedback. The robustness of the modulation with respect to the modulation frequency and depth is verified and the results suggest the feasibility of applying our method to actual noise suppression. The RIN in the low-frequency region (up to 100 MHz) is shown to be reduced to the solitary laser level when the feedback-induced chaos is effectively controlled with the optimized modulation frequency     

Intensity noise of semiconductor laser diodes in fiber optic analog video transmission

This paper presents an investigation of the effects of laser diode noise on analog video transmission in the HF and VHF bands, which resulted in the development of several designs of graded-index multimode fiber systems that can ignore reflection induced laser noise. The contents of the investigation include: 1) The evaluation of intrinsic laser noise of various laser structures and the evaluation of modulation effects on laser diode noise characteristics. It was found that the relative intensity noise (RIN) is less than -145 ∼ -150 [dB/Hz] when the modulation factor is less than 0.7 for index-guide mode stabilized lasers; 2) The quantitative evaluation of reflected laser beam effects on laser noise characteristics. The maximum laser-coupled reflected optical power that does not increase laser noise was determined as-65 ∼ -73 dB or less depending on the kind of laser structure; and 3) The evaluation of optical power reflected back into the laser in graded-index multimode fiber systems.     

高功率激光器的高速率外调制技术

高功率激光器的高速率外调制技术是空间光通信发射系统中的关键技术。系统采用光纤耦合的激光器, 有效减少了传输媒质对激光功率的损耗。为了获得大功率、高速率的激光调制信号, 采用1 mm光输入口径的铌酸钽晶体电光调制器进行光强度调制, 电光调制器的调制带宽为1 GHz, 调制方式选用外调制方式。为了保证了调制器工作在线性区域, 同时降低对电光调制器的驱动电压的要求, 系统采用了自动偏置控制技术。通过加正弦波和方波信号进行调制实验, 系统实现了激光器调制速率300 Mb/s, 输出功率100 mW的指标要求。     

基于TDLAS的气体检测技术算法

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱（Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy,TDLAS）技术是一种具有高灵敏度、高分辨率的气体吸收光谱检测技术,具有响应快、精度高、单模特性优秀、通用性强等优势。TDLAS直接吸收法通过测量绝对吸收强度来计算待测气体温度和浓度,但容易受到颗粒物浓度、激光强度波动等影响。TDLAS波长调制法采用高频正弦信号对激光器进行调制,使得激光输出频率和强度同时受到调制,具有高信噪比和灵敏度的特点,但是需要通过标定实验或复杂的算法来确定气体参数。因此,通过吸收光谱理论和波长调制理论,推导出蕴含分子吸收信息的谐波通项表达式,并在此基础上分析谐波信号与待测气体绝对吸收强度之间的关系,建立了一种基于谐波信号的绝对吸收强度测量算法。以NH3分子在1 531 nm附近的谱线为例进行数值分析,发现调制幅度达到a=0.032 cm-1（调制系数m=2）时,仿真结果与理论计算结果（a=0）相对误差不超过2%,进一步验证了算法的可靠性与准确性。     

Optical feedback-induced noise in pigtailed laser diode modules

The sensitivity of commercially available pigtailed laser diode modules to optical feedback, in terms of laser relative intensity noise, is investigated. A pigtailed laser diode model which is based on multimode rate equations, Langevin operators, and optical feedback terms in used to predict that operation in the coherence collapse region can be avoided in high-speed, short-haul, optical data links by trading off optical launch power into the pigtail with decreased laser/fiber coupling efficiency. Experimental results for three pigtailed laser diode modules indicate that with a laser/fiber coupling efficiency of 4%, an external feedback level of between -15 and -17 dB can be tolerated before the laser enters the coherence collapse region. Good correlation between these results and predictions from the numerical model is obtained.<>     

激光二极管线列阵与多模光纤列阵的光纤耦合

利用一段数值孔径(NA)较小的多模光纤作为一个低成本的微透镜,对激光二极管线列阵的大数值孔径方向准直,将激光二极管线列阵的输出光束耦合到多模光纤列阵中.激光二极管线列阵每个发光单元的光分别耦合到光纤列阵的单根光纤中.总的耦合效率和输出光功率分别为75%和15W.     

激光二极管线列阵与多模光纤列阵的光纤耦合

利用一段数值孔径(NA)较小的多模光纤作为一个低成本的微透镜,对激光二极管线列阵的大数值孔径方向准直,将激光二极管线列阵的输出光束耦合到多模光纤列阵中.激光二极管线列阵每个发光单元的光分别耦合到光纤列阵的单根光纤中.总的耦合效率和输出光功率分别为75%和15W.     

Submillimeter wave generation through optical four-wave mixingusing injection-locked semiconductor lasers

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of submillimeter wave generation through optical four-wave mixing (FWM) in an injection-locked semiconductor laser. The probe wave introduces pump-probe difference frequency amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) of the slave laser injection locked to the pump wave. The AM and PM indexes of the locked laser output lightwave modulated at the submillimeter wave frequency have been calculated. The submillimeter wave power generated through this technique has also been calculated theoretically. The analysis predicts a submillimeter wave power of -3.7 dBm at 300-GHz frequency for a free-running slave laser output power of 30 mW. In the presence of amplitude modulation of the probe wave, the same modulation is transferred to the submillimeter wave. The suppression of output lightwave amplitude noise relative to the pump, probe, or free-running slave laser amplitude noise has also been estimated in this analysis. At a submillimeter wave frequency of 300 GHz and a probe power equal to the pump power, typical amplitude noise reduction occurs by 7 dB